- Rhodium(I)-catalyzed 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to acrylic acid in water: One-step preparation of 3-arylpropionic acids
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A practical method for the one-step preparation of 3-arylpropionic acids through rhodium-catalyzed 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to acrylic acid is reported. The method is applicable to a broad scope of aryl boronic acids and displays a wide functional group tolerance operating in water as the optimal reaction medium. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York.
- Vautravers, Nicolas R.,Breit, Bernhard
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- Homo- and Hetero-dinuclear Arene-Linked Osmium(II) and Ruthenium(II) Organometallics: Probing the Impact of Metal Variation on Reactivity and Biological Activity
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Dinuclear metallodrugs offer much potential in the development of novel anticancer chemotherapeutics as a result of the distinct interactions possible with bio-macromolecular targets and the unique biological activity that can result. Herein, we describe the development of isostructural homo-dinuclear OsII–OsII and hetero-dinuclear OsII–RuII organometallic complexes formed from linking the arene ligands of [M(η6-arene)(C2O4)(PTA)] units (M=Os/Ru; PTA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane). Using these complexes together with the known RuII–RuII analogue, a chromatin-modifying agent, we probed the impact of varying the metal ions on the structure, reactivity and biological activity of these complexes. The complexes were structurally characterised by X-ray diffraction experiments, their stability and reactivity were examined by using 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, and their biological activity was assessed, alongside that of mononuclear analogues, through MTT assays and cell-cycle analysis (HT-29 cell line). The results revealed high antiproliferative activity in each case, with cell-cycle profiles of the dinuclear complexes found to be similar to that for untreated cells, and similar but distinct profiles for the mononuclear complexes. These results indicate these complexes impact on cell viability predominantly through a non-DNA-damaging mechanism of action. The new OsII–OsII and OsII–RuII complexes reported here are further examples of a family of compounds operating via mechanisms of action atypical of the majority of metallodrugs, and which have potential as tools in chromatin research.
- Wilson, Christopher S.,Prior, Timothy J.,Sandland, Jordon,Savoie, Huguette,Boyle, Ross W.,Murray, Benjamin S.
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- Photoredox Activation of Formate Salts: Hydrocarboxylation of Alkenes via Carboxyl Group Transfer
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A photoredox activation mode of formate salts for carboxylation was developed. Using a formate salt as the reductant, carbonyl source, and hydrogen atom transfer reagent, a wide range of alkenes can be converted into acid products via a carboxyl group tra
- Huang, Yan,Hou, Jing,Zhan, Le-Wu,Zhang, Qian,Tang, Wan-Ying,Li, Bin-Dong
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p. 15004 - 15012
(2021/12/14)
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- Synthesis, crystal structure, and catalytic activity of bridged-bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) palladium(II) complexes in selective Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions
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A series of three 1,3-propanediyl bridged bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(II) complexes (Pd-BNH1, Pd-BNH2, and Pd-BNH3), with + I effect order of the N-substituents of the ligand (isopropyl > benzyl > methoxyphenyl), was the subject of a spectroscopic, structural, computational and catalytic investigation. The bis(NHC)PdBr2 complexes were evaluated in Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions of aryl bromides with styrene or acrylate derivatives and showed high catalytic efficiency to produce diarylethenes and cinnamic acid derivatives. The X-ray structure of the most active palladium complex Pd-BNH3 shows that the Pd(II) center is bonded to the two carbon atoms of the bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) and two bromide ligands in cis position, resulting in a distorted square planar geometry. The NMR data of Pd-BNH3 are consistent with a single chair-boat rigid conformer in solution with no dynamic behavior of the 8-membered ring palladacycle in the temperature range 25–120 °C. The catalytic activities of three Pd-bridged bis(NHC) complexes in the Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions were not found to have a direct correlation with +I effect order of the N-substituents of the ligand. However, a direct correlation was found between the DFT calculated absolute softness of the three complexes with their respective catalytic activity. The highest calculated softness, in the case of Pd-BNH3, is expected to favor the coordination steps of both the soft aryl bromides and alkenes in the Heck catalytic cycle.
