- METHOD FOR PRODUCING ARENE COMPOUNDS AND ARENE COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY THE SAME
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Provided is a method for producing (alkyl)arene compounds represented by Formulae 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 by the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of alkyl halide compounds and arene compounds using organic phosphine compounds as a catalyst.
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Paragraph 0081
(2021/06/26)
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- Synthesis of Cycloheptatrienes, Oxepines, Thiepines, and Silepines: A Comparison between Br?nsted Acid and Au-Catalysis
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The cyclization of 1-(benzyl-, oxyaryl-, thioaryl-, and silaaryl)-2-ethynylbenzenes under Br?nsted acid- and Au(I)-catalysis is described. Br?nsted acid catalysis favors without exception the formation of the products derived from the regioselective proto
- Alcarazo, Manuel,Golz, Christopher,Sprenger, Kristin
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p. 6245 - 6254
(2020/10/02)
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- Alumina grafted SBA-15 sustainable bifunctional catalysts for direct cross-coupling of benzylic alcohols to diarylmethanes
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AlSBA-15 catalysts possessing Br?nsted acid and Lewis acid-base bifunctionalities catalyze the direct arylation of benzyl alcohols to diarylmethanes with an 85% product yield through C-O bond activation. 2 and 4wt%AlSBA-15 catalysts have been synthesised by adopting a simple and efficient post-synthetic metal implantation route. The synthesised catalysts were characterized using XRD, N2 adsorption and desorption, 27Al MAS NMR, XPS, HR-TEM, NH3 and CO2-temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and pyridine-transmission-FTIR spectroscopy techniques to confirm the existence of Br?nsted acid and Lewis acid-base bifunctionalities. Through various control experiments, it is verified that Br?nsted acid sites activate the benzyl alcohol and Lewis base sites interact with phenylboronic acid concurrently to accomplish the coupling reaction. In the recyclability study, 4wt%AlSBA-15 preserves its activity and stability up to 5 cycles. The 4wt%AlSBA-15 catalyst unlike homogeneous catalysts does not require additives, long reaction time and expensive metals.
- Rajendran, Chandran,Satishkumar, Govindaswamy,Lang, Charlotte,Gaigneaux, Eric M.
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p. 2583 - 2592
(2020/05/14)
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- Flexible and practical synthesis of anthracenes through gold-catalyzed cyclization of o -alkynyldiarylmethanes
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A concise gold-catalyzed method for the preparation of anthracenes from o-alkynyldiarylmethanes has been developed. Under mild reaction conditions, versatile anthracene derivatives were formed in moderate to good yields. The high flexibility, broad substrate scope, and mild nature of this reaction render it a viable alternative for the synthesis of anthracenes.
- Shu, Chao,Chen, Cheng-Bin,Chen, Wei-Xi,Ye, Long-Wu
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supporting information
p. 5542 - 5545
(2013/11/19)
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- A Palladium Bipyridyl Complex Grafted onto Nanosized MCM-41 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Negishi Coupling
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The Negishi coupling of aryl bromides or acyl chlorides with organozinc chlorides catalyzed by a palladium bipyridyl complex anchored on nanosized mobile crystalline material 41 (MCM-41) were investigated. The reactions proceeded smoothly with a very low catalyst loading in THF at 70°C for electron-deficient aryl bromides, which gave good to high yields of the Negishi coupling products. However, reactions in toluene at 110°C were required if electron-rich aryl bromides were employed. For acyl chlorides, the reactions could be performed in THF at 50°C and the corresponding ketones and ynones were obtained in high yields. After centrifugation, it was possible to easily recover the supported catalyst from the reaction mixture, and this could be reused several times without any retreatment or regeneration with only a slight decrease in activity.
- Wu, Wei-Yi,Lin, Tze-Chiao,Takahashi, Tamotsu,Tsai, Fu-Yu,Mou, Chung-Yuan
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p. 1011 - 1019
(2013/05/09)
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- Direct arylation/alkylation/magnesiation of benzyl alcohols in the presence of grignard reagents via Ni-, Fe-, or Co-catalyzed sp3 C-O Bond activation
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Direct application of benzyl alcohols (or their magnesium salts) as electrophiles in various reactions with Grignard reagents has been developed via transition metal-catalyzed sp3 C-O bond activation. Ni complex was found to be an efficient catalyst for the first direct cross coupling of benzyl alcohols with aryl/alkyl Grignard reagents, while Fe, Co, or Ni catalysts could promote the unprecedented conversion of benzyl alcohols to benzyl Grignard reagents in the presence of nhexylMgCl. These methods offer straightforward pathways to transform benzyl alcohols into a variety of functionalities.
