- The use of physiology-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling in the discovery of the dual orexin receptor antagonist ACT-541468
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The identification of new sleep drugs poses particular challenges in drug discovery owing to disease-specific requirements such as rapid onset of action, sleep maintenance throughout major parts of the night, and absence of residual next-day effects. Robust tools to estimate drug levels in human brain are therefore key for a successful discovery program. Animal models constitute an appropriate choice for drugs without species differences in receptor pharmacology or pharmacokinetics. Translation to man becomes more challenging when interspecies differences are prominent. This report describes the discovery of the dual orexin receptor 1 and 2 (OX1 andOX2) antagonist ACT-541468 out of a class of structurally related compounds, by use of physiology-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK-PD) modeling applied early in drug discovery. Although all drug candidates exhibited similar target receptor potencies and efficacy in a rat sleep model, they exhibited large interspecies differences in key factors determining their pharmacokinetic profile. Human PK models were built on the basis of in vitro metabolism and physicochemical data and were then used to predict the time course of OX2 receptor occupancy in brain. An active ACT-541468 dose of 25 mg was estimated on the basis of OX2 receptor occupancy thresholds of about 65% derived from clinical data for two other orexin antagonists, almorexant and suvorexant. Modeling predictions for ACT-541468 in man were largely confirmed in a single-Ascending dose trial in healthy subjects. PBPK-PD modeling applied early in drug discovery, therefore, has great potential to assist in the identification of drug molecules when specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic requirements need to be met.
- Treiber, Alexander,De Kanter, Ruben,Roch, Catherine,Gatfield, John,Boss, Christoph,Von Raumer, Markus,Schindelholz, Benno,Muehlan, Clemens,Van Gerven, Joop,Jenck, Francois
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Read Online
- An efficient and high yield method for the N-tert-butoxycarbonyl protection of sterically hindered amino acids
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An important method for the N-tert-butoxycarbonyl protection of the amino functionality of α-alkylated prolines and other sterically hindered α,α-disubstituted amino acids has been developed in which the lipophilic base tetramethylammonium hydroxide is used to solubilize the otherwise insoluble zwitterionic amino acid in acetonitrile, thereby obviating the need for an aqueous medium.
- Khalil, Ehab M.,Subasinghe, Nalin L.,Johnson, Rodney L.
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Read Online
- COMPOUNDS TARGETING RNA-BINDING PROTEINS OR RNA-MODIFYING PROTEINS
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The invention relates to a compound represented by Formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, compositions comprising the same and methods of preparing and using the same. The variables are described herein.
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Page/Page column 182; 183
(2021/09/11)
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- COMBINATIONS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INHIBITORS
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The present disclosure is generally directed to antiviral compounds, and more specifically directed to combinations of compounds which can inhibit the function of the NS5A protein encoded by Hepatitis C virus (HCV), compositions comprising such combinations, and methods for inhibiting the function of the NS5A protein.
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Page/Page column 530
(2015/02/02)
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- CRYSTALLINE SALT FORM OF (S)-(2-(6-CHLORO-7-METHYL-1 H-BENZO[D]IMIDAZOL-2-YL)-2-METHYLPYRROLIDIN-1 -YL)(5-METHOXY-2-(2H-1,2,3-TRIAZOL-2-YL)PHENYL)METHANONE AS OREXIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
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The invention relates to a crystalline form of (S)-(2-(6-chloro-7-methyl-1 H-benzo[d]imidazol- 2-yl)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)(5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl)methanone hydrochloride, processes for the preparation thereof, pharmaceutical compositions containing said crystalline form, and its use as medicament, especially as orexin receptor antagonist.
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Page/Page column 20
(2015/06/18)
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- USE OF BENZIMIDAZOLE-PROLINE DERIVATIVES
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The present invention relates to compounds of the formula (I), wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are as described in the description and to their use as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of sundown syndrome. The invention also relates to the preparation of such compounds and of pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
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Page/Page column 17
(2015/06/18)
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- CRYSTALLINE FORM OF (S)-(2-(6-CHLORO-7-METHYL-1H-BENZO[D]IMIDAZOL-2-YL)-2-METHYLPYRROLIDIN-1 -YL)(5-METHOXY-2-(2H-1,2,3-TRIAZOL-2-YL)PHENYL)METHANONE AND ITS USE AS OREXIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
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The invention relates to crystalline forms of (S)-(2-(6-chloro-7-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2- yl)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)(5-methoxy-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl)methanone, processes for the preparation thereof, pharmaceutical compositions containing such crystalline forms, pharmaceutical compositions prepared from such crystalline forms, and their use as a medicament, especially as orexin receptor antagonists.