- El Ali, Bassam,Fettouhi, Mohammed,Iali, Wissam,Mansour, Waseem,Suleiman, Rami
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- Generalized Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation/Hydrodeuteration
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A generalized, simple and efficient transfer hydrogenation of unsaturated bonds has been developed using HBPin and various proton reagents as hydrogen sources. The substrates, including alkenes, alkynes, aromatic heterocycles, aldehydes, ketones, imines, azo, nitro, epoxy and nitrile compounds, are all applied to this catalytic system. Various groups, which cannot survive under the Pd/C/H2 combination, are tolerated. The activity of the reactants was studied and the trends are as follows: styrene'diphenylmethanimine'benzaldehyde'azobenzene'nitrobenzene'quinoline'acetophenone'benzonitrile. Substrates bearing two or more different unsaturated bonds were also investigated and transfer hydrogenation occurred with excellent chemoselectivity. Nano-palladium catalyst in situ generated from Pd(OAc)2 and HBPin extremely improved the TH efficiency. Furthermore, chemoselective anti-Markovnikov hydrodeuteration of terminal aromatic olefins was achieved using D2O and HBPin via in situ HD generation and discrimination. (Figure presented.).
- Wang, Yong,Cao, Xinyi,Zhao, Leyao,Pi, Chao,Ji, Jingfei,Cui, Xiuling,Wu, Yangjie
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supporting information
p. 4119 - 4129
(2020/08/10)
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- Method for selective reduction α, β - unsaturated carbonyl compound carbon-carbon double bond (by machine translation)
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The invention discloses a method for selectively reducing carbon-carbon double bonds in α and β - unsaturated carbonyl compounds, which comprises the following steps of adding α, β - unsaturated carbonyl compounds shown in formula (I) in an electrolysis system and reducing α and β - unsaturated carbonyl compounds with carbonyl-conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds through an electrochemical cathodic reduction reaction. Compared with the reported method, the method disclosed by the invention does not use a metal catalyst and an external oxidant; and the reaction raw material and the electrolyte are low in price, nontoxic and tasteless, simple and convenient in post-treatment. (by machine translation)
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Paragraph 0035-0038
(2020/06/17)
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- Exploration of New Biomass-Derived Solvents: Application to Carboxylation Reactions
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A range of hitherto unexplored biomass-derived chemicals have been evaluated as new sustainable solvents for a large variety of CO2-based carboxylation reactions. Known biomass-derived solvents (biosolvents) are also included in the study and the results are compared with commonly used solvents for the reactions. Biosolvents can be efficiently applied in a variety of carboxylation reactions, such as Cu-catalyzed carboxylation of organoboranes and organoboronates, metal-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation, borocarboxylation, and other related reactions. For many of these reactions, the use of biosolvents provides comparable or better yields than the commonly used solvents. The best biosolvents identified are the so far unexplored candidates isosorbide dimethyl ether, acetaldehyde diethyl acetal, rose oxide, and eucalyptol, alongside the known biosolvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. This strategy was used for the synthesis of the commercial drugs Fenoprofen and Flurbiprofen.
- Gevorgyan, Ashot,Hopmann, Kathrin H.,Bayer, Annette
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p. 2080 - 2088
(2020/02/20)
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- Synthesis method of succinic acid derivative or 3 -arylpropionic acid (by machine translation)
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The invention discloses a synthesis method of a succinic acid derivative or 3 -arylpropionic acid, which comprises the following steps: adding a base in a drying reaction tube and CO removing CO. 2 The reaction is carried out under the irradiation of visible light, the reaction is carried out under visible light irradiation, and then separation and purification are carried out to obtain the butanedioic acid derivative or 3 -arylpropionic acid product; the base comprises sodium tert-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, lithium tert-butyl alcohol and 4 - potassium carbonate; and the reaction substrate comprises an acrylate compound or an aryl vinyl compound. CO can be induced by visible light. 2 The scheme provided by the invention is mild in reaction condition and wide in reaction 3 - substrate selectivity, and the reaction substrate is wide in selectivity, the raw materials are cheap and easily available, and the method has a good industrial application prospect. (by machine translation)
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Paragraph 0101-0114; 0115; 0119
(2020/10/30)
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- Preparation method for synthesizing propiolic acid and derivatives thereof
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The invention provides a preparation method for synthesizing propiolic acid and derivatives thereof. The synthetic route of the method comprises the following steps: firstly, under anhydrous and anaerobic conditions, adding magnesium metal, elemental iodine and a solvent into a reactor, uniformly stirring the reactants, and then dropwise adding halogenated hydrocarbon to react to generate a hydrocarbyl magnesium halide Grignard reagent; dropwise adding terminal alkyne into the reactor for Grignard exchange reaction to obtain alkynyl magnesium halide; and finally, introducing CO2 into the reactor, carrying out nucleophilic addition reaction, and hydrolyzing the product to obtain the propiolic acid compound. The preparation method provided by the invention is simple, safe and mild in operation condition.
