- A solvent-reagent selection guide for Steglich-type esterification of carboxylic acids
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The Steglich esterification is a widely employed method for the formation of esters under mild conditions. A number of issues regarding the sustainability of this transformation have been identified, chiefly the use of hazardous carbodiimide coupling reagents in conjunction with solvents with considerable issues such as dichloromethane (DCM) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). To overcome these issues, we have developed a solvent-reagent selection guide for the formation of esters via Steglich-type reactions with the aim of providing safer, more sustainable conditions. Optimum reaction conditions have been identified after high-throughput screening of solvent-reagent combinations, namely the use of Mukaiyama's reagent (Muk) in conjunction with solvent dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The new reaction conditions were also exemplified through the synthesis of a small selection of building-block like molecules and includes the formation of t-butyl esters.
- Jordan, Andrew,Sneddon, Helen F.,Sydenham, Jack,Whymark, Kyran D.
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supporting information
p. 6405 - 6413
(2021/09/10)
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- FeCl3·6H2O as a versatile catalyst for the esterification of steroid alcohols with fatty acids
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FeCl3·6H2O is an active catalyst for the esterification of some steroid alcohols with fatty acids under azeotropic reflux in mesitylene as solvent. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Komura, Kenichi,Ozaki, Akiyoshi,Ieda, Noboru,Sugi, Yoshihiro
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experimental part
p. 3407 - 3410
(2009/05/09)
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- Steryl and stanyl esters of fatty acids by solvent-free esterification and transesterification in vacuo using lipases from Rhizomucor miehei, Candida antarctica, and Carica papaya
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Sitostanol has been converted in high to near-quantitative extent to the corresponding long-chain acyl esters via esterification with oleic acid or transesterification with methyl oleate or trioleoylglycerol using immobilized lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme IM) and Candida antarctica (lipase B, Novozym 435) as biocatalysts in vacuo (20-40 mbar) at 80 °C, whereas the conversion was markedly lower at 60 and 40 °C. Corresponding conversions observed with papaya (Carica papaya) latex lipase were generally lower. High conversion rates observed in transesterification of sitostanol with methyl oleate at 80 °C using Lipozyme IM were retained even after 10 repeated uses of the biocatalyst. Saturated sterols such as sitostanol and 5α-cholestan-3β-ol were the preferred substrates as compared to Δ5-unsaturated cholesterol in transesterification reactions with methyl oleate using Lipozyme IM. Transesterification of cholesterol with diethyl 1,8-octanedioate using Lipozyme IM in vacuo yielded methylcholesteryl 1,8-octanedioate (75%) and dicholesteryl 1,8-octanedioate (5%). However, transesterification of cholesterol with diethyl carbonate and that of oleyl alcohol with ethylcholesteryl carbonate, both catalyzed by Lipozyme IM, gave ethylcholesteryl carbonate and oleylcholesteryl carbonate, respectively, in low yield (20%). Moreover, cholesterol was transesterified with ethyl dihydrocinnamate using Lipozyme IM to give cholesteryl dihydrocinnamate in moderate yield (56%), whereas the corresponding reaction of lanosterol gave lanosteryl oleate in low yield (14%).
- Weber,Weitkamp,Mukherjee
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p. 5210 - 5216
(2007/10/03)
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