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Page/Page column 23
(2015/06/18)
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- METHOD FOR PRODUCING OPTICALLY ACTIVE 2-METHYLPROLINE DERIVATIVE
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An optically active 2-methylproline derivative is produced by forming a salt from a racemic 2-methylproline derivative and an optically active 1-arylethylamine derivative and precipitating the salt in a form of solid from a solvent.
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Paragraph 0054-0056
(2014/06/11)
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- BENZIMIDAZOLE-PROLINE DERIVATIVES
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The present invention relates to compounds of the formula (I) wherein Ar1, R1, R2, R3, R4a, R4b and (R5)n are as described in the description, to their preparation, to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and to their use as pharmaceuticals, to pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more compounds of formula (I), and especially to their use as orexin receptor antagonists.
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Page/Page column 110
(2014/01/08)
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- Synthesis of NP25302
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An efficient synthesis of NP25302 is presented that relies on 5-endo-dig N-cyclization to establish the bicyclic core and Curtius rearrangement to install the N-acyl vinylogous urea functionality.
- Stevens, Kiri,Tyrrell, Andrew J.,Skerratt, Sarah,Robertson, Jeremy
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scheme or table
p. 5964 - 5967
(2012/01/06)
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- TRIAZINE KINASE INHIBITORS
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The invention provides compounds of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The formula I compounds inhibit tyrosine kinase activity thereby making them useful as anticancer agents.
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(2010/08/08)
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- 2-SUBSTITUTED PROLINE BIS-AMIDE OREXIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
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The present invention is directed to 2-substituted proline bis-amide compounds which are antagonists of orexin receptors, and which are useful in the treatment or prevention of neurological and psychiatric disorders and diseases in which orexin receptors are involved. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and the use of these compounds and compositions in the prevention or treatment of such diseases in which orexin receptors are involved.
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(2008/06/13)
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- Vanilloid receptor ligands and their use in treatments
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Compounds having the general structure and compositions containing them, for the treatment of acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, dental pain, general headache, migraine, cluster headache, mixed-vascular and non-vascular syndromes, tension headache, general inflammation, arthritis, rheumatic diseases, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, inflammatory eye disorders, inflammatory or unstable bladder disorders, psoriasis, skin complaints with inflammatory components, chronic inflammatory conditions, inflammatory pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, neuropathic pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, diabetic neuropathy pain, causalgia, sympathetically maintained pain, deafferentation syndromes, asthma, epithelial tissue damage or dysfunction, herpes simplex, disturbances of visceral motility at respiratory, genitourinary, gastrointestinal or vascular regions, wounds, burns, allergic skin reactions, pruritus, vitiligo, general gastrointestinal disorders, gastric ulceration, duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, gastric lesions induced by necrotising agents, hair growth, vasomotor or allergic rhinitis, bronchial disorders or bladder disorders.
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(2008/06/13)
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- Thiazole benzamide derivatives and pharmaceutical compositions for inhibiting cell proliferation, and methods for their use
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Aminothiazole compounds with mono-/di-substituted benzamide are represented by the Formula (I), and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, pharmaceutically active metabolites, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said metabolites are described. These agents modulate and/or inhibit the cell proliferation and activity of protein kinases and are useful as pharmaceuticals for treating malignancies and other disorders.
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- Design, construction and properties of peptide N-terminal cap templates devised to initiate α-helices. Part 2. Caps derived from N-[(2S)-2-chloropropionyl]-(2S)-Pro-(2S)-Pro-(2S,4S)-4-thioPro-OMe
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Recently, we designed 12-membered macrocyclic template caps to entrain peptides into α-helical structures, based on the covalent connection of the first and fourth residues of proline containing tetrapeptides. It was not possible to complete the synthesis of the templates from the acyclic precursors and it appeared that the generation of large molecular dipoles, caused by aligning the carbonyl groups, prevented reaction. While this work was in progress, Kemp's group published the structure of a 12-membered macrocyclic triproline template designed to initiate an α-helix that was very similar in structure to one of our own targets. However, the compound failed to cyclise in a conformation required for α-helix initiation and one or more carboxamide dipoles were not aligned. Here we provide a detailed conformational analysis of the system and test two methods for forcing the acyclic precursor into the macrocyclic conformation required for helix initiation. The first is the destabilisation of unwanted conformations in the transition state for cyclisation, and the second is the stabilisation of the favoured transition state structure through the introduction of a hydrogen-bonding interaction. Both strategies were unsuccessful and the reasons are discussed. A successful strategy which does not require the carbonyl dipoles to align in the transition state is presented in the following paper.
- Lewis, Arwel,Wilkie, John,Rutherford, Trevor J.,Gani, David
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p. 3777 - 3793
(2007/10/03)
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