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Paragraph 0015
(2020/10/14)
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- Harnessing Applied Potential: Selective β-Hydrocarboxylation of Substituted Olefins
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The construction of carboxylic acid compounds in a selective fashion from low value materials such as alkenes remains a long-standing challenge to synthetic chemists. In particular, β-addition to styrenes is underdeveloped. Herein we report a new electrosynthetic approach to the selective hydrocarboxylation of alkenes that overcomes the limitations of current transition metal and photochemical approaches. The reported method allows unprecedented direct access to carboxylic acids derived from β,β-trisubstituted alkenes, in a highly regioselective manner.
- Alkayal, Anas,Buckley, Benjamin R.,Malkov, Andrei V.,Montanaro, Stephanie,Tabas, Volodymyr,Wright, Iain A.
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supporting information
(2020/02/13)
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- Cyclohexyl-Fused, Spirobiindane-Derived, Phosphine-Catalyzed Synthesis of Tricyclic ?3-Lactams and Kinetic Resolution of ?3-Substituted Allenoates
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A C2-symmetric chiral phosphine catalyst, NUSIOC-Phos, which can be easily derived from cyclohexyl-fused spirobiindane, was introduced. A highly enantioselective domino process involving pyrrolidine-2,3-diones and γ-substituted allenoates catalyzed by NUSIOC-Phos has been disclosed. Diastereospecific tricyclic γ-lactams containing five contiguous stereogenic centers were obtained in high yields and with nearly perfect enantioselectivities. A kinetic resolution process of racemic γ-substituted allenoates was developed for the generation of optically enriched chiral allenoates.
- Wu, Mingyue,Han, Zhaobin,Li, Kaizhi,Wu, Ji'En,Ding, Kuiling,Lu, Yixin
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supporting information
p. 16362 - 16373
(2019/10/16)
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- Site-Selective, Remote sp3 C?H Carboxylation Enabled by the Merger of Photoredox and Nickel Catalysis
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A photoinduced carboxylation of alkyl halides with CO2 at remote sp3 C?H sites enabled by the merger of photoredox and Ni catalysis is described. This protocol features a predictable reactivity and site selectivity that can be modulated by the ligand backbone. Preliminary studies reinforce a rationale based on a dynamic displacement of the catalyst throughout the alkyl side chain.
- Sahoo, Basudev,Bellotti, Peter,Juliá-Hernández, Francisco,Meng, Qing-Yuan,Crespi, Stefano,K?nig, Burkhard,Martin, Ruben
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supporting information
p. 9001 - 9005
(2019/06/24)
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- Regioselectivity inversion tuned by iron(iii) salts in palladium-catalyzed carbonylations
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Impactful regioselectivity control is crucial for cost-effective chemical synthesis. By using cheap and abundant iron(iii) salts, the hydroxycarbonylations of both aromatic and aliphatic alkenes were significantly enhanced in both reactivity and selectivity (iso/n or n/iso up to >99:1). Moreover, Pd-catalyzed carbonylation selectivity can be switched from branched to linear by using different Fe(iii) salts. In addition, similar results were obtained for the carbonylation of secondary alcohols.
- Huang, Zijun,Cheng, Yazhe,Chen, Xipeng,Wang, Hui-Fang,Du, Chen-Xia,Li, Yuehui
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supporting information
p. 3967 - 3970
(2018/04/23)
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- Preparation method for indanone compound
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The invention especially relates to a preparation method for an indanone compound, belonging to the field of organic synthesis. The preparation method for the indanone compounds comprises the following steps: 1) subjecting a compound as shown in a formula I and a compound as shown in a formula II to a condensation reaction so as to prepare a compound as shown in a formula III; 2) subjecting the compound as shown in the formula III to hydrolysis in the presence of alkali so as to prepare a compound as shown in a formula IV; and 3) carrying out acylation and ring closure on the compound as shownin the formula IV so as to prepare the as shown in a formula V. Compared with the prior art, the preparation method for the indanone compound in the invention has the advantages of low raw material cost, simple operation, low production of waste water, waste gas and industrial residues, high yield and the like, and is more suitable for industrial production; and compared with various traditionalpreparation methods for the indanone compound, the preparation method of the invention has obvious advantages and shows good industrialization prospects.
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Paragraph 0102; 0105
(2018/08/28)
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- A General, Activator-Free Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Arylacetic and Benzoic Acids from Formic Acid
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A new catalyst for the carboxylative synthesis of arylacetic and benzoic acids using formic acid (HCOOH) as the CO surrogate was developed. In an improvement over previous work, CO is generated in situ without the need for any additional activators. Key to success was the use of a specific system consisting of palladium acetate and 1,2-bis((tert-butyl(2-pyridinyl)phosphinyl)methyl)benzene. The generality of this method is demonstrated by the synthesis of more than 30 carboxylic acids, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), under mild conditions in good yields.
