55-63-0 Usage
Description
Nitroglycerin, also known as glyceryl trinitrate, is a highly explosive substance and a nitrate ester derived from glycerol. It is an oily, poisonous, clear to pale yellow liquid, which is slightly soluble in water but miscible with organic solvents such as acetone, ether, and benzene. Nitroglycerin is sensitive to mechanical shock, heat, and UV radiation, making it a powerful explosive in its pure form. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and alleviate heart pain.
Uses
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Nitroglycerin is used as a vasodilator for the treatment of angina pectoris. It is prescribed in various forms such as tablets, ointments, patches, and injections, and is marketed under trade names like Nitro-Dur, Nitrostat, Nitrospan, Nitro-Bid, and Tridil. When used in medications, it is often referred to as glyceryl trinitrate.
Used in Mining and Military Applications:
Nitroglycerin is used as an explosive agent in the manufacture of dynamite, where it is combined with ethylene glycol dinitrate and absorbed in a mixture of oxidizing salts and various inert fillers. It is also used in military and mining explosives due to its explosive properties.
Used in Manufacturing Industry:
Nitroglycerin is a well-known irritant in dynamite manufacturers and can cause allergic reactions in employees working in the manufacturing of explosives or pharmaceutical industries. It can also cross-react with isosorbide dinitrate.
History
It was first prepared
in 1846 by the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero (1812–1888), who nitrated glycerol using a
mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Sobrero, who was injured in an explosion doing his
research, realized the compound’s danger and abandoned work on nitroglycerin. Twenty years
after Sobrero’s discovery, Alfred Nobel (1833–1896) developed its use commercially. Nobel
mixed nitroglycerin with other substances, searching for a safe way to transport it and make it less sensitive to heat and pressure.nitroglycerin when it was first marketed,and Nobel continued to experiment with methods to
make nitroglycerin safer.One of these was mixing nitroglycerin with materials to make a solid
form of nitroglycerin. Nobel discovered that when nitroglycerin was mixed with a silica-based
diatomaceous earth material called kieselguhr,a relatively stable product resulted.The mixture
produced a paste that Nobel could pack into cardboard tubes;these could then be inserted
into holes drilled into rock structures and detonated.In 1867,Nobel patented his mixture and
called it dynamite,a name derived from the Greek word dunamis, meaning power.Nobel also
perfected a blasting cap made from mercury fulminate (Hg(ONC)2) and potassium chlorate
(KClO3) to detonate the nitroglycerin.
Indications
Nitroglycerin (also isosorbide nitrate) relaxes isolated
strips of human corpus cavernosum. Its mechanism
involves the stimulation of guanylate cyclase.
Clinically, nitroglycerin has been of limited use in the
treatment of ED.
Production Methods
Nitroglycerin is made by nitrating glycerol.Early industrial processes used a batch processin which glycerol was added to a mixture with approximately equal volumes of nitric acidand sulfuric acid.The sulfuric acid serves to ionize the nitric acid and removes water formedin the nitration process.Removing the water formed in nitration increases the yield of nitroglycerin.Acids and water must be removed from the desired nitroglycerin through a washingprocess. The production of nitroglycerin is highly exothermic,and it is important to keepthe temperature below room temperature to prevent an explosion. Early production methodsused cooling coils in the nitration vessels to regulate the temperature.During the latter halfof the 20th century, safer continuous production methods replaced batch processes.In thesemethods much smaller reactors are required,as glycerol is reacted with the acids.
Synthesis Reference(s)
Tetrahedron, 49, p. 7037, 1993 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)87978-3
Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable.
Reactivity Profile
Nitroalkanes, such as NITROGLYCERIN, range from slight to strong oxidizing agents. If mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides, they may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation. Nitroalkanes are milder oxidizing agents, but still react violently with reducing agents at higher temperature and pressures. Nitroalkanes react with inorganic bases to form explosive salts. The presence of metal oxides increases the thermal sensitivity of nitroalkanes. Nitroalkanes with more than one nitro group are generally explosive. Nitroalkanes are insoluble in water. Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Nitroglycerin is incompatible with the following: Heat, ozone, shock, acids. Note: An OSHA Class A Explosive (1910.109). .
Hazard
Severe explosion risk, highly sensitive to
shock and heat. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and
skin absorption. Toxic by skin absorption. Vasodilator.
