- Control of an Unusual Photo-Claisen Rearrangement in Coumarin Caged Tamoxifen through an Extended Spacer
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The use of coumarin caged molecules has been well documented in numerous photocaging applications including for the spatiotemporal control of Cre-estrogen receptor (Cre-ERT2) recombinase activity. In this article, we report that 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT) caged with coumarin via a conventional ether linkage led to an unexpected photo-Claisen rearrangement which significantly competed with the release of free 4OHT. The basis for this unwanted reaction appears to be related to the coumarin structure and its radical-based mechanism of uncaging, as it did not occur in ortho-nitrobenzyl (ONB) caged 4OHT that was otherwise linked in the same manner. In an effort to perform design optimization, we introduced a self-immolative linker longer than the ether linkage and identified an optimal linker which allowed rapid 4OHT release by both single-photon and two-photon absorption mechanisms. The ability of this construct to actively control Cre-ERT2 mediated gene modifications was investigated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in which the expression of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter dependent gene recombination was controlled by 4OHT release and measured by confocal fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. In summary, we report the implications of this photo-Claisen rearrangement in coumarin caged compounds and demonstrate a rational linker strategy for addressing this unwanted side reaction.
- Wong, Pamela T.,Roberts, Edward W.,Tang, Shengzhuang,Mukherjee, Jhindan,Cannon, Jayme,Nip, Alyssa J.,Corbin, Kaitlin,Krummel, Matthew F.,Choi, Seok Ki
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- A new tool to assess ceramide bioactivity: 6-Bromo-7-hydroxycoumarinyl- caged ceramide
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The bioactivity of natural, long-chain ceramides has until now been studied after its delivery to cells in organic solvent mixtures containing dodecane. We have synthesized ceramides conjugated to a (6-bromo-7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl) methyl group. The photo
- Kim, Young Ah,Ramirez, Daniel M. Carter,Costain, Willard J.,Johnston, Linda J.,Bittman, Robert
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body text
p. 9236 - 9238
(2011/09/20)
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- [8-[Bis(carboxymethyl)aminomethyl]-6-bromo-7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl]methyl Moieties as photoremovable protecting groups for compounds with COOH, NH 2, OH, and C-O functions
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We introduce a variant of coumarin-based photoactivatable protecting groups and use it exemplarily for caging of a carboxylic acid, an amine, a phenol, and a carbonyl compound. The caged compounds are efficiently photolyzed at long-wavelength UV/vis irradiation. Compared to the corresponding (6-bromo-7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl)methyl (Bhc) derivatives, the novel coumarin-type caged compounds are distinguished by (i) dramatically increased solubilities in aqueous buffers, (ii) lower pKa values of the C7 hydroxyl of the coumarin chromophore, thus permitting efficient photorelease at lower pH, and (iii) higher photolysis quantum yields in the case of photoprotected carbonyl compounds. The primary step of the photocleavages occurs with rate constants of about 109 s-1.
- Hagen, Volker,Kilic, Funda,Schaal, Janina,Dekowski, Brigitte,Schmidt, Reinhard,Kotzur, Nico
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scheme or table
p. 2790 - 2797
(2010/08/03)
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- Coumarin-4-ylmethoxycarbonyls as Phototriggers for Alcohols and Phenols
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(Equation Presented) Caged compounds can be used to regulate the spatial and temporal dynamics of signaling molecules in live cells. Photochemical properties of coumarin-4-ylmethoxy carbonates (1a-d) are investigated to construct caged compounds of hydroxy-containing molecules. All the compounds possess desired properties as phototriggers for alcohols and phenols. The 6-bromo-7-hydroxycoumarin-4-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Bhcmoc) group has the highest photochemical efficiency and is applied to make caged compounds of 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol (diC8), Tyr-OMe, and adenosine.
- Suzuki, Akinobu Z.,Watanabe, Takayoshi,Kawamoto, Mika,Nishiyama, Keiko,Yamashita, Hirotaka,Ishii, Megumi,Iwamura, Michiko,Furuta, Toshiaki
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p. 4867 - 4870
(2007/10/03)
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