- Wang, Lin,Neumann, Helfried,Beller, Matthias
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supporting information
p. 6910 - 6914
(2018/06/04)
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- A Ligand-Directed Catalytic Regioselective Hydrocarboxylation of Aryl Olefins with Pd and Formic Acid
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An effective Pd-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of aryl olefins with Ac2O and formic acid is described. A variety of 2- and 3-arylpropanoic acids can be regioselectively formed by the judicious choice of ligand without the use of toxic CO gas.
- Liu, Wei,Ren, Wenlong,Li, Jingfu,Shi, Yuan,Chang, Wenju,Shi, Yian
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supporting information
p. 1748 - 1751
(2017/04/11)
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- Pd-Catalyzed β-C(sp3)?H Arylation of Propionic Acid and Related Aliphatic Acids
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A generally applicable Pd-catalyzed protocol for the β-C(sp3)?H arylation of propionic acid and related α-branched aliphatic acids is reported. Enabled by the use of N-acetyl-β-alanine as ligand our protocol delivers a broad range of arylation products. Notably, the highly challenging substrate, propionic acid, which lacks any acceleration through the Thorpe–Ingold effect, can be employed as substrate with synthetically useful yields. Furthermore, the scalability and synthetic applicability of the protocol are demonstrated.
- Ghosh, Kiron K.,van Gemmeren, Manuel
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supporting information
p. 17697 - 17700
(2017/12/07)
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- Direct β-Selective Hydrocarboxylation of Styrenes with CO2 Enabled by Continuous Flow Photoredox Catalysis
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The direct β-selective hydrocarboxylation of styrenes under atmospheric pressure of CO2 has been developed using photoredox catalysis in continuous flow. The scope of this methodology was demonstrated with a range of functionalized terminal styrenes, as well as α-substituted and β-substituted styrenes.
- Seo, Hyowon,Liu, Aofei,Jamison, Timothy F.
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supporting information
p. 13969 - 13972
(2017/10/17)
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- Metal-Free Chemoselective Oxidative Dehomologation or Direct Oxidation of Alcohols: Implication for Biomass Conversion
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A transition metal-free, chemoselective reaction was performed using the sodium tert-butoxide-oxygen (NaOtBu-O2) system, resulting in either oxidative dehomologation or direct oxidation of alcohols. In particular, the newly developed protocol may be used to predict the major product formed, which depends on alkyl chain length of the alcohols and reaction conditions. The rational mechanism of this transformation was also demonstrated by performing an 18O isotopic labelling experiment. This protocol presents a straightforward method for biomass conversion of a lignin model compound to phenol and benzoic acid.
- Kim, Sun Min,Shin, Hun Yi,Kim, Dong Wan,Yang, Jung Woon
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p. 241 - 245
(2016/02/27)
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- Formononetin derivatives and preparation methods and medical application thereof
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The invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, and relates to formononetin derivatives and preparation methods and medical application thereof, in particular to formononetin derivatives with the general formula as shown in (I), preparation methods thereof, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and medical application of the derivatives and the pharmaceutical compositions, particularly, application of the derivatives and the pharmaceutical compositions serving as drugs for preventing or treating hyperlipidaemia or obesity or type-II diabetes. Please see the formula in the description.
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Paragraph 0162; 0163; 0164; 0168; 0169; 0170
(2017/04/29)
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- Ansa-Ruthenium(II) Complexes of R2NSO2DPEN-(CH2)n(η6-Aryl) Conjugate Ligands for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones
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New 3rd generation designer ansa-ruthenium(II) complexes featuring N,C-alkylene-tethered N,N-dialkylsulfamoyl-DPEN/η6-arene ligands, exhibited good catalytic performance in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of various classes of (het)aryl ketones in formic acid/triethylamine mixture. In particular, benzo-fused cyclic ketones furnished 98 to >99.9% ee using a low catalyst loading.
- Ki?ic, Andrea,Stephan, Michel,Mohar, Barbara
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supporting information
p. 2540 - 2546
(2015/08/18)
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- Minimizing Aryloxy Elimination in RhI-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Aryloxyacrylic Acids using a Mixed-Ligand Strategy
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The first example of efficient asymmetric hydrogenation of challenging β-aryloxyacrylic acids was realized using a RhI-complex based on the heterocombination of a readily available chiral monodentate secondary phosphine oxide (SPO) and an achiral monodentate phosphine ligand as the catalyst. Excellent enantioselectivities (92->99% ee) were achieved for a wide variety of chiral β-aryloxypropionic acids with minor aryloxy elimination in most cases. The resultant products were readily transformed into biologically active compounds through simple synthetic manipulations.
