120-80-9Relevant articles and documents
Titanium Substitution in Silicon-free Molecular Sieves: Anatase-free TAPO4-5 and TAPO4-11 Synthesis and Characterisation for Hydroxylation of Phenol
Ulagappan, N.,Krishnasamy, V.
, p. 373 - 374 (1995)
Titanium-substituted ALPO4-5 and ALPO4-11 are synthesised using a modified procedure; they catalyse the hydroxylation of phenol to the extent of ca. 32percent, with good selectivity to catechol.
New hydrotalcite-like anionic clays containing Zr4+ in the layers
Velu,Ramaswamy, Veda,Ramani,Chanda, Bhanu M.,Sivasanker
, p. 2107 - 2108 (1997)
New hydrotalcite-like anionic clays containing Zr4+ in the brucite-like layers are synthesised by a simple coprecipitation technique; these materials show very interesting properties as catalysts for liquid-phase hydroxylation of phenol with H2O2.
An iron-based micropore-enriched silica catalyst:: In situ confining of Fe2O3 in the mesopores and its improved catalytic properties
Long, Saifu,Zhou, Shijian,Yang, Fu,Lu, Kangchao,Xi, Tao,Kong, Yan
, p. 76064 - 76074 (2016)
Surface exposed catalytic active species are thought to be responsible for overall catalytic activity and selectivity. In this paper, controllable contents of iron oxides were in situ introduced into the inner surface of anionic surfactant-templated mesop
Heterogeneous Nitrogen-doped Graphene Catalysed HOO? Generation via a Non-radical Mechanism for Base-free Dakin Reaction
Sun, Wei,Gao, Lingfeng,Sun, Xu,Yang, Hua,Zheng, Gengxiu
, p. 5210 - 5216 (2019)
A heterogeneous nitrogen-doped graphene catalytic pathway for H2O2 activation to generate alkaline hydrogen peroxide (HOO?) through a non-radical mechanism was reported. Remarkably, the heterogeneous catalytic procedure has been used for the evergreen and environmentally Dakin reaction without using any transition metals, homogeneous bases, ligands, additives or promoters, completely. The study of catalyst structure and catalytic activities indicate that the most active sites are created by the graphitic N atoms at zig-zag edges of the sheets. In addition, N as dopant element changes the reactivity of the neighbour C atoms, and leads to the formation of carbon-hydroperoxide (C?(HOOH)) and C?O* (C?O?) transition state species on the graphene surface in catalytic the reaction. (Figure presented.).
Application of advanced oxidation processes for removing salicylic acid from synthetic wastewaters
Chen, Xue Ming,da Silva, Djalma Ribeiro,Martínez-Huitle, Carlos A.
, p. 101 - 104 (2010)
In this study, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as anodic oxidation (AO), UV/H2O2 and Fenton processes (FP) were investigated for the degradation of salicylic acid (SA) in lab-scale experiments. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) film electrodes using Ta as substrates were employed for AO of SA. In the case of FP and UV/H2O2, most favorable experimental conditions were determined for each process and these were used for comparing with AO process. The study showed that the FP was the most effective process under acidic conditions, leading to the highest rate of SA degradation in a very short time interval. However, the results showed that Ta/BDD films had high electrocatalytic activity for complete degradation of SA; even if it employs more time for complete elimination of the SA respect to FP. Additionally, AO led to a sixfold acceleration of the oxidation rate compared with the UV/H2O2 process. Finally a rough comparison of the specific energy consumption shows that AO process reduced the energy consumption by at least 90% compared with the UV/H2O2 process.
Mechanistic investigations in ultrasound-assisted biodegradation of phenanthrene
Kashyap, Niharika,Roy, Kuldeep,Moholkar, Vijayanand S.
