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Kinetics of solid-phase H+/M+ ion exchange on hafnium hydrogen phosphate
The kinetics of solid-phase reactions between hafnium hydrogen phosphate and alkali metal chlorides were studied by thermogravimetry with subsequent analysis of leaving gases. For sodium and potassium chlorides, the reaction occurs in two stages; the firs
Karavanova,Stenina,Yaroslavtsev
p. 995 - 1001
(2009)
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Effects of P2O7 clusters arrangement on second harmonic generation responses of pyrophosphates
Phosphates with rich structural diversities and novel physicochemical properties can be regarded as the indispensible sources of optical functional materials. Therefore, the extensive research has been performed to search the suitable nonlinear optical (NLO) materials and unveil the relationship among the crystal structures, properties and functions of phosphates system. Herein, two pyrophosphates, namely, Na4P2O7 and β-Ca2P2O7 have been obtained and characterized. Results show that the two title compounds can achieve the coexistence of deep-ultraviolet (UV) cutoff edges (2PO4 (KDP)). Besides, the positive roles of alkaline and alkaline earth metals with larger radii or higher ratios of M/P2O7 on SHG effects of pyrophosphates can be concluded. Theoretical analysis reveals that their NLO effects mainly originate from O-2p and P-2p orbitals near to the Fermi level. In addition, their thermal properties, infrared spectra and elemental analysis were also discussed.
Wei, Ping,Chen, Wenqiang,Jing, Qun,Lee, Ming-Hsien,Chen, Zhaohui
(2020)
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Crystal Structures and Low-Dimensional Ferromagnetism of Sodium Nickel Phosphates Na5Ni2(PO4)3·H2O and Na6Ni2(PO4)3OH
Two new sodium nickel phosphates, Na5Ni2(PO4)3·H2O (I) and Na6Ni2(PO4)3OH (II), have been synthesized hydrothermally and characterized by synchrotron X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, low-temperature thermodynamic and magnetic measurements, and ab initio calculations. Unlike the majority of Ni2+ compounds, I and II show predominant ferromagnetic exchange couplings. I crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (a = 14.0395(4) ?, b = 5.1847(14) ?, c = 16.4739(4) ?, β = 110.4186(14)°) and features chains of ferromagnetically coupled Ni2+ ions. In II with the orthorhombic space group Pcmb (a = 7.5007(15) ?, b = 21.4661(4) ?, c = 7.1732(15) ?), the ferromagnetically coupled Ni2+ ions form dimers arranged on a spin ladder. Both compounds represent rare examples of quasi-one-dimensional ferromagnets. Structural features behind this unusual magnetic behavior are discussed.
Kirsanova, Maria A.,Aksyonov, Dmitry A.,Maximova, Olga V.,Shvanskaya, Larisa V.,Vasiliev, Alexander N.,Tsirlin, Alexander A.,Abakumov, Artem M.
p. 610 - 621
(2019)
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Tanatar
(1908)
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Ionic conductivity and Raman investigations on the phase transformations of Na4P2O7
The ionic conductivity and thermo-Raman spectra of anhydrous sodium pyrophosphate Na4P2O7 were measured dynamically in the temperature range from 25 to 600 °C with a heating rate of 2 °C min-1 to understand the structural evolution and phase transformation involved. The DSC thermogram was also measured in the same thermal process for the phase transformation investigation. The spectral variations observed in the thermo-Raman investigation indicated the transformation of Na4P2O7 from low temperature phase (ε) to high temperature phase (α) proceeded through pre-transitional region from 75 to 410 °C before the major orientational disorder at 420 °C and minor structural modifications at 511, 540 and 560 °C. The activation energies and enthalpies of the proposed phase transformations were determined. The possible mechanism for temperature dependent conductivity in Na4P2O7 was discussed with the available data.
Gangadharan, Raje,Kalaiselvi, Jayaraman,Shanmukaraj, Devaraj,Palanivel, Balan,Mohan, Sriramulu,Murugan, Ramaswamy
p. 95 - 100
(2002)
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Synthesis of substitutional solid solutions in Na2O-P 2O5-In2O3- MI 2I IO3 (MIII = Cr, Fe, and Mn) systems