Health Hazard
Severe acute poisoning may result from ingestion of nitroglycerine or inhalation of its dust. The acute toxic symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tremor, dyspnea, paralysis, and convulsions. In addition, methemoglobinemia and cyanosis may occur. Ingestion of a relatively smallamount, 1.5-2.0 g, could be fatal to humans. Inhalation of its vapors or dust at 0.3 mg/m3 concentration in air produced an immediate fall in blood pressure and headache in human volunteers (ACGIH 1986). Chronic poisoning may produce headache and hallucination. LD50 value, oral (rats): 105 mg/kg.
Fire Hazard
HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
Contact allergens
Nitroglycerin is an explosive agent contained in dynamite
and an antianginal and vasodilator treatment
available in systemic and topical forms. It is a well known irritant agent in dynamite manufacture. It can
also cause allergic reactions in employees of explosives
manufacturers and in the pharmaceutical industry.
Transdermal systems are the main source of
iatrogenic sensitization. Nitroglycerin can cross-react
with isosorbide dinitrate.
Mechanism of action
Nitroglycerine reduces the load on the heart by dilating peripheral veins, reducing the
myocardial need for oxygen, and facilitating redistribution of coronary blood flow in the
region of the myocardium with reduced blood flow.
Clinical Use
Nitroglycerin is used extensively as an explosive in dynamite.A solution of the ester, if spilled or allowed to evaporate,will leave a residue of nitroglycerin. To prevent anexplosion of the residue, the ester must be decomposed byadding alkali. Even so, the material dispensed is so dilutethat the risk of explosions does not exist. It has a strong vasodilatingaction and, because it is absorbed through theskin, is prone to cause headaches among workers associatedwith its manufacture. This transdermal penetration is whynitroglycerin is useful in a patch formulation. In medicine, ithas the action typical of nitrites, but its action develops moreslowly and is of longer duration. Of all the known coronaryvasodilatory drugs, nitroglycerin is the only one capable ofstimulating the production of coronary collateral circulationand the only one able to prevent experimental myocardialinfarction by coronary occlusion.
Side effects
Vascular headache, postural hypotension, and reflex
tachycardia are common side effects of organic nitrate
therapy. Fortunately, tolerance to nitrate-induced headache
develops after a few days of therapy. Postural hypotension
and tachycardia can be minimized by proper
dosage adjustment and by instructing the patient to sit down when taking rapidly acting preparations. An effective
dose of nitrate usually produces a fall in upright
systolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg and a reflex rise in
heart rate of 10 beats per minute. Larger changes than
these should be avoided, because a reduction in myocardial
perfusion and an increase in cardiac oxygen requirements
may actually exacerbate the angina.
Since nitrite ions oxidize the iron atoms of hemoglobin
and convert it to methemoglobin, there may be a
loss in oxygen delivery to tissues. While methemoglobinemia
does not follow therapeutic doses of organic nitrates,
it can be observed after overdosage or accidental
poisoning.
Safety Profile
Human poison by an
unspecified route. Poison experimentally by
ingestion, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and
intravenous routes. An experimental
teratogen. Other experimental reproductive
effects. A skin irritant. Questionable
carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic
data. Mutation data reported. It can cause
respiratory difficulties and death due to
respiratory paralysis by ingestion. The acute
symptoms of nitroglycerin poisoning are
headaches, nausea, vomiting, abdominal
cramps, convulsions, methemoglobinemia,
circulatory collapse and reduced blood
pressure, excitement, vertigo, fainting,
respiratory rales, and cyanosis. Toxic effects
may occur by ingestion, inhalation of dust,
or absorption through intact skin. Human
systemic effects by intravenous route:
encephalitis, miosis, corneal damage. Used
as a vasodilator and as an explosive.
A very dangerous fire hazard when
exposed to heat, flame, or by spontaneous
chemical reaction. A severe explosion
hazard when shocked or exposed to 03 ,
heat, or flame. Nitroglycerin is a powerful
explosive, very sensitive to mechanical
shock, heat, or UV radiation. Small
quantities of it can readily be detonated by a
hammer blow on a hard surface, particularly
when it has been absorbed in filter paper. It
explodes when heated to 215°C. Frozen
nitroglycerin is somewhat less sensitive than
the liquid. However, a half-thawed or
partially thawed mixture is more sensitive
than either one. When heated to
decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.