- Li, Yang,Wang, Zheng,Ding, Kuiling
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p. 16387 - 16390
(2015/11/09)
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- Hydrocarboxylation of olefins by supported aqueous-phase catalysis
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Pd-TPPTS complexes supported on acidic macro-porous resins (Pd-TPPTS/resin) have been employed for the hydrocarboxylation of 1-hexene and styrene derivatives by supported aqueous phase catalysis (SAPC). Acidic macroporous resins acted as substitutes for both heterogeneous acids and supports of Pd-TPPTS complexes afforded many advantages, such as easy separation from organic products and good reusability. The prepared Pd-TPPTS/resin catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, TG, SEM and N2 physisorption, which demonstrated that the Pd-TPPTS complexes were loaded on the resin. Compared with homogeneous analogue, the present SAP catalyst offered higher total acid yield and selectivity towards linear acid in the hydrocarboxylation of 1-hexene. Moreover, it was found that water had a significant influence on the catalytic activity and selectivity toward linear acid over the SAP catalyst. Optimum water/resin ratio at about 66.7% in the SAP catalyst afforded maximum activity under the given reaction temperature. The present SAP catalyst was highly Pd-leaching resistant and can be reused at least four times without obvious loss in activity.
- He, Zhenhong,Hou, Zhenshan,Zhang, Yagang,Wang, Tianfu,Dilixiati, Yierxiati,Eli, Wumanjiang
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p. 147 - 154
(2015/03/30)
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- A biocompatible alkene hydrogenation merges organic synthesis with microbial metabolism
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Organic chemists and metabolic engineers use orthogonal technologies to construct essential small molecules such as pharmaceuticals and commodity chemicals. While chemists have leveraged the unique capabilities of biological catalysts for small-molecule production, metabolic engineers have not likewise integrated reactions from organic synthesis with the metabolism of living organisms. Reported herein is a method for alkene hydrogenation which utilizes a palladium catalyst and hydrogen gas generated directly by a living microorganism. This biocompatible transformation, which requires both catalyst and microbe, and can be used on a preparative scale, represents a new strategy for chemical synthesis that combines organic chemistry and metabolic engineering. Reduction to practice: A hydrogenation reaction has been developed that employs hydrogen generated in situ by a microorganism and a biocompatible palladium catalyst to reduce alkenes on a synthetically useful scale. This type of transformation, which directly combines tools from organic chemistry with the metabolism of a living organism for small-molecule production, represents a new strategy for chemical synthesis.
- Sirasani, Gopal,Tong, Liuchuan,Balskus, Emily P.
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supporting information
p. 7785 - 7788
(2014/08/05)
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- Photodriven Transfer Hydrogenation of Olefins
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An improved practical method for the photodriven diimide reduction of olefins was investigated. This catalyst-free procedure proceeds at ambient temperature, utilizes air as oxidant and a lower hydrazine loading, and produces inert nitrogen gas as the sole byproduct. Several functional groups were tolerated, and in some cases, the reaction was chemoselective. Challenging substrates such as cinnamate ester derivatives and trans-stilbene were reduced in excellent yields. The small amount of UVA rays emitted from a household compact fluorescent light bulb was proposed to enable the cis/trans isomerization of the diimide and to promote the loss of hydrogen from the diimide.
- Leow, Dasheng,Chen, Ying-Ho,Hung, Tzu-Hang,Su, Ying,Lin, Yi-Zhen
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supporting information
p. 7347 - 7352
(2016/02/18)
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- A study of the reaction of n-BuLi with Ti(Oi-Pr)4 as a method to generate titanacyclopropane and titanacyclopropene species
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The use of the combination of reagents Ti(Oi-Pr)4/n-BuLi, introduced by the group of J.J. Eisch in 2001, has only found a few applications so far, with sometimes conflicting observations. This article describes a study aimed at clarifying the nature, the stability and the reactivity of the active organometallic species involved. Reactions with CO2 and other trapping reagents reveal that it is generated within a few minutes at 0 C in THF, where it can be considered to be stable for 30 min. Most of our results are consistent with the expected titanacyclopropane nature of this reagent but some observations suggest that the chemistry at play may be more complicated.