Solid solutions based on Na7(InP2O7) 4PO4 and Na3In2(PO4) 3, where chromium, iron, and manganese substitute for indium, have been prepared. When chromium and iron substitute for indium in Na 7(InP2O7)4PO4, a continuous solid solution series exists. When manganese substitutes for indium, it enters the compound in the oxidation state +3. The substitution of chromium for indium in Na3In2(PO4)3 occurs within the range from 0.11 to 0.74 (mol/mol), and that of iron for indium, from 0.09 to 0.62 (mol/mol). When manganese substitutes for indium, it enters the structure of the crystalline phase in insignificant amounts as a two-charged cation.
Ivanenko,Nagorny,Boiko,Kornienko
p. 650 - 653
(2012)
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Phase relations and flux research for zinc oxide crystal growth in the ZnO-Na2O-P2O5 system
The subsolidus phase relations of the ternary system ZnO-Na2O-P2O5 were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). There are 7 binary compounds, 4 ternary compounds and 16 three-phase regions in this system. The pha
Ji,Li,Luo,Liang,Zhang,Liu,Rao
p. 436 - 441
(2008)
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Monitoring dehydration and condensation processes of Na2HPO4 · 12H2O using thermo-Raman spectroscopy
Thermal dehydration and condensation processes of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4 · 12H2O) were monitored by thermo-Raman spectroscopy (TRS). Various hydrated forms Na2HPO4 · 12H2O, Na2HPO4 · 8H2O, Na2HPO4 · 7H2O, Na2HPO4 · 2H2O, Na2HPO4 · H2O and Na2HPO4 were observed, followed by condensation of Na2HPO4 to sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7) in a dynamic thermal process. Representative Raman spectra of all the hydrated forms Na2HPO4 · 12H2O, Na2HPO4 · 8H2O, Na2HPO4 · 7H2O, Na2HPO4 · 2H2O, Na2HPO4 · H2O and Na2HPO4 were detected in both H2O and PO43- regions are reported. The thermo-Raman intensity (TRI) thermogram also showed systematic loss of water in five steps of dehydration, with the differential TRI thermogram in agreement shows five dips corresponding to the five steps of dehydration, respectively. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG) are in harmony with the results of TRS, though, the two could not resolve the steps involved.
Ghule, Anil,Bhongale, Chetan,Chang, Hua
p. 1529 - 1539
(2003)
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Modified Pechini synthesis of Na3Ce(PO4) 2and thermochemistry of its phase transition
Effect of the synthesis conditions of Pechini technique on crystallinity and purity of Na3Ce(PO4)2compound was investigated. Nano-sized cerium-sodium phosphate obtained when EDTA was used as an additional chelating agent f
Matraszek, Aleksandra,Szczygiel, Irena
p. 689 - 692
(2008)
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Crystal structure and properties of the new vanadyl(IV)phosphates Na 2MVO(PO4)2, M=Ca and Sr
Two new complex vanadyl(IV)phosphates Na2MVO(PO 4)2 (M=Ca, Sr) were synthesized in evacuated quartz ampoules and investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, DTA, ESR and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The crystal structure of Na2SrVO(PO4)2 was solved ab initio from X-ray powder diffraction data. Both compounds are isostructural: a=10.5233(3)A, b=6.5578(2)A, c=10.0536(3)A and a=10.6476(3)A, b=6.6224(2)A, c=10.2537(3)A for Ca and Sr, respectively; S.G. Pnma, Z=4. The compounds have a three-dimensional structure consisting of V 4+O6 octahedra connected by PO4 tetrahedra via five of the six vertexes forming a framework with cross-like channels. The strontium and sodium atoms are located in the channels in an ordered manner. Electron diffraction as well as high-resolution electron microscopy confirmed the structure solution. The new vanadylphosphates are Curie-Weiss paramagnets in a wide temperature range down to 2K with θ=12 and 5K for Ca and Sr phases, respectively.
Chernaya, Victoria V.,Tsirlin, Alexander A.,Shpanchenko, Roman V.,Antipov, Evgeny V.,Gippius, Andrei A.,Morozova, Elena N.,Dyakov, Valentin,Hadermann, Joke,Kaul, Enrique E.,Geibel, Christoph
p. 2875 - 2880
(2004)
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Spectroscopic and thermal behavior of Na6[(VO)3(P2O7)3] ·7H2O