Synthesis
Nitroglycerine, 1,2,3-propantrioltrinitrate (19.1.1), is synthesized by nitrating
glycerol with nitric acid.
Potential Exposure
An explosive ingredient in dynamite
(20-40%) with ethylene glycol dinitrate (80-60%). It is also used in making other explosives, rocket propellants;
and medicine (vasodilator).
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Anticoagulants: infusion of GTN reduces
anticoagulant effect of heparins.
Antidepressants: tricyclics may reduce effect of
sublingual tablets due to dry mouth.
Antimuscarinics: may reduce effect of sublingual
tablets due to dry mouth.
Avanafil, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil: hypotensive
effect significantly enhanced - avoid concomitant
use.
Riociguat: avoid concomitant use due to risk of
hypotension.
Metabolism
Nitroglycerin is a lipid-soluble substance that is rapidly
absorbed across the sublingual or buccal mucosa. Its onset
of action occurs within 2 to 5 minutes, with maximal
effects observed at 3 to 10 minutes. Little residual activity
remains 20 to 30 minutes after sublingual administration.
The plasma half-life of nitroglycerin, given sublingually or by spray, is estimated to be 1 to 3 minutes.
Nitroglycerin and other organic nitrate esters undergo
first-pass metabolism and are rapidly metabolized
in the liver by the enzyme glutathione organic
nitrate reductase.
Shipping
UN1204 Nitroglycerin solution in alcohol with
not .1% nitroglycerin, Hazard Class: 3; Labels:
3-Flammable liquid. UN3064 Nitroglycerin, solution in
alcohol with .1% but not .5% nitroglycerin, Hazard
Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid. UN0143
Nitroglycerin, desensitized with not ,40% nonvolatile,
water-insoluble phlegmatizer, by mass. It falls in Hazard
Class 1.1D (subsidiary hazard: 6.1).
Incompatibilities
Heat, ozone, shock, acids. An OSHA
Class A Explosive (1910.109). Heating may cause violent
combustion or explosion. May explosively decompose on
shock, friction, or concussion. Reacts with ozone causing
explosion hazard.
Waste Disposal
Do not wash into sewer.
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance
on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste
containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform
with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation,
treatment, and waste disposal.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 55-63-0 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 5 and 5 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 6 and 3 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 55-63:
(4*5)+(3*5)+(2*6)+(1*3)=50
50 % 10 = 0
So 55-63-0 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C3H5NO6/c5-1-2(6)3(7)10-4(8)9/h2,5-6H,1H2
55-63-0Relevant articles and documents
Low hazard small-scale synthesis and chemical analysis of high purity nitroglycerine (NG)
Contini, Alessandro E.,Flood, Nathan,McAteer, Daniel,Mai, Nathalie,Akhavan, Jacqueline
, p. 87228 - 87232 (2015)
A previously reported two-phase (99.5% fuming nitric acid/dichloromethane) batch method to prepare high purity 1,2,3-propanetriyl trinitrate (nitroglycerine, NG) was evaluated, simplified and adapted specifically for low hazard small-scale synthesis. The purity of the product, as determined by NMR spectroscopy, HPLC and IR spectroscopic analysis was found to be greater than 99%. The quick synthetic method is highly recommended when small amounts of highly pure NG are required for analytical and related purposes in the absence of a microreactor.
Methods of producing glycidyl nitrate
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Page/Page column 14; 15, (2020/03/04)
Methods of producing glycidyl nitrate. The method comprises reacting glycerol and nitric acid in a microfluidic reactor to form a nitrated glycerol compound. The microfluidic reactor comprises a reaction volume of the microfluidic reactor of less than about 20 ml and an inner diameter of a reaction channel of the microfluidic reactor of less than or equal to about 1000 μm. The nitrated glycerol compound is reacted with a base in the microfluidic reactor to form glycidyl nitrate. Additional methods of producing glycidyl nitrate are also disclosed.
Continuous production nitroglycerin tablet (by machine translation)
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Paragraph 0070-0073, (2020/08/27)
To specific processes of continuous production of raw materials of nitroglycerin and continuous production of tablets, green, safe and no-risk synthesis is achieved in the continuous production of the green preparation of the nitroglycerin, and the combined API and the nitroglycerin tablet are integrated. (by machine translation)