Ammonium chloride

Ammonium chloride (also called Ammonium muriate) is highly soluble in water which is a white crystalline salt. It is an inorganic compound with the formula NH₄Cl. Both its product name and IUPAC name are the same. The substance should be stored in cool, dry and ventilated place. What's more, it can't be mix-carried with acids and harmful toxic substances. If contact it regularly, it is likely to cause chronic inflammation in eye conjunctiva and mucous membrane in respiratory tract.

Preparation: Ammonium chloride can also be prepared by double replacement reaction using ammonium sulfate and salt. Firstly, you should add the ammonium chloride solution into the reactor and heat by 105 °C. After that, you should add the reaction mixture into the reactor and stirred it at 117 °C. Then it is filtered and partitioned. At last, you will gain Ammonium chloride after the filtrate is treated through several processes, e.g, purification, refrigeration, filtrate and arefaction.

(NH₄)₂SO₄ + 2 NaCl → 2 NH₄Cl + Na₂SO₄

Ammonium chloride is the product from the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia. This reaction can occur if poorly sealed bottles of household ammonia (ammonium hydroxide) and hydrochloric acid are stored in close proximity.

NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl

Uses: Ammonium chloride is used to spice up dark sweets called salty liquorice, in baking to give cookies a very crisp texture, and in the flavouring Salmiakki Koskenkorva for vodkas. Ammonium chloride is commonly used to produce low temperatures in cooling baths. Generally, Ammonium chloride solutions with ammonia are used as buffer solutions. Ammonium chloride serves as a nitrogen source In biological applications and is used as a feed supplement in fertilizers for cattle and as an ingredient in nutritive media for yeast microbiological organisms. In fireworks and safety and contact explosives, Ammonium chloride will be used as an ingredient.

In several countries ammonium chloride is known as sal ammoniac and used as food additive. The E number for ammonium chloride used as a food additive is E510. Ammonium chloride is used in the textile and leather industry in dyeing, tanning textile printing and to luster cotton. Ammonium chloride is used as a flux in preparing metals to be tin coated, galvanized or soldered and as an expectorant in cough medicine.

Reanctions: Ammonium chloride can react with strong base to release ammonia gas. When subliming, it will involve decomposition into ammonia and hydrogen chloride gas. Meanwhile, Ammonium chloride can also react with alkali metal carbonates at elevated temperatures to give ammonia and alkali metal chloride:

NH₄Cl + NaOH → NH₃ + NaCl + H₂O
NH₄Cl → NH₃ + HCl
2 NH₄Cl + Na₂CO₃ → 2 NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O + 2 NH₃

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
Ammonium chloride may cause damage to health. It is harmful if swallowed. In addition, it is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. There will be a risk of serious damage to eyes. In case of contact with eyes, you should rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Whenever you will contact it, please wear suitable protective clothing.

Descriptors computed from structure of Ammonium chloride:
(1)Canonical SMILES: [NH4+].[Cl-]
(2)InChI: InChI=1S/ClH.H3N/h1H;1H3
(3)InChIKey: NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Toxicity of Ammonium chloride:

Organism	Test Type	Route	Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)	Effect	Source
dog	LDLo	oral	600mg/kg (600mg/kg)		"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935.
domestic animals - goat/sheep	LDLo	oral	1500mg/kg (1500mg/kg)	SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE BEHAVIORAL: TREMOR LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION	American Journal of Veterinary Research. Vol. 32, Pg. 1229, 1971.
guinea pig	LDLo	intravenous	220mg/kg (220mg/kg)		"Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie," Heffter, A., Berlin, Verlag von Julius Springer. V.1-3, 1920-35. For publisher information, see HEPHD2.Vol. 1, Pg. 470, 1923.
guinea pig	LDLo	subcutaneous	72mg/kg (72mg/kg)		"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935.
infant	LDLo	oral	2gm/kg (2000mg/kg)	CARDIAC: OTHER CHANGES	American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 6, Pg. 506, 1988.
mouse	LD50	intraperitoneal	485mg/kg (485mg/kg)		Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances, Academie des Sciences. Vol. 256, Pg. 1043, 1963.
mouse	LD50	intravenous	358mg/kg (358mg/kg)	BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION BEHAVIORAL: COMA	Journal of Clinical Investigation. Vol. 37, Pg. 497, 1958.
mouse	LD50	oral	1300mg/kg (1300mg/kg)		Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. Vol. 21, Pg. 257, 1990.
mouse	LDLo	subcutaneous	500mg/kg (500mg/kg)		"Drug Dosages in Laboratory Animals - A Handbook," Rev. ed., Barnes, C.D., and L.G. Eltherington, Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1973Vol. -, Pg. 39, 1973.
rabbit	LDLo	intravenous	78mg/kg (78mg/kg)		"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935.
rabbit	LDLo	oral	1gm/kg (1000mg/kg)		"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1289, 1935.
rabbit	LDLo	subcutaneous	200mg/kg (200mg/kg)		"Handbuch der Experimentellen Pharmakologie," Heffter, A., Berlin, Verlag von Julius Springer. V.1-3, 1920-35. For publisher information, see HEPHD2.Vol. 1, Pg. 470, 1923.
rat	LD50	intramuscular	30mg/kg (30mg/kg)		Experimental Medicine and Surgery. Vol. 4, Pg. 223, 1946.
rat	LD50	oral	1650mg/kg (1650mg/kg)		"Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J.V., Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1972Vol. -, Pg. 15, 1972.
rat	LD50	unreported	550mg/kg (550mg/kg)		French Demande Patent Document. Vol. #2444025,