The electronic (absorption and reflectance) as well as the infrared and Raman spectra of Na6[(VO)3(P2O7)3] ·7H2O were recorded and discussed. Its thermal behavior was investigated by means of TG and DTA measurements. After a two-step dehydration, the compound melts at 464°C and, apparently, depolymerization takes place during this process. The characteristics of the pyrolysis residues, collected at different temperatures, were spectroscopically investigated.
Muglia,Ferrer,Baran
p. 177 - 183
(2001)
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17O solid-state NMR and first-principles calculations of sodium trimetaphosphate (Na3P3O9), tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10), and pyrophosphate (Na 4P2O7)
The assignment of high-field (18.8 T) 17O MAS and 3QMAS spectra has been completed by use of first-principles calculations for three crystalline sodium phosphates, Na3P3O9, Na 5P3O10, and Na4P2O 7. In Na3P3O9, the calculated parameters, quadrupolar constant (CQ), quadrupolar asymmetry (ηQ), and the isotropic chemical shift (δcs) correspond to those deduced experimentally, and the calculation is mandatory to achieve a complete assignment. For the sodium tripolyphosphate Na 5P3O10, the situation is more complex because of the free rotation of the end-chain phosphate groups. The assignment obtained with ab initio calculations can however be confirmed by the 17O{ 31P} MAS-J-HMQC spectrum. Na4P2O7 17O MAS and 3QMAS spectra show a complex pattern in agreement with the computed NMR parameters, which indicate that all of the oxygens exhibit very similar values. These results are related to structural data to better understand the influence of the oxygen environment on the NMR parameters. The findings are used to interpret those results observed on a binary sodium phosphate glass.
Vasconcelos, Filipe,Cristol, Sylvain,Paul, Jean-Francois,Tricot, Gregory,Amoureux, Jean-Paul,Montagne, Lionel,Mauri, Francesco,Delevoye, Laurent
p. 7327 - 7337
(2008)
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Phase transitions and second-harmonic generation in sodium monothiophosphate
Oxythiophosphate compounds, which contain anions comprised of oxidized phosphorus bound to oxygen and sulfur, are scarce and, in general, poorly characterized. Although α-Na3PO3S has been known for over 60 years, little has been reve
Takas, Nathan J.,Aitken, Jennifer A.
p. 2779 - 2781
(2006)
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Study of (31)P NMR Chemical Shift Tensors and Their Correlation to Molecular Structure
The nature of the (31)P anisotropic chemical shift interaction is examined by using magic-angle sample spinning NMR.Linear correlations between the principal values of the (31)P chemical shift tensor, P-O bond lengths, and O-P-O bond angles are established.On the basis of a previously established correlation between P-O bond length and dp-pO ?-bond order, values of the (31)P chemical shift tensor elements were determined to be linearly related to dp-pO ?-bond order.Furthermore, from correlations between bond lengths and bond angles, it was concluded thatfor the phosphates reported in this study the ?- and ?-bond contributions to the (31)P chemical shift interaction are not independent of each other and, hence, cannot be separated into distinct terms.A review of other phosphoryl derivatives suggests that these observations may be general for other quadruply coordinated phosphorus compounds.
Un, Sun,Klein, Melvin P.
p. 5119 - 5124
(1989)
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Phase equilibria in the ternary system MgO-Na2O-P2O5. The partial system MgO-Mg3(PO4)2-Mg4Na (PO4)3-Na4P2O7
The MgO-Mg3(PO4)2-Mg4Na (PO4)3-Na4P2O7 subsystem of the ternary system MgO-Na2O-P2O5 was investigated using thermal analysis (heating and cooling), X-ray diffraction techniques and microscopy in reflected light. Three intermediate compounds: Mg4Na(PO4)3, MgNaPO4, and MgNa4(PO4)2 occur in the partial system. Mg4Na(PO4)3 melts incongruently at 1155 °C, MgNa4(PO4)2 melts congruently at 1655 °C, whereas MgNaPO4 exists only in the solid phase and decomposes at 950-960 °C. A phase diagram for the partial system is proposed. It has been established that the MgNa4(PO4)2 phosphate forms a binary system with Na4P2O7. A phase diagram of this system has been constructed. It has been found that a ternary peritectic (tP = 1145 ± 3.0 °C) and two ternary eutectics (tE1 = 984 ± 3.0°C, tE2 = 732 ± 1.5 °C) occur in the MgO- Mg3(PO4)2-Mg4Na (PO4)3-Na4P2O7 system.