, (2020)
This study has addressed the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, phenanthrene using Candida tropicalis. Optimization using central composite statistical design yielded optimum experimental parameters as: pH = 6.2, temperature = 33.4 °C, mechanical shaking = 190 rpm and % inoculum = 9.26% v/v. Sonication of biodegradation mixture at 33 kHz and 10% duty cycle in log phase (12 h per day for 4 days) resulted in a 25% enhancement in phenanthrene removal. Profiles of specific growth rate (μ) and specific degradation rate (q) versus initial substrate concentration were fitted to Haldane substrate inhibition model. Both μ and q showed maxima for initial concentration of 100 mg L?1. Kinetic analysis of degradation profiles showed higher biomass yield coefficient and smaller decay coefficient in presence of sonication. Expression of total intracellular proteins in control and test experiments were analyzed using SDS–PAGE. This analysis revealed overexpression of enzyme catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (in meta route metabolism) during sonication which is involved in ring cleavage of phenanthrene. Evaluation of cell viability after sonication by flow cytometry analysis revealed > 80% live cells. These effects are attributed to enhanced cellular transport induced by intense microturbulence generated by sonication.
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Popoff,Theander
, p. 1576 (1970)
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Mc Kagne
, p. 2447 (1971)
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Biocatalytic Methyl Ether Cleavage: Characterization of the Corrinoid-Dependent Methyl Transfer System from Desulfitobacterium hafniense
Richter, Nina,Farnberger, Judith E.,Pompei, Simona,Grimm, Christopher,Skibar, Wolfgang,Zepeck, Ferdinand,Kroutil, Wolfgang
, p. 2688 - 2695 (2019)
The ether functionality represents a very common motif in organic chemistry and especially the methyl ether is commonly found in natural products. Its formation and cleavage can be achieved via countless chemical procedures. Nevertheless, since in particular the cleavage often involves harsh reaction conditions, milder alternatives are highly demanded. Very recently, we have reported on a biocatalytic shuttle catalysis concept for reversible cleavage and formation of phenolic O-methyl ethers employing a corrinoid-dependent methyl transferase system from the anaerobic organism Desulfitobacterium hafniense. Here we report the technical study of this system, focusing on the demethylation of guaiacol as model reaction. The optimal buffer-, pH-, temperature- and cofactor-preferences were determined as well as the influence of organic co-solvents. Beside methyl cobalamin also hydroxocobalamin turned out to be a suitable cofactor species, although the latter required activation. Various O-methyl phenyl ethers were successfully demethylated with conversions up to 82% at 10 mM substrate concentration. (Figure presented.).
Sodium Percarbonate: A Convenient Reagent for the Dakin Reaction
Kabalka, G. W.,Reddy, N. K.,Narayana, C.
, p. 865 - 866 (1992)
Sodium percarbonate, a readily available, inexpensive and easy to handle reagent efficiently oxidizes hydroxylated benzaldehydes and hydroxylated acetophenones to hydroxyphenols.
Binuclear furanyl-azine metal complexes encapsulated in NaY zeolite as efficiently heterogeneous catalysts for phenol hydroxylation
Ku?niarska-Biernacka,Raposo,Batista,Soares,Pereira,Parpot,Oliveira,Skiba,Jartych,Fonseca,Neves
, (2020)
Two different methods A and B were used for preparing binuclear furanyl-azine metal complexes encapsulated in NaY zeolite. These new heterogeneous catalysts based on Fe(II) or Cu(II) complexes with a metal/ligand molar ratio of 2:1, were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and chemical analysis which confirm the presence of the metal complexes inside the supercages of the zeolite. M?ssbauer spectroscopy technique analysis confirms the presence of the Fe3+- complexes in octahedral coordination. The new heterogeneous catalysts were catalytic evaluated by phenol hydroxylation and compared with the encapsulated metal furanyl-azine complexes in NaY zeolite. The zeolite themselves do not present any activity and the presence of the metal complexes improve their activity. All heterogeneous catalysts enhance higher conversion of phenol to catechol.
Biodegradation of phenol by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Ghanotakis, Demetrios F.,Mavroudakis, Leonidas,Nazos, Theocharis T.,Pergantis, Spiros A.