- Rassadin, Valentin A.,Six, Yvan
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supporting information
p. 787 - 794
(2014/01/23)
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- Improved synthesis of natural ester sintenin and its analogues via Wittig reaction
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The synthesis of a cytotoxic natural ester sintenin (7a) and twenty eight of its analogues including nitrogen-containing heterocyclic indole moiety (7b-7t), saturated (10a-10d) and unsaturated (10e-10h) amides were carried out by convenient route via one-pot Wittig reaction in aqueous medium with improved yield. A systematic structure activity relationship of sintenin ester was designed by chemically modified derivatives in order to get better cytotoxicity.
- Sharma, Mukul,Rajesh, U. Chinna,Rawat, Diwan S.
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p. 1853 - 1860
(2014/01/17)
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- Anchored Pd-complexes in mesoporous supports: Synthesis, characterization and catalysis studies for carbonylation reactions
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Pd(pyca)(PPh3)(OTs) [pyca = 2-picolinate] complex is efficiently anchored inside different mesoporous matrices, such as MCM-41, MCM-48, SBA-15 using a molecular aminopropyl tether moiety employing different synthesis strategies. Thorough characterization of the materials using powder XRD, multinuclear (13C, 29Si, 31P) CP-MAS NMR, XPS, SEM, N2-sorption studies etc. confirmed the successful anchoring of the palladium complex to the walls of the support matrices thus establishing the synthesis protocols unambiguously. The catalysts were found to be highly active and selective for the carbonylation of different aryl olefins and alcohols. Consecutive recycling and successful reuse proved the stability and true heterogeneous nature of all the anchored catalysts, which is a substantial advancement over the existing heterogeneous catalysts for carbonylation.
- Sarkar, Bibhas R.,Chaudhari, Raghunath V.
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p. 154 - 173
(2013/01/15)
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- Discovery of N-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-[(4-([(35)-3-methyl-1-piperazinyl]methyl) phenyl)acetyl]-4-piperidinamine (GSK962040), the first small molecule motilin receptor agonist clinical candidate
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N-(3-Fluorophenyl)-1-[(4-([(3S)-3-methyl-1-piperazinyl]methyl)phenyl) acetyl]-4-piperidinamine 12 (GSK962040) is a novel small molecule motilin receptor agonist. It possesses excellent activity at the recombinant human motilin receptor and also at the native rabbit motilin receptor where its agonist activity results in potentiation of the amplitude of neuronal-mediated contractions of isolated gastric antrum tissue. Compound 12 also possesses highly promising pharmacokinetic profiles in both rat and dog, and these results, in combination with further profiling in human native tissue and an in vivo model of gastrointestinal transit in the rabbit, have led to its selection as a candidate for further development.
- Westaway, Susan M.,Brown, Samantha L.,Fell, Stephen C. M.,Johnson, Christopher N.,MacPherson, David T.,Mitchell, Darren J.,Myatt, James W.,Stanway, Steven J.,Seal, Jon T.,Stemp, Geoffrey,Thompson, Mervyn,Lawless, Kirk,McKay, Fiona,Muir, Alison I.,Barford, Jonathan M.,Cluff, Chermaine,Mahmood, Sadhia R.,Matthews, Kim L.,Mohamed, Shiyam,Smith, Beverley,Stevens, Alexander J.,Bolton, Victoria J.,Jarvie, Emma M.,Sanger, Gareth J.
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experimental part
p. 1180 - 1189
(2010/01/16)
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- 1,4-Cyclohexadiene with Pd/C as a rapid, safe transfer hydrogenation system with microwave heating
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A method for the rapid, safe hydrogenation of alkenes and deprotection of benzyl ethers and carboxybenzyl amides is described using catalytic transfer hydrogenation under microwave heating conditions. Commonly available Pd/C catalyst is extremely effective with 1,4-cyclohexadiene as the hydrogen transfer source. In general, the reactions are complete within five minutes at 100 °C.
- Quinn, John F.,Razzano, Dana A.,Golden, Kathryn C.,Gregg, Brian T.
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scheme or table
p. 6137 - 6140
(2009/04/05)
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- Synthesis of 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-d-mannitol 2,5-(hydrogenphosphate) and its usage in palladium-catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of styrene
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Phosphorylation of 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-d-mannitol by phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of triethylamine followed by hydrolysis gave a cyclie hydrogen phosphate, which has the crystal structure of 6-hydroxy-6-oxo-2,5,7,10-tetraoxa-6-phospha-tricyclo[6.3.0.04,11]undecane. It was used as a chiral ligand in palladium-catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of styrene. The regioselectivity was good, but the optical yield was limited.