- Yu, Da-Gang,Wang, Xin,Zhu, Ru-Yi,Luo, Shuang,Zhang, Xiao-Bo,Wang, Bi-Qin,Wang, Lei,Shi, Zhang-Jie
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p. 14638 - 14641
(2012/11/07)
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- Acid-catalyzed cyclization of anthracenol derivatives to homotriptycenes
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10-Benzyl-9,10-dihydroanthracen-9-ols, having high electron densities in the benzene ring, exhibit in the presence of acid a transannular ring closure to the corresponding homotriptycenes in almost quantitative yields. Since the starting compounds are easily accessible from 9(10H)-anthracenone, this process represents the most facile route to such pentacyclic systems. An electron-releasing methoxy group enables the intramolecular electrophilic substitution in its para position. In the absence of such an activation, a number of alternative processes can occur, namely the acid-catalyzed dehydration to anthracene derivatives with (R ≠ H) or without (R = H) rearrangement or a disproportionation reaction of the secondary alcohol to the corresponding ketone and hydrocarbon.
- Gao, Chunmei,Cao, Derong,Xu, Sheyang,Meier, Herbert
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p. 3071 - 3076
(2007/10/03)
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- A facile synthesis of homotriptycenes from anthranol derivatives
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Substituted trans-10-benzyl-9-anthranols 5a,b and substituted 10, 10-dibenzyl-9-anthranol 8e undergo intramolecular cyclization in the presence of formic or oxalic acid to give homotriptycenes 9a,b,e. Depending on the amount of acid used, a competitive 1,
- Cao, Derong,Gao, Chunmei,Meier, Herbert
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p. 3166 - 3168
(2007/10/03)
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- Cross-coupling reactions with boronic acids in water catalysed by oxime-derived palladacycles
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Palladacycles derived from phenone-oximes 1 are efficient precatalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of arylboronic acids with aromatic and heteroaromatic bromides and chlorides under water reflux under aerobic conditions. Alternatively, the coupling can also be carried out at room temperature in methanol-water. Aryl bromides gave biaryls with TON up to 105 and TOF up to 7 × 104 h-1. Activated and deactivated aryl chlorides need the presence of TBAB for the couplings, showing slightly lower efficiency (TON up to 9000 and TOF up to 3850 h-1). C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds can also be formed by cross-coupling reactions of trimethylboroxine and butylboronic acid with aromatic bromides and chlorides under water reflux and of benzylic and allylic chlorides or acetates with arylboronic acids in acetone-water at room temperature.
- Botella, Luis,Nájera, Carmen
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- Oxidation potential as a measure of the reactivity of anionic nucleophiles. Behaviour of different classes of nucleophiles
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Anodic peak potentials for 42 anionic nucleophiles are reported along with the rate constants for the reactions of the anions with benzyl chloride.By comparing these rate constants with those of the reactions of outer-sphere electron-transfer reagents (radical anions), it has been demonstrated that the reactions of the anions with benzyl chloride are typical single-step SN2 reactions as opposed to a two-step process comprising dissociative single electron transfer (SET) to benzyl chloride followed by radical combination.The data suggest that very electron-rich nucleophilic anions with potentials of -1.5 to -2.2 V (and more negative) with respect to the ferrocenium/ferrocene couple might participate in a SET reaction.The 42 anions studied included representatives of four classes of nucleophiles, viz. sulfur-, carbon-, oxygen- and nitrogen-centred anions.The previously observed correlation of rate constants and anodic peak potential was again found for these anions with the most reactive species having the most negative peak potentials.Correlations by class indicate that the sensitivity of rate constants to changes in peak potential is greatest (and equivalent) for the sulfur-, carbon- and oxygen-anions and for representatives with the same peak potential, the rate constants by class follow the order sulfur > carbon > oxygen.The nitrogen nucleophiles show a significantly lower sensitivity of rate constant to changes in peak potential than do the other three classes.
- Niyazymbetov, Murat E.,Rongfeng, Zhou,Evans, Dennis H.
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p. 1957 - 1962
(2007/10/03)
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- Thermolysis of 2-Benzylidenebenzocyclobutenols
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The thermolysis of a series of 2-benzylidenebenzocyclobuten-1-ols has been studied.Whenever comparisons can be made, the rate of opening of the benzocyclobutene ring was slower for these compounds than the corresponding 2-ones.The intermediate vinylallenes underwent a variety of electrocyclization reactions which depended on the nature of the additional substituent at C-1. 10-Benzylideneanthrone and 4-benzylidene-1-tetralones, respectively, were obtained when this substituent was phenyl or vinyl. 1-(Alkynylphenyl)-2-benzylidenebenzocylobuten-1-ols were converted to mixtures of 4-benzylidene-1,4-naphthoquinonemethides, 2,3-dibenzylidene-1-indanones, and 10-phenylbenzofluorenone.
- Bradley, Jean-Claude,Durst, Tony,Williams, A. J.