Podhajska-Ka?mierczak, Teresa
p. 163 - 169
(2002)
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Efficient synthesis of 4-amino-2,6-dichloropyridine and its derivatives
A facile synthetic route to an important intermediate 4-amino-2,6-dichloropyridine was developed. Oxidation of 2,6-dichloropyridine as a starting material gave pyridine N-oxide derivative which was subjected to nitration followed by reduction. Subsequent nitration of the product and nucleophilic displacement reaction were carried out to afford fully substituted energetic pyridine derivatives. Most of the synthetic reactions proceeded under mild conditions.
Ma, Congming,Liu, Zuliang,Yao, Qizheng
p. 251 - 254
(2016)
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MECHANOCHEMICAL CHANGE OF TRISODIUM ISOHYPOPHOSPHATE TETRAHYDRATE BY GRINDING
Mechanochemical change of trisodium isophosphate tetrahydrate (P(III)-O-P(V)), one of the lower phosphorus oxoacid salts, was investigated by analysis of species of phosphorus oxoanions.On grinding of P(III)-O-P(V)-salt, the P-O-P linkages were broken to
Nariai, Hiroyuki,Tsuhako, Mitsutomo,Motooka, Itaru
p. 243 - 246
(1983)
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Lanthanide complexes of ethylenediaminotetramethylene-phosphonic acid
Ethylenediaminotetramethylenephosphonic acid (EDTMP, H8L) was prepared and its complexes with some lanthanide ions (La, Eu, Gd and Sm) were isolated under various conditions. IR spectra and thermal stabilities of EDTMP and its complexes were studied. The experimental conditions of the preparation influence to the composition of the complexes were shown. In alkaline solution (pH=8) deprotonated (P(O)(O-)2), and in acidic solution (pH=3-4) deprotonated and partly protonated (P(O)(O-)(OH)) and non-protonated (P(O)(OH)2) phosphonic groups are present in the complexes. All the complexes contain coordinated water molecules. The complexes containing a protonated phosphonic group contain coordinated and hydrogen-bonded water molecules.
Princz,Szilagyi,Mogyorosi,Labadi
p. 427 - 439
(2002)
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Polymerisation occurrence in the anodic oxidation of phosphite on a boron-doped diamond electrode
The electrogeneration of polymeric phosphorus compounds during the anodic oxidation of aqueous solutions of phosphites on a boron-doped diamond electrode has been studied. Although the main oxidation product is orthophosphate, the results indicate the simultaneous generation of short-chain and cyclic compounds containing two and three phosphorus atoms whose evolution has been followed by ion chromatography. The effect on the reaction yield of several operative parameters such as current density, pH, temperature and initial phosphite concentration has been investigated. Consistently with the data presented, a new process for the generation of polymeric phosphates is obtained.
Petrucci, Elisabetta,Montanaro, Daniele,Merli, Carlo
p. 4952 - 4957
(2008)
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State of water in amorphous calcium and calcium-magnesium phosphates
Fourier-transform infrared spectra of three samples of deposited amorphous phosphates, calcium monodiphosphate (orthopyrophosphate) with a molar ratio 2P/(2P + 1P) of ～0.3, calcium magnesium monophosphate with an atomic ratio Mg/(Mg + Ca) of ～0.3, and calcium-magnesium monodiphosphate with a molar ratio 2P/(2P + 1P) of ～0.1 and atomic ratio Mg/(Mg + Ca) of ～0.1, were analyzed. On the basis of the observed similarity between the v(OH), δ(OH) and (δ + ω)(OH) lines in the spectra of these phosphates and liquid water analogous states of water molecules therein were assumed. It was presumed that the formation of amorphous phosphates involves deposition of poorly soluble substances on the surface of water nanoclusters.
Sinyaev,Le Geros,Levchenko,Shustikova,Karzhaubaeva
p. 864 - 867
(2008)
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Kinetics of thermal decomposition of alkaline phosphates
