- Immunomodulating compositions for treatment of immune system disorders
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The present invention relates to a composition for use as an immunomodulator comprising small molecular weight components of less than 3000 daltons, and having the following properties: a) is extractable from bile of animals; b) is capable of stimulating monocytes and macrophages in vitro and in vivo; c) is capable of modulating tumor necrosis factor production; d) contains no measurable IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4, GM-CSF or IFN-γ; e) has an anti-proliferative effect in a malignant mouse hybridoma cell line; f) shows no cytotoxicity to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or lymphocytes; and g) is not an endotoxin. The invention also relates to a method of preparing the composition, its use as an immunomodulator, and its use in the treatment of diseases and conditions having an immunological component.
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- Thermochemical investigation of the oxygenation of vitamin K
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Discovery of a new oxygenation reaction of naphthohydroquinone anions makes possible a determination of the heat of reaction (ΔHox) of oxygen with the potassium salt derived from deprotonation of the hydroquinone form of vitamin K. From that value (-33.52 ± 0.60 kcal/mol), the heat of deprotonation of vitamin KH2 (-30.03 ± 1.20 kcal/mol), and the heat of deprotonation of water (-6.05 ± 0.3 kcal/mol), the enthalpy change for converting vitamin KH2 to vitamin K oxide is established to be -57.5 kcal/mol, in reasonable agreement with our previous estimate of -62.4 kcal/mol for the oxygenation of the parent naphthohydroquinone. Indeed, in similar fashion the heat of oxygenation of the parent naphthohydroquinone was determined to be -58.47 kcal/mol, and this permits the assignment of a heat of formation to naphthoquinone epoxide of ΔHf° = -47.6 kcal/mol. Heats of oxygenation and deprotonation of a variety of related phenols and naphthols provide perspective on cation and substitution effects. These data provide strong support for the base strength amplification mechanism for the biological action of vitamin K proposed by two of us (P.D. and S.W.H.).
- Flowers II, Robert A.,Naganathan, Sriram,Dowd, Paul,Arnett, Edward M.,Ham, Seung Wook
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p. 9409 - 9416
(2007/10/02)
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