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p. 6575 - 6579
(2007/10/02)
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- Protonation and Alkylation of Ambident (9-Anthryl)arylmethyl Anions
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We have investigated the protonation of ambident (9-anthryl)arylmethylsodiums (Na-2) and -lithiums (Li-2) (substituent =p-Me, p-Me, H, m-F) with various oxygen and carbon acids in tetrahydrofuran to give a mixture of the anthracene derivatives 3a-d and the 9,10-dihydroanthracenes 4a-d.Product compositions were dramatically influenced by the substituent electronic effects of the carbanions 2 and the acidities of the proton donors.In the protonation with the oxygen proton donors the change of the countercation 2 and the addition of hexamethylphosphoramide also exerted remarkable effects on the 3:4 ratio, whereas these two factors were not important in the case of the carbon acids.This fact would be interpreted as the extent of coordination of oxygen acids to metal cations being important in determining protonation regiochemistry.The reaction of (9-anthryl)arylmethyl anions (2a-d) with a series of aliphatic and benzylic halides gave a mixture of two cross-coupling products, 7 (coupling at C-α) and 8 (coupling at C-10), and/or dimers, 5 Cα-C10 coupling) and 6 (C10-C10 coupling), the composition being influenced by the substituent electronic effects of the carbanions 2 and structure of the alkyl groups of the halides.The leaving group effects also have a significant influence on the product composition.Using dependence (or independence) of the product composition on the electronic effects of the substituent of 2 as a tool to differentiate the reaction mechanisms, we have attempted to rationalize the apparently complicated alkylation of the carbanions 2.
- Takagi, Masato,NOjima, Masamoto,Kusabayashi, Shigekazu
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p. 4676 - 4684
(2007/10/02)
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- TELE-SUBSTITUTIONS EN SERIE ANTHRACENIQUE - II; EXTENSION DE LA SUBSTITUTION PAR L'ION PHENATE A DIVERS BROMO-9 ANTHRACENES MESO-ALKYLES
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A competition between normal substitution and tele-substitution is observed with 9-bromoanthracenes bearing in the opposite meso position an ethyl, 1b, or a benzyl group 1d.When treated with potassium phenoxide in HMPT these bromides afford mixtures of 9-alkyl-10-phenoxy-anthracenes 2 and 9-α(phenoxyalkyl) anthracenes 3.On the other hand 9-bromo-10 isopropylanthracene 1c is quite unreactive and 9-bromo-10-methoxymethylanthracene 1e leads essentyally to anthraldehyde 7.
- Rigaudy, J.,Seuleiman, A.M.,Cuong, Nguyen Kim
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p. 3151 - 3156
(2007/10/02)
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- Reaction of (9-anthryl)arylmethyl Chlorides with Grignard and Lithium Reagents
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We have investigated the reaction of (9-anthryl)arylmethyl chlorides 1a-d (para substituent = MeO, Me, H, and Cl) with Grignard and lithium reagents.The variables are the structures of the alkyl group of Grignard and lithium reagents (alkyl group = tert-b
- Takagi, Masato,Nojima, Masatomo,Kusabayashi, Shigekazu
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p. 1636 - 1643
(2007/10/02)
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- THE ANIONIC ALKYLATION OF EASILY REDUCIBLE ARENES. A PHOTOCHEMICAL ROUTE TO NUCLEOPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION OF ANTHRACENE BY ORGANOLITHIUMS
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High yield nuclophilic addition ensues upon mixing tetrahydrofuran solutions of benzyllithium or cyclooctadienyllithium and anthracene at low temperatures.At least part of this addition proceeds by a single electron transfer pathway.Photolysis of the resulting adducts leads to the elimination of lithium hydride, giving net nucleophilic substitution in approximately 50percent yield.The analogous reaction fails with naphthalene, where photolysis of the organolithium/arene mixture leads to dimeric products derived from the organolithium.
- Fox, Marye Anne,Ranade, Arvind C.,Madany, Ismail
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p. 269 - 278
(2007/10/02)
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- Reactions of (9-Anthryl)arylmethyl Chloride and Its Homologues with Nucleophiles under Solvolytic Conditions. Notable Effects of Reaction Conditions and Substituents on the Reaction Sites
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The reactions of (9-anthryl)arylmethyl chlorides 2a-e (the substituents are p-MeO, p-Me, H, p-Cl, and m-Cl), the corresponding bromides 3b-d (the substituents are p-Me, H, and p-Cl), and the antimonate salts 4b-e (the substituents are p-Me, H, p-Cl, and m
- Ogata, Fujimaro,Takagi, Masato,Nojima, Masatomo,Kusabayashi, Shigekazu
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p. 1145 - 1153
(2007/10/02)
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- TRIPTYCENE-LIKE BEHAVIOUR OF TERTIARY 9,10-DIHYDRO-9-ANTHROLS
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Secondary alcohols in the 9,10-dihydro-9-anthrol series frequently undergo acid-catalyzed elimination and substitution reactions more rapidly than do corresponding tertiary alcohols - a phenomenon attributed to predominant existence of the tertiary alcohols in triptycene-like conformations with the hydroxy groups in pseudoequatorial positions.
- Miller, Bernard,Marhevka, Virginia Creedon
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p. 895 - 898
(2007/10/02)
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