The thermal behavior of KH2PO4, NaH 2PO4 and Na2HPO4 under non-isothermal conditions using TG method with different heating rates was studied. The values of the reaction rate were processed by means of Friedman's differential-isoconversional method. A dependence of the activation energy vs. conversion was observed. Therefore a procedure based on the compensation effect (suggested by Budrugeac and Segal) was applied. A less speculative data processing protocol was offered by the non-parametric kinetics method suggested by Serra, Nomen and Sempere. Three steps were observed by non-isothermal heating: a dehydration, a dimerization and a polycondensation. The differences in the intimate reaction mechanism are determined by the initial number of water molecules.
Vlase,Vlase, Gabriela,Doca
p. 207 - 210
(2005)
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Na4Ni3P4O15-Ni(OH)2 core-shell nanoparticles as hybrid electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolytes
There is wide interest in developing efficient, robust and low-cost electrode materials for the electrolysis of water to produce clean hydrogen fuel. It is especially important to improve the performance and durability of electrocatalysts for the OER. Here we have shown that the transformation of nanoparticle (n-NNP) and crystalline (c-NNP) forms of mixed phosphate Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 in highly alkaline solutions occurs along various routes and provokes the generation of 2D Ni(OH)2 nanosheets or stable core(phosphate)-shell(Ni(OH)2) particles, respectively. In both cases, in the carbon matrix (through chemical and electrochemical conversion of phosphate in situ during electrolysis in a 6 M KOH or NaOH solution) stable OER electrocatalysts with low overpotentials of 250-290 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 were obtained. The best candidate for the OER process is core-shell particles, which maintain overpotentials of around 250 mV in 6 M KOH for more than 3 days. The activity enhancement can be attributed to the formation of abundant NiOOH nanoparticles on the shell surface due to improved lattice matching. This report discusses future prospects for the creation of core-shell particles to reduce the overpotential of durable electrocatalysts for the OER.
Butenko, Denys S.,Han, Wei,Klyui, Nickolai I.,Li, Junzhi,Mu, Chen,Odynets, Ievgen V.,Zatovsky, Dgor V.
p. 8226 - 8237
(2020)
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Chemo-Enzymatic Oxidative Rearrangement of Tertiary Allylic Alcohols: Synthetic Application and Integration into a Cascade Process
A chemo-enzymatic catalytic system, comprised of Bobbitt's salt and laccase from Trametes versicolor, allowed the [1,3]-oxidative rearrangement of endocyclic allylic tertiary alcohols into the corresponding enones under an Oxygen atmosphere in aqueous media. The yields were in most cases quantitative, especially for the cyclopent-2-en-1-ol or the cyclohex-2-en-1-ol substrates without an electron withdrawing group (EWG) on the side chain. Transpositions of macrocyclic alkenols or tertiary alcohols bearing an EWG on the side chain were instead carried out in acetonitrile by using an immobilized laccase preparation. Dehydro-Jasmone, dehydro-Hedione, dehydro-Muscone and other fragrance precursors were directly prepared with this procedure, while a synthetic route was developed to easily transform a cyclopentenone derivative into trans-Magnolione and dehydro-Magnolione. The rearrangement of exocyclic allylic alcohols was tested as well, and a dynamic kinetic resolution was observed: α,β-unsaturated ketones with (E)-configuration and a high diastereomeric excess were synthesized. Finally, the 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinium tetrafluoroborate (TEMPO+BF4?)/laccase catalysed oxidative rearrangement was combined with the ene-reductase/alcohol dehydrogenase cascade process in a one-pot three-step synthesis of cis or trans 3-methylcyclohexan-1-ol, in both cases with a high optical purity. (Figure presented.).
Brenna, Elisabetta,Crotti, Michele,De Pieri, Matteo,Gatti, Francesco G.,Manenti, Gabriele,Monti, Daniela
supporting information
p. 3677 - 3686
(2018/06/04)