- Jiang, Biao,Huang, Zuo-Gang,Cheng, Ke-Jun
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p. 2797 - 2803
(2007/10/03)
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- Anchored Pd complex in MCM-41 and MCM-48: Novel heterogeneous catalysts for hydrocarboxylation of aryl olefins and alcohols
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We report here, for the first time, synthesis of anchored Pd complexes in mesoporous supports such as MCM-41 and MCM-48 as true heterogeneous catalysts for hydrocarboxylation of aryl olefins and alcohols to give excellent conversion (～100%) and regioselectivity (～99%) for 2-arylpropionic acids. The catalysts were characterized by powder-XRD, 31PCP-MAS NMR, FT-IR, TEM, XPS and ICP-AES. Recycle studies with these anchored Pd mesoporous catalysts were performed to confirm true heterogeneity. Copyright
- Mukhopadhyay, Kausik,Sarkar, Bibhas R.,Chaudhari, Raghunath V.
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p. 9692 - 9693
(2007/10/03)
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- The effect of vinyl esters on the enantioselectivity of the lipase-catalysed transesterification of alcohols
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The enantioselectivity of the lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) in the transesterification of 2-phenyl-1-propanol 1 was studied using a series of vinyl 3-arylpropanoates as acyl donors. The most enantioselective transesterification reaction of the alcohol was attained by using vinyl 3-(p-iodophenyl)- or 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)propanoates, with enantiomer ratios, E, of 116 and 138, respectively. Vinyl 3-phenylpropanoate was also effective for the resolution of 1 mediated by lipases from P. fluorescens and porcine pancreas and for the PCL-catalysed transesterification of several 2-phenyl-1-alkanols. The enantiomeric resolution of 1 was practically carried out by the first enantioselective transesterification using PCL and vinyl 3-(p-iodophenyl)propanoate to afford (R)-1 and then the enantioselective hydrolysis of the resultant ester to afford (S)-1.
- Kawasaki, Masashi,Goto, Michimasa,Kawabata, Shigeki,Kometani, Tadashi
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p. 585 - 596
(2007/10/03)
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- Regioselective intramolecular oxidation of phenols and anisoles by dioxiranes generated in situ
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A novel method for regioselective oxidation of phenols and anisoles has been developed in which dioxiranes, generated in situ from ketones and Ozone, oxidize phenol derivatives in an intramolecular fashion. A series of ketones with electron-withdrawing groups, such as CF3, COOMe, and CH2Cl, were attached to phenols, anisoles, or aryl rings via a C2 or C3 methylene linker. In a homogeneous solvent system of CH3CN and H2O, oxidation of phenol derivatives 1-10 afforded spiro 2-hydroxydienones in 24-55% yields regardless of the presence of other substituents (ortho Me, meta Me or Br) on the aryl ring and the length of the linker. Experimental evidences were provided to support the mechanism that involves a regioselective π bond epoxidation of aryl rings followed by epoxide rearrangement and hemiketal formation.
- Yang, Dan,Wong, Man-Kin,Yan, Zheng
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p. 4179 - 4184
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of human FP-receptor selective prostaglandin analogues
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The in vitro evaluation of a series of saturated prostaglandins revealed that compounds with omega chin aromatic rings retain nanomolar potency for the human prostaglandin F receptor (hFP receptor), exemplified by compound 8. In contrast, the double bonds are required for activity in the series with an acyclic omega chain as in PGF(2α). (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
- DeLong, Mitchell A.,Amburgey, Jack,Taylor, Cynthia,Wos, John A.,Soper, David L.,Wang, Yili,Hicks, Renee
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p. 1519 - 1522
(2007/10/03)
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- Hydrogenation of alkenes or alkynes using decaborane in methanol
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Alkenes and alkynes were reduced to corresponding alkanes in methanol using decaborane (B10H14) in the presence of Pd/C as catalyst under nitrogen in high yields. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
- Lee, Seung Hwan,Park, Yong June,Yoon, Cheol Min
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p. 887 - 889
(2007/10/03)
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- AlCl3-DMF Complex as Catalyst in the Fredel-Crafts Reaction. The Reactivity of Anhydrides and Chlorides of Dicarboxylic Acids.
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This paper reports different examples of Friedel-Crafts acylation of various substrates with dicarboxylic acid chlorides (phthalic, isophthalic, and malonyl synthons) in the presence of the AlCl3-DMF complex as catalyst.When we reacted 2(3H)-benzothiazolone with phthalic anhydride in the presence of the AlCl3-DMF complex as catalyst in addition to the product of 6-substitution, 4-(2-carboxybenzoyl) 2(3H)-benzothiazolone was obtained as a contaminant.This is the first product ever obtained with a 4-substitution in the acylation of 2(3H)-benzothiazolone.
