- Generation of Oxyphosphonium Ions by Photoredox/Cobaloxime Catalysis for Scalable Amide and Peptide Synthesis in Batch and Continuous-Flow
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Phosphine-mediated deoxygenative nucleophilic substitutions, such as the Mitsunobu reaction, are of great importance in organic synthesis. However, the conventional protocols require stoichiometric oxidants to trigger the formation of the oxyphosphonium i
- Chen, Xiangyang,Houk, Kendall N.,Mo, Jia-Nan,Su, Junqi,Umanzor, Alexander,Zhang, Zheng,Zhao, Jiannan
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supporting information
(2022/01/06)
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- Near-Ambient-Temperature Dehydrogenative Synthesis of the Amide Bond: Mechanistic Insight and Applications
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The current existing methods for the amide bond synthesis via acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of amines and alcohols all require high reaction temperatures for effective catalysis, typically involving reflux in toluene, limiting their potential practical applications. Herein, we report a system for this reaction that proceeds under mild conditions (reflux in diethyl ether, boiling point 34.6 °C) using ruthenium PNNH complexes. The low-temperature activity stems from the ability of Ru-PNNH complexes to activate alcohol and hemiaminals at near-ambient temperatures through the assistance of the terminal N-H proton. Mechanistic studies reveal the presence of an unexpected aldehyde-bound ruthenium species during the reaction, which is also the catalytic resting state. We further utilize the low-temperature activity to synthesize several simple amide bond-containing commercially available pharmaceutical drugs from the corresponding amines and alcohols via the dehydrogenative coupling method.
- Kar, Sayan,Xie, Yinjun,Zhou, Quan Quan,Diskin-Posner, Yael,Ben-David, Yehoshoa,Milstein, David
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p. 7383 - 7393
(2021/06/30)
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- Manganese Catalyzed Direct Amidation of Esters with Amines
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The transition metal catalyzed amide bond forming reaction of esters with amines has been developed as an advanced approach for overcoming the shortcomings of traditional methods. The broad scope of substrates in transition metal catalyzed amidations remains a challenge. Here, a manganese(I)-catalyzed method for the direct synthesis of amides from a various number of esters and amines is reported with unprecedented substrate scope using a low catalyst loading. A wide range of aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic esters, even in fatty acid esters, reacted with a diverse range of primary aryl amines, primary alkyl amines, and secondary alkyl amines to form amides. It is noteworthy that this approach provides the first example of the transition metal catalyzed amide bond forming reaction from fatty acid esters and amines. The acid-base mechanism for the manganese(I)-catalyzed direct amidation of esters with amines was elucidated by DFT calculations.
- Fu, Zhengqiang,Wang, Xinghua,Tao, Sheng,Bu, Qingqing,Wei, Donghui,Liu, Ning
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p. 2339 - 2358
(2021/02/03)
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- method for preparing itopride using micro flow reactor
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The present invention relates to a method for preparing itopride by using a micro flow reactor, wherein the yield and the degree of purity of the itopride generated by using the micro flow reactor can be improved; thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride can be safely used; and leakage of noxious gases, such as a sulfur dioxide gas and/or a hydrochloric acid gas can be prevented. Also, the itopride can be manufactured through a simple process without an extra separation and purification process of an intermediate product that is generated during manufacturing.
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Paragraph 0023; 0058-0067
(2018/05/26)
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- Preparation method of itopride hydrochloride
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The invention relates to a preparation method of itopride hydrochloride and belongs to the technical field of raw material preparation. The technical scheme is as follows: the preparation method of itopride hydrochloride comprises the steps as follows: an intermediate I is prepared from initial materials including 3,4-dimethoxybenzamide, formaldehyde and phenol with a one-pot method; the intermediate I and N,N-dimethyl chloroethane hydrochloride are subjected to a substitution reaction to produce an intermediate II; finally, itopride hydrochloride is prepared through salification. The itopridepreparation process comprises a short and convenient route and is economical and environmentally friendly.