Hair product packaging and methods
A method for delivering hair coloring products, including the steps of filling a package with a granulated oxidizer and transporting the resulting filled package to a remote site (such as a hair salon) for mixing with a liquid, a hair colorant or a combination thereof. Also contemplated is an improved solid-state mixture adapted for point-of-use hair coloring product formation.
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Page/Page column 6

(2008/06/13)

3-HETEROARYLIDENYL-2-INDOLINONE COMPOUNDS FOR MODULATING PROTEIN KINASE ACTIVITY AND FOR USE IN CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
The present invention relates to 3-heteroarylidenyl-2-indolinone compounds that modulate the enzymatic activity of protein kinases and therefore are expected to be useful in the prevention and treatment of protein kinase related cellular disorders such as cancer. Furthermore, these compounds are expected to enhance the efficacy of other chemotherapeutic agents, in particular, fluorinated pyrimidines, in the treatment of cancer.
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(2008/06/13)

Geometrically restricted 2-indolinone derivatives as modulators of protein kinase activity
The present invention relates to novel geometrically restricted 2-indolinones and physiologically acceptable salts thereof which modulate the activity of protein kinases and therefore are expected to be useful in the prevention and treatment of protein kinase related cellular disorders such as cancer.
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(2008/06/13)

2-indolinone derivatives as modulators of protein kinase activity
The present invention relates to novel imidazoly 2-indolinones and physiologically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof which modulate the activity of protein kinases and therefore are expected to be useful in the prevention and treatment of protein kinase related cellular disorders such as cancer.
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(2008/06/13)

3-(cycloalkanoheteroarylidenyl)-2- indolinone protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors
The present invention relates to novel 3-(cycloalkanoheteroarylidenyl)-2-indolinone compounds and physiologically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof which are expected to modulate the activity of protein tyrosine kinases and therefore to be useful in the prevention and treatment of protein tyrosine kinase related cellular disorders such as cancer.
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(2008/06/13)

Preparation of cyclic ketones
Cyclic ketones, notably cyclopentanone and 2,2-dimethylcyclopentanone, are simply, economically and efficiently prepared, even on an industrial scale, by decarboxylating/cyclizing a dicarboxylic acid, in liquid phase, in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a condensed or uncondensed neutral phosphate.
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(2008/06/13)

Contact lens cleaning composition containing polyalklene oxide modified siloxanes
Compositions and methods are provided for cleaning and wetting of contact lenses, especially rigid, gas-permeable contact lenses. The compositions comprise low molecular weight polyalkylene oxide modified siloxanes, which are particularly effective in removing lipids from the surface of contact lenses.
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(2008/06/13)

The hydrolytic property of imidodiphosphate in solid and in an aqueous medium
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Watanabe,Sato,Wakasugi
p. 1243 - 1245
(2007/10/02)

SYNTHESIS OF BN USING BPO4 AS THE BORON SOURCE.
The reaction of BPO//4 with different amounts of NaCN to yield BN and sodium phosphates was studied, mainly as a function of temperature and of the ratio NaCN/BPO//4. Gravimetric data, together with analytical results, allowed us to postulate and confirm that the yield of reaction products is dependent on the initial ratio NaCN/BPO//4.
Bamberger,Begun
p. c. 95-c. 97
(2008/10/08)

Novel fabric conditioning compounds
Novel fabric conditioning compounds are formed by reacting a higher alkyl-1, 2-epoxide with a lower alkanediamine. The compounds may be incorporated into a laundry product and used in the wash cycle or may be applied in either the wash cycle or the rinse cycle.
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(2008/06/13)

Blood alcohol analyzer
A continuous-flow method and apparatus for the determination of alcohol in a biological fluid such as blood is disclosed. A packed column containing the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase physically entrapped in a acrylamide gel together with other special ingredients which extend the active life of the enzyme in the test environment is provided. Downstream of the packed column a transparent measurement cell is provided in conjunction with a fluorescence spectrophotometer which is utilized to measure the fluorescence of the effluent which is directly related to the amount of ethyl alcohol in the original sample. The fluorescence measurement is electrically transformed by conventional means into a direct readout of the alcohol content of the sample. This obtains from the fact that alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of ethyl alcohol in the presence of non-fluorescening NAD to produce acetaldehyde and fluorescing NADH2. The alcohol dehydrogenase is immobilized and its activity preserved in a manner which allows many tests to be run without any significant loss of enzyme or enzyme activity thereby accomplishing considerable cost reduction in the procedure.
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(2008/06/13)