- Taverne, Thierry,Depreux, Patrick,Lasieur, Daniel,Henichart, Jean-Pierre,Poupaert, Jacques H.
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p. 791 - 802
(2007/10/03)
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- DIRECT, REGIOSELECTIVE HYDROCARBOXYLATION OF ALKYNES TO SATURATED ACIDS BY COBALT AND NICKEL CATALYSTS UNDER PHASE TRANSFER CONDITIONS
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Phase transfer catalyzed carbonylation of alkynes in the presence of cobalt chloride, potassium cyanide, and nickel cyanide affords saturated carboxylic acids, with good selectivity observed for the branched-chain isomer.
- Lee, Jong-Tae,Alper, Howard
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p. 1769 - 1770
(2007/10/02)
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- Direct observation of the kinetic fate of a thiamin diphosphate bound enamine intermediate on Brewers' yeast pyruvate decarboxylase. Kinetic and regiospecific consequences of allosteric activation
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The interaction of (E)-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-3-butenoic acid with brewer's yeast pyruvate decarboxylase was examined by kinetic and absorption spectroscopic means. The compound undergoes catalytic turnover, leading to a thiamin diphosphate bound enamine intermediate that can be protonated at both allylic positions leading to p-methylcinnamaldehyde and p-methyldihydrocinnamic acid in a ratio of 1:3 in the absence of and 3:2 in the presence of the allosteric activator pyruvamide. The compound is also a weak but irreversible inactivator of the enzyme, and according to colorimetric titration of the enzyme prior to and subsequent to inactivation, it reacts with a Cys side chain with a 1:1 stoichiometry; i.e., one Cys/subunit is being modified. The data are consistent with partitioning of the 2-(p-methyldihydrocinnamoyl)thiamin diphosphate between nonenzymic hydrolysis to the free p-methyldihydrocinnamic acid and transfer to a Cys on the enzyme forming a p-methyldihydrocinnamoyl thiol ester. The latter at the pH used is quite stable, and hence inactivates the enzyme. An enzyme-bound enamine intermediate can be detected at 440 nm, and its rates of formation and disappearance can be conveniently monitored. A thiazolium model for a precursor to such an enamine, 2-[γ-[tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy]-(E)-cinnamyl]-3,4,5- trimethylthiazolium ion, when treated with (TMS)2NNa in Me2SO gave an absorbance with identical λmax, confirming the assignment of the absorbance observed from such conjugated 2-keto acids to the thiamin-bound enamine structure. Finally, the allosteric activator pyruvamide was found to enhance the rate of enamine formation by as much as 50-fold, both the rates of formation and conversion to product of the enamine being affected by the allosteric regulation. On the basis of data provided, (E)-2-oxo-4-p-tolyl-3-butenoic acid is proposed as a convenient active-site titrant for pyruvate decarboxylase.
- Zeng,Chung,Haran,Jordan
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p. 5842 - 5849
(2007/10/02)
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- An N.M.R. Investigation of the Mills-Nixon Effect
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The 4J coupling constant, previously established as a probe of bond order, was used to examine the bond orders in a series of ortho-bridged compounds: benzocyclopropene, 1,2-dihydrobenzocyclobutene, indan and tetralin.No evidence for sterically induced bond fixation (i.e. the Mills-Nixon effect) was found, but some evidence for electronic distortion in the corresponding benzylic ketones was observed.The experimental results are in accord with SCF/MO calculations.
- Collins, Michael J.,Gready, Jill E.,Sternhell, Sever,Tansey, Charles W.
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p. 1547 - 1557
(2007/10/02)
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- Aralkanamidophenyl compounds
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This disclosure describes novel substituted aralkanamidobenzoic acids and analogs thereof. These compounds are useful pharmaceutical agents for ameliorating atherosclerosis by inhibiting the formation and development of atherosclerotic lesions in the arterial wall of mammals.
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- SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOHEXENYL-SUBSTITUTED ACRYLIC AND 3-HYDROXYPROPIONIC ACIDS AND THEIR HOMOLOGS
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The corresponding 3-cyclohexenyl-substituted Z- and E-acrylic and 3-hydroxypropionic acids were synthesized from 3-cyclohexene-1-carbaldehyde and its methyl derivatives.Dehydration of the products under various conditions leads to the formation of the E isomers of the substituted acrylic acid and also isomerization, aromatization, and cyclization products.
- Gramenitskaya, V. N.,Inozemtseva, L. V.,Koz'mina, E. A.,Vul'fson, N. S.
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p. 2260 - 2267
(2007/10/02)
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