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Paragraph 0016; 0020; 0022
(2018/10/19)
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- Fe(ClO 4) 3 ·h 2 O-Catalyzed Ritter Reaction: A Convenient Synthesis of Amides from Esters and Nitriles
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An efficient and inexpensive synthesis of N-substituted amides from the Ritter reaction of nitriles with esters catalyzed by Fe(ClO 4) 3 ·H 2 O is described. Fe(ClO 4) 3 ·H 2 O is an economically efficient catalyst for the Ritter reaction under solvent-free conditions. Reactions of a range of esters (benzyl, sec-alkyl, and tert-butyl esters) with nitriles (primary, secondary, tertiary, and aryl nitriles) were performed to provide the corresponding amides in high to excellent yields.
- Feng, Chengliang,Yan, Bin,Yin, Guibo,Chen, Junqing,Ji, Min
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supporting information
p. 2257 - 2264
(2018/10/20)
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- Nickel-Catalyzed Phosphine Free Direct N-Alkylation of Amides with Alcohols
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Herein, we developed an operational simple, practical, and selective Ni-catalyzed synthesis of secondary amides. Application of renewable alcohols, earth-abundant and nonprecious nickel catalyst facilitates the transformations, releasing water as byproduct. The catalytic system is tolerant to a variety of functional groups including nitrile, allylic ether, and alkene and could be extended to the synthesis of bis-amide, antiemetic drug Tigan, and dopamine D2 receptor antagonist Itopride. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed the participation of a benzylic C-H bond in the rate-determining step.
- Das, Jagadish,Banerjee, Debasis
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p. 3378 - 3384
(2018/03/26)
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- Preparation method of medicine of itopride hydrochloride for promoting gastrointestinal motility
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The invention discloses a preparation method of medicine of itopride hydrochloride for promoting gastrointestinal motility. The method comprises the following steps that p-hydroxy methylbenzene is used as a raw material to take a reaction with dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride; then, 4-(2-dimethylamino oxethyl) benzyl bromide is synthesized through bromination; next, the 4-(2-dimethylamino oxethyl) benzyl bromide and 3,4-dimethoxybenzonitrile take a reaction to obtain a product of itopride under the solvent-free condition through copper trifluoromethanesulfonate catalysis. The preparation method has the advantages a bran-new synthesis route is provided; the itopride is synthesized through Ritter reaction under the solvent-free condition; the advantage of green and environment-friendly effects is realized; meanwhile, the used raw material resources are wide and sufficient; the price is low; the reaction conditions are mild.
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- Preparation method of itopride hydrochloride
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The invention relates to a preparation method of itopride hydrochloride. The preparation method includes: using 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride and phenol as starting materials for reaction; subjecting the starting materials to etherification, chloromethylation, amino substitution, amidation and salifying to obtain itopride hydrochloride. Chloromethylation promoted by C/CHO is adopted, so that a step of imine reduction is omitted, solid residue generated by a reductant is eliminated, and reaction safety is improved; raw materials used in the method are low in price, sufficient in market supply and easy to purchase; reaction in each step is classic, and the preparation method is safe, easy to control and suitable for industrial production.
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Paragraph 0007; 0014
(2017/01/12)
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- SYSTEM PROVIDING CONTROLLED DELIVERY OF GASEOUS CO FOR CARBONYLATION REACTIONS
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A carbonylation system comprising at least one carbon monoxide producing chamber and at least one carbon monoxide consuming chamber forming an interconnected multi-chamber system, said interconnection allowing carbon monoxide to pass from the at least one carbon monoxide producing chamber to the at least one carbon monoxide consuming chamber, said at least one carbon monoxide producing chamber containing a reaction mixture comprising a carbon monoxide precursor and a catalyst, said at least one carbon monoxide consuming chamber being suitable for carbonylation reactions, said interconnected multi- chamber system being sealable from the surrounding atmosphere during carbonylation.