, p. 383 - 395 (2020)
The data presented in this particular study demonstrate that the biodegradation of phenol by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a dynamic bioenergetic process mainly affected by the production of catechol and the presence of a growth-promoting substrate in the culture medium. The study focused on the regulation of the bioenergetic equilibrium resulting from production of catechol after phenol oxidation. Catechol was identified by HPLC-UV and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Growth measurements revealed that phenol is a growth-limiting substrate for microalgal cultures. The Chlamydomonas cells proceed to phenol biodegradation because they require carbon reserves for maintenance of homeostasis. In the presence of acetic acid (a growth-promoting carbon source), the amount of catechol detected in the culture medium was negligible; apparently, acetic acid provides microalgae with sufficient energy reserves to further biodegrade catechol. It has been shown that when microalgae do not have sufficient energy reserves, a significant amount of catechol is released into the culture medium. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii acts as a versatile bioenergetic machine by regulating its metabolism under each particular set of growth conditions, in order to achieve an optimal balance between growth, homeostasis maintenance and biodegradation of phenol. The novel findings of this study reveal a paradigm showing how microalgal metabolic versatility can be used in the bioremediation of the environment and in potential large-scale applications.
Structural and electrochemical properties of lutetium bis-octachloro-phthalocyaninate nanostructured films. Application as voltammetric sensors
Alessio,Apetrei,Rubira,Constantino,Medina-Plaza,De Saja,Rodrguez-Mndez
, p. 6754 - 6763 (2014)
Thin films of the bis[2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octachlorophthalocyaninate] lutetium(III) complex (LuPc2Cl32) have been prepared by the Langmuir-Blodgett and the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) techniques. The influence of the chlorine substituents in the structure of the films and in their spectroscopic, electrochemical and sensing properties has been evaluated. The -A isotherms exhibit a monolayer stability greater than the observed in the unsubstituted analogue (LuPc2), being easily transferred to solid substrates, also in contrast to LuPc2. The LB and LS films present a linear growth forming stratified layers, monitored by UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. The latter also revealed the presence of L LuPc2Cl32in the form of monomers and aggregates in both films. The FTIR data showed that the L LuPc2Cl32molecules present a non-preferential arrangement in both films. Monolayers of LB and LS were deposited onto 6 nm Ag island films to record surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS), leading to enhancement factors close to 2×103Finally, LB and LS films deposited onto ITO glass have been successfully used as voltammetric sensors for the detection of catechol. The improved electroactivity of the LB and LS films has been confirmed by the reduction of the overpotential of the oxidation of catechol. The enhancement of the electrocatalytic effect observed in LB and LS films is the result of the nanostructured arrangement of the surface which increases the number of active sites. The sensors show a limit of detection in the range of 10?5 mol/L.
Polymer supported nickel complex: Synthesis, structure and catalytic application
Sutar, Alekha Kumar,Maharana, Tungabidya,Das, Yasobanta,Rath, Prasanta
, p. 1695 - 1705 (2014)
In the present investigation, a new synthetic route for a novel recyclable free [3-MOBdMBn-Ni] and polystyrene-anchored [P-3-MOBdMBn-Ni] nickel complexes is presented. The free and polymer-anchored metal complexes were synthesized by the reaction of nickel (II) with one molar equivalent of unsupported N N'-bis (2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) 4-Methylbenzene-1,2-diamine (3-MOBdMBn) or polymer-supported (P-3-MOBdMBn) Schiff-base ligand in methanol under nitrogen atmosphere. The advantages of these polymer-supported catalysts are the low cost of catalyst and recyclability up to six times, due to easy availability of materials and simple synthetic route. The higher efficiency of complexation of nickel on the polymer-anchored 3-MOBdMBn Schiff base than the unsupported analogue is another advantage of this catalyst system. The structural study reveals that nickel(II) complex of 3-MOBdMBn is square planar in geometry. The catalytic activity of nickel complex towards the oxidation of phenol was investigated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Experimental results indicate that the reactivity of P-3-MOBdMBn-Ni was dramatically affected by the polymer support compared to free 3-MOBdMBn-Ni. The rates of oxidation (Rp) for unsupported and supported catalysts are 1.37 × 10-6 mole dm-3 s-1 and 2.33 × 10-6 mole dm-3 s-1 respectively. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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Howe,Rao
, p. 2436 (1968)
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ACYLATED FLAVANOLS AND PROCYANIDINS FROM SALIX SIEBOLDIANA
Hsu, Feng-Lin,Nonaka, Gen-Ichiro,Nishioka, Itsuo
, p. 2089 - 2092 (1985)
An homologous series of acylated flavan-3-ols and procyanidins have been isolated, together with the known procyanidins B-1, B-3 and trimer, from the bark of Salix sieboldiana.Chemical and spectroscopic evidence led to the assignments of their structures as the 3-O-(1,6-dihydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid ester) of (+)-catechin and the 1-hydroxy-6-oxo-2-cyclohexene carboxylic acid esters of (+)-catechin and procyanidins B-1, B-3 and trimer.Key Word Index - Salix sieboldiana; Salicaceae; bark; acylated flavan-3-ols; acylated procyanidins; 1-hydroxy-6-oxo-2-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid; 1,6-dihydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid .
Effects of tetrahydropterines on the generation of quinones catalyzed by tyrosinase
Garcia-Molina, Francis,Munoz-Munoz, Joseph Louis,Martinez-Ortiz, Francis,Tudela, Joseph,Garcia-Canovas, Francis,Rodriguez-Lopez, Joseph Neptune
, p. 1108 - 1109 (2010)
Tetrahydrobiopterine (6BH4) can diminish the oxidative stress undergone by keratinocytes and melanocytes by reducing the o-quinones generated by the oxidation of the corresponding o-diphenols. We found that 6BH4 and their analogs reduced all the o-quinones studied. The formal potentials of different quinone/diphenol pairs indicate that the o-quinones with withdrawing groups are more potent oxidants than those with donating groups.
Transition metal coordination polymers: Synthesis and catalytic study for hydroxylation of phenol and benzene
Abbo, Hanna S.,Titinchi, Salam J.J.
, p. 148 - 155 (2012)
New coordination polymers of Ni(II) and Cu(II) of the polymeric salen-type Schiff base ligand derived from the condensation of 5,5′-methylene bis-(salicyaldehyde) with 1,2-diaminopropane yielded N,N′-1,2- propylenebis(5-methylenesalicylidenamine) abbrevia
Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal [2 + 2] Photodimerization Involving B←N Coordination with Generation of a Thiophene Host
Campillo-Alvarado, Gonzalo,Li, Changan,Feng, Zhiting,Hutchins, Kristin M.,Swenson, Dale C.,H?pfl, Herbert,Morales-Rojas, Hugo,Macgillivray, Leonard R.
, p. 2197 - 2201 (2020)
We report on B←N coordination to support a single-crystal-to-single-crystal reaction in the solid state. A [2 + 2] photodimerization is achieved with face-to-face π-stacks of monotopic B←N adducts composed of a phenylboronic acid catechol ester and an alkene with a terminal thiophene group. The photoreaction generates a ditopic B-adduct involving a head-to-tail cyclobutane regio- and stereoselectively. The photodimerization is accompanied by an increase in the tetrahedral character of the B atom. The resulting boron enables channel confinement of chloroform upon recrystallization.
Copper(II)-Catalyzed Reactions of Activated Aromatics
Puzari,Baruah, Jubaraj B.
, p. 2344 - 2349 (2000)
The catalytic reaction of cis-bisglycinato copper(II) monohydrate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide leads to hydroxylation of phenol to give catechol and hydroquinone (1:1.2 ratio) in good yield. 2,6-Dimethylphenol can be hydroxylated by hydrogen peroxide and a catalytic amount of cis-bisglycinato copper(II) monohydrate to give an aggregate of 1,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzene and 2,6-dimethylphenol. A similar reaction of o-cresol gives 2,5-dihydroxytoluene. The reactivity of cis-bisglycinato copper(II) monohydrate in hydrogen peroxide with o-cresol is 4.5 times faster than that of a similar reaction by trans-bisglycinato copper(II) monohydrate. A catalytic reaction of cis-bisglycinato copper(II) monohydrate with aniline in aqueous hydrogen peroxide gives polyanilines in the form of pernigraniline with different amounts of Cu(OH)2 attached to them. The two major components of polyanilines obtained have Mn values of 1040 and 1500, respectively. Resistance of films of these polyanilines increases with temperatures from 40°C to a maximum value at 103°C and then decreases in the region of 103-150°C, showing the property of a thermoelectric switch. The aggregate prepared from hydroxylation of 2,6-dimethylphenol shows a similar property in the region of 30-180°C.
Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids as Efficient Reagents for the C?O Bond Cleavage of Lignin
Thierry, Marina,Majira, Amel,Pégot, Bruce,Cezard, Laurent,Bourdreux, Flavien,Clément, Gilles,Perreau, Fran?ois,Boutet-Mercey, Stéphanie,Diter, Patrick,Vo-Thanh, Giang,Lapierre, Catherine,Ducrot, Paul-Henri,Magnier, Emmanuel,Baumberger, Stéphanie,Cottyn, Betty
, p. 439 - 448 (2018)
The demethylation of lignin in ionic liquids (ILs) was investigated by using pure lignin model monomers and dimers together with dioxane-isolated lignins from poplar, miscanthus, and maize. Different methylimidazolium ILs were compared and the samples were treated with two different heating processes: microwave irradiation and conventional heating in a sealed tube. The conversion yield and influence of the treatment on the lignin structure were assessed by 31P NMR spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography, and thioacidolysis. The acidic methylimidazolium IL [HMIM]Br was shown to be an effective combination of solvent and reagent for the demethylation and depolymerization of lignin. The relatively mild reaction conditions, the clean work-up, and the ability to reuse the IL makes the described procedure an attractive and new green method for the conversion of lignin to produce phenol-rich lignin oligomers.
Selective oxidation of phenol and benzoic acid in water via home-prepared TiO2 photocatalysts: Distribution of hydroxylation products
Bellardita, Marianna,Augugliaro, Vincenzo,Loddo, Vittorio,Megna, Bartolomeo,Palmisano, Giovanni,Palmisano, Leonardo,Puma, Maria Angela
, p. 79 - 89 (2012)
The hydroxylation of phenol (a substrate containing an electron donor group) and of benzoic acid (a substrate containing an electron withdrawing group) has been carried out by the photocatalytic method in aqueous suspensions containing commercial or home prepared TiO2 samples. The aim of the work was to study the distribution of hydroxylation products when different photocatalysts were used and to correlate the selectivity to some physico-chemical features of the powders. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, determination of crystalline phase percentage, specific surface area and zero charge point. The photoreactivity results indicate that the products of the primary oxidation of phenol are the ortho- and para-mono-hydroxy derivatives while those of benzoic acid are all the mono-hydroxy derivatives independently of the catalyst. The selectivity toward mono-hydroxy derivatives shows a strong dependence on catalyst hydroxylation and crystallinity degrees: the highest selectivity values were obtained by using the commercial samples that resulted the least hydroxylated and the most crystalline ones. A kinetic model, taking into account the mineralization and the partial oxidation reaction routes, is proposed by using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model.
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Kiprianow,Ssytsch
, (1933)
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Role of catechol in the radical reduction of B-alkylcatecholboranes in presence of methanol
Povie, Guillaume,Villa, Giorgio,Ford, Leigh,Pozzi, Davide,Schiesser, Carl H.,Renaud, Philippe
, p. 803 - 805 (2010)
Mechanistic investigations on the previously reported reduction of B-alkylcatecholboranes in the presence of methanol led to the disclosure of a new mechanism involving catechol as a reducing agent. More than just revising the mechanism of this reaction, we disclose here the surprising role of catechol, a chain breaking antioxidant, which becomes a source of hydrogen atoms in an efficient radical chain process.
Determination of catalytic oxidation products of phenol by RP-HPLC
Qiao, Jun-Qin,Yuan, Na,Tang, Chang-Jin,Yang, Jing,Zhou, Jian,Lian, Hong-Zhen,Dong, Lin
, p. 549 - 558 (2012)
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with ultraviolet detection was established for the determination of phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, and p-benzoquinone in the reaction solution of catalytic oxidation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant and copper-doped FeSBA-15 zeolite as the catalyst. Separation was accomplished on a reversed-phase C18 column, and the elution condition was optimized by changing the composition of the mobile phase. A good resolution of all of the relative components in the reaction solution was achieved when the mobile phase was methanol-water-1% acetic acid aqueous solution = 10:50:40 (v/v/v). The concentrations of phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, and p-benzoquinone were determined in 11 different reaction solutions by the external standard method. The proposed HPLC method was simple, accurate, reliable, and suitable for tracing the amount of target products during the catalytic oxidation reaction of phenol. The results can provide data support for evaluating the properties of catalysts, and, thus, guide the selection of catalysts for the industrial production of dihydric phenol. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
Multi-Enzymatic Cascade Reactions for the Synthesis of cis,cis-Muconic Acid
Di Nardo, Giovanna,Gazzola, Silvia,Gilardi, Gianfranco,Pollegioni, Loredano,Rosini, Elena,Valetti, Francesca,Vignali, Elisa
, p. 114 - 123 (2021/10/07)
Lignin valorization allows the generation of a number of value-added products such as cis,cis-muconic acid (ccMA), which is widely used for the synthesis of chemicals for the production of biodegradable plastic materials. In the present work, we reported the first multi-enzymatic, one-pot bioconversion process of vanillin into ccMA. In details, we used four sequential reactions catalyzed by xanthine oxidase, O-demethylase LigM (and the tetrahydrofolate-regeneration enzyme methyl transferase MetE), decarboxylase AroY (based on the use of E. coli transformed cells) and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase CatA. The optimized lab-scale procedure allowed to reach, for the first time, the conversion of 5 mM vanillin into ccMA in ~30 h with a 90% yield: this achievement represents an improvement in terms of yields and time when compared to the use of a whole-cell system. This multi-enzymatic system represents a sustainable alternative for the production of a high value added product from a renewable resource. (Figure presented.).
The role of remote flavin adenine dinucleotide pieces in the oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by salicylate hydroxylase
Brand?o, Tiago A. S.,Nagem, Ronaldo A. P.,Pereira, Mozart S.,Richard, John P.,de Araújo, Simara S.
, (2021/12/30)
Salicylate hydroxylase (NahG) has a single redox site in which FAD is reduced by NADH, the O2 is activated by the reduced flavin, and salicylate undergoes an oxidative decarboxylation by a C(4a)-hydroperoxyflavin intermediate to give catechol. We report experimental results that show the contribution of individual pieces of the FAD cofactor to the observed enzymatic activity for turnover of the whole cofactor. A comparison of the kinetic parameters and products for the NahG-catalyzed reactions of FMN and riboflavin cofactor fragments reveal that the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and ribitol phosphate pieces of FAD act to anchor the flavin to the enzyme and to direct the partitioning of the C(4a)-hydroperoxyflavin reaction intermediate towards hydroxylation of salicylate. The addition of AMP or ribitol phosphate pieces to solutions of the truncated flavins results in a partial restoration of the enzymatic activity lost upon truncation of FAD, and the pieces direct the reaction of the C(4a)-hydroperoxyflavin intermediate towards hydroxylation of salicylate.
One-pot production of phenazine from lignin-derived catechol
He, Zhimin,Qi, Wei,Ren, Tianyu,Yan, Ning
supporting information, p. 1224 - 1230 (2022/02/17)
Upgrading lignin-derived monomeric products is crucial in bio-refineries to effectively utilize lignin. Herein, we report a simple strategy to convert catechol to phenazine, a useful N-heterocycle three-aromatic-ring compound, whose current synthetic procedure is complex via a petroleum-derived feedstock. The reaction uses catechol as the sole carbon source and aqueous ammonia as reaction media and a nitrogen source. Without additional solvents, phenazine was obtained in 67% yield in the form of high purity crystals (>97%) over a Pd/C catalyst after a one-pot-two-stage reaction. When cyclohexane was used as a co-solvent in the first step, a higher yield (81%) and purity (>99%) were achieved. Mechanistic investigations involving control experiments and an isotope labeling study reveal that hydrogenation, amination, coupling and dehydrogenation reactions are the key steps leading to phenazine formation. The conversion of other lignin-derived catechols highlights that the protocol is extendable to produce substituted phenazines.