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Page/Page column 91; 92
(2012/06/30)
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- Ex situ generation of stoichiometric and substoichiometric 12CO and 13CO and its efficient incorporation in palladium catalyzed aminocarbonylations
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A new technique for the ex situ generation of carbon monoxide (CO) and its efficient incorporation in palladium catalyzed carbonylation reactions was achieved using a simple sealed two-chamber system. The ex situ generation of CO was derived by a palladium catalyzed decarbonylation of tertiary acid chlorides using a catalyst originating from Pd(dba)2 and P(tBu)3. Preliminary studies using pivaloyl chloride as the CO-precursor provided an alternative approach for the aminocarbonylation of 2-pyridyl tosylate derivatives using only 1.5 equiv of CO. Further design of the acid chloride CO-precursor led to the development of a new solid, stable, and easy to handle source of CO for chemical transformations. The synthesis of this CO-precursor also provided an entry point for the late installment of an isotopically carbon-labeled acid chloride for the subsequent release of gaseous [ 13C]CO. In combination with studies aimed toward application of CO as the limiting reagent, this method provided highly efficient palladium catalyzed aminocarbonylations with CO-incorporations up to 96%. The ex situ generated CO and the two-chamber system were tested in the synthesis of several compounds of pharmaceutical interest and all of them were labeled as their [ 13C]carbonyl counterparts in good to excellent yields based on limiting CO. Finally, palladium catalyzed decarbonylation at room temperature also allowed for a successful double carbonylation. This new protocol provides a facile and clean source of gaseous CO, which is safely handled and stored. Furthermore, since the CO is generated ex situ, excellent functional group tolerance is secured in the carbonylation chamber. Finally, CO is only generated and released in minute amounts, hence, eliminating the need for specialized equipment such as CO-detectors and equipment for running high pressure reactions.
- Hermange, Philippe,Lindhardt, Anders T.,Taaning, Rolf H.,Bjerglund, Klaus,Lupp, Daniel,Skrydstrup, Troels
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 6061 - 6071
(2011/06/19)
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- Synthesis and application of a new fluorous-tagged ammonia equivalent
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A novel fluorous-tagged ammonia equivalent has been developed. It is based on a nitrogen-oxygen bond, which can be cleaved in a traceless manner by a molybdenum complex or samarium diiodide. The application in the synthesis of ureas, amides, sulfonamides, and carbamates is described. The scope of the fluo-rous N-O linker is exemplified by the synthesis of itopride, a drug used for the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Itopride was synthesized with the aid of fluorous purification methods and the product was isolated in good overall yield, with high purity.
- Nielsen, Simon D.,Smith, Garrick,Begtrup, Mikael,Kristensen, Jesper L.
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 4557 - 4566
(2010/08/20)
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- NOVEL PROCESS FOR SYNTHESIS OF ITOPRIDE AND ITS NOVEL INTERMEDIATE N-(4-HYDROXYBENZYL)- 3,4-DIMETHOXYBENZAMIDE
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The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for the preparation of N-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzyl]-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide—known as Itopride, via a novel intermediate N-(4?hydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide.
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Page/Page column 3-4
(2009/07/18)
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- A NOVEL PROCESS FOR SYNTHESIS OF ITOPRIDE AND IT’S NOVEL INTERMEDIATE-N-(4-HYDROXYBENZYL)-3,4-DIMETHOXYBENZAMIDE
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The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for the preparation of N-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzyl]-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide-known as Itopride, via a novel intermediate N-(4~hydroxybenzyl)-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide.
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Page/Page column 10
(2008/06/13)
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- PROCESS FOR PREPARING ITOPRIDE HYDROCHLORIDE
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Process for preparing itopride hydrochloride comprising: a) Reacting 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride in the 5 presence of a weak inorganic base to obtain 4-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)- benzaldehyde, b) Reacting 4-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)-benzaldehyde with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in an acid environment to obtain 4-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)- benzaldoxime hydrochloride, 10 c) Reacting of 4-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)-benzaldoxime hydrochloride in the presence a reducing agent to 4-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)-benzylamine, d) Reacting 4-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)-benzylamine with veratric acid chloride in the presence of a tertiary amine to obtain itopride, e) Salifying itopride with hydrochloric acid to obtain itopride hydrochloride, 15 characterized in that the reducing agent employed in step (c) is powdered zinc.
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Page/Page column 6-7
(2010/11/30)
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- Synthesis, gastrointestinal prokinetic activity and structure-activity relationships of novel N-[[2-(dialkylamino)ethoxy]benzyl]benzamide derivatives
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Novel N-[[2-(dialkylamino)ethoxy]benzyl]benzamide derivatives (II-1-51), derived from the structural modification of metoclopramide (1), were synthesized and examined for their pharmacological activities. Among them, N-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzyl]-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide (II-34) which exhibited well balanced gastrointestinal prokinetic and antiemetic activities was selected as a new type of gastrointestinal prokinetic agent.
- Sakaguchi,Nishino,Ogawa,Iwanaga,Yasuda,Kato,Ito
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p. 202 - 211
(2007/10/02)
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