- Fluorescent Species of 7-Azaindole and 7-Azatryptophan in Water
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A study of the fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields of 7-azaindole and its methylated derivatives N1-methyl-7-azaindole (1M7AI) and 7-methyl-7H-pyrrolopyridine (7M7AI) in water is performed in order to explain the observation that the fluorescence spectrum of 7-azaindole apparently consists of one band (λmax = 386 nm) whereas in alcohols the spectrum is bimodal (e.g., for methanol, λmax = 374, 505 nm).Careful measurements of the fluorescence decay as a function of emission wavelength indicate a small amplitude of an ca. 70-ps decaying component at the bluer wavelengths and a rising component of the same duration at the redder wavelengths.The small amplitude component, which comprises no more than 20percent of the fluorescence decay, is attributed to excited-state tautomerization that is mediated by the solvent.Particular attention is paid to the pH dependence of the fluorescence lifetimes and yields.We propose that upon tautomerization the basic 1-nitrogen (N1) of 7-azaindole is rapidly protonated giving rise to a species whose emission maximum is at ca. 440 nm.The fluorescence emission maximum and lifetime of 7-azaindole is dominated by the 80percent of the solute molecules that are blocked by unfavorable solvation from executing excited-state tautomerization.It is proposed that 10 ns is required for the surrounding water molecules to attain a configuration about 7-azaindole that is propitious for tautomerization.
- Chen, Y.,Rich, R. L.,Gai, F.,Petrich, J. W.
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- Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of new (dimethylamino)-functionalised and 7-azaindole-substituted 'titanocene' anticancer agents (7-azaindole = 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine)
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From the carbolithiation of 1-(cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ylidene)-N,N- dimethylmethanamine (=6-(dimethylamino)fulvene; 3) and different lithiated azaindoles 2 (1-methyl-7-azaindol-2-yl, 1-[(diethylamino) methyl]-7-azaindol-2- yl, and 1-(methoxymethyl)-7-azaindol-2-yl), the corresponding lithium cyclopentadienide intermediates 4a-4c were formed (7-azaindole=1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b] pyridine). The latter underwent a transmetallation reaction with TiCl 4 resulting in the (dimethylamino)-functionalised 'titanocenes' 5a-5c. When the 'titanocenes' 5a-5c were tested against LLC-PK cells, the IC50 values obtained were of 8.8, 12, and 87 μM, respectively. The most cytotoxic 'titanocene', 5a, with an IC50 value of 8.8 μM is nearly as cytotoxic as cis-platin, which showed an IC50 value of 3.3 μM when tested on the epithelial pig kidney LLC-PK cell line, and ca. 200 times better than 'titanocene dichloride' itself.
- Hogan, Megan,Cotter, Juliet,Claffey, James,Gleeson, Brendan,Wallis, Denise,Shea, Donal O.,Tacke, Matthias
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- A new oxadiazole-based topsentin derivative modulates cyclin-dependent kinase 1 expression and exerts cytotoxic effects on pancreatic cancer cells
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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal form of cancer characterized by drug resistance, urging new therapeutic strategies. In recent years, protein kinases have emerged as promising pharmacological targets for the treatment of several solid and hematological tumors. Interestingly, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is overexpressed in PDAC tissues and has been correlated to the aggressive nature of these tumors because of its key role in cell cycle progression and resistance to the induction of apoptosis. For these reasons, CDK1 is one of the main causes of chemoresistance, representing a promising pharmacological target. In this study, we report the synthesis of new 1,2,4-oxadiazole compounds and evaluate their ability to inhibit the cell growth of PATU-T, Hs766T, and HPAF-II cell lines and a primary PDAC cell culture (PDAC3). Compound 6b was the most active compound, with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 10.7 μM. Molecular docking of 6b into the active site of CDK1 showed the ability of the compound to interact effectively with the adenosine triphosphate binding pocket. Therefore, we assessed its ability to induce apoptosis (which increased 1.5-and 2-fold in PATU-T and PDAC3 cells, respectively) and to inhibit CDK1 expression, which was reduced to 45% in Hs766T. Lastly, compound 6b passed the ADME prediction, showing good pharmacokinetic parameters. These data demonstrate that 6b displays cytotoxic activity, induces apoptosis, and targets CDK1, supporting further studies for the development of similar compounds against PDAC.
- Avan, Amir,Carbone, Daniela,Cascioferro, Stella,Diana, Patrizia,Giovannetti, Elisa,Parrino, Barbara,Pecoraro, Camilla,Peters, Godefridus J.,Puerta, Adrian
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- Preparation method of nitrogen-alkyl (deuterated alkyl) aromatic heterocycle and alkyl (deuterated alkyl) aryl ether compound
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The invention provides a method for preparing nitrogen-alkyl(deuterated alkyl)aromatic heterocycle and alkyl(deuterated alkyl)aryl ether compounds. The method adopted in the invention specifically comprises the following steps: firstly, adding an alkoxy base (MOR') or a combination reagent Q (comprising a base M'X, an alcohol C and a molecular sieve E) into a solvent B to be stirred; then, addingan aromatic compound D of nitrogen sulfonyl or oxygen sulfonyl into a mixture; separating and purifying after reaction to obtain nitrogen-alkyl(deuterated alkyl)aromatic heterocycle or alkyl(deuterated alkyl)aryl ether. The method can realize one-step conversion from an electron withdrawing benzenesulfonyl protecting group on a nitrogen or oxygen atom to an electron donating alkyl protecting group, avoids using highly toxic alkyl halide, and has advantages of being efficient, economical, environmentally friendly, mild in condition, good in substrate universality and high in yield; the prepareddeuterated compounds can be widely applied to the fields of pharmaceutical chemistry and organic chemistry synthesis.
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Paragraph 0060-0062
(2021/04/03)
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- Visible-Light-Induced Carbonylation of Indoles with Phenols under Metal-Free Conditions: Synthesis of Indole-3-carboxylates
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A visible-light-induced carbonylation of indoles with phenols for the synthesis of indole-3-carboxylates has been developed. The reaction proceeded via a radical carbonylation process in which elementary I2 was used as an effective photosensitive initiator and, thus, avoided the use of transition metal catalysts. A series of different aryl indole-3-carboxylates were prepared in moderate to good yields. The broad applicability of this methodology was further highlighted by the late-stage functionalization of several phenol-containing natural products and pharmaceuticals.
- Qi, Zhuang,Li, Lin,Liang, Ying-Kang,Ma, Ai-Jun,Zhang, Xiang-Zhi,Peng, Jin-Bao
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supporting information
p. 4769 - 4773
(2021/06/28)
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- Selective Methylation of Amides, N-Heterocycles, Thiols, and Alcohols with Tetramethylammonium Fluoride
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We herein disclose the use of tetramethylammonium fluoride (TMAF) as a direct and selective methylating agent of a variety of amides, indoles, pyrroles, imidazoles, alcohols, and thiols. The method is characterized by operational simplicity, wide scope, and ease of purification. Our computational studies suggest a concerted methylation-deprotonation as the preferred reaction pathway.
- Cheng, Hong-Gang,Pu, Maoping,Kundu, Gourab,Schoenebeck, Franziska
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supporting information
p. 331 - 334
(2019/12/30)
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- Electrosynthesis of Dihydropyrano[4,3-b]indoles Based on a Double Oxidative [3+3] Cycloaddition
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Oxidative [3+3] cycloadditions offer an efficient route for six-membered-ring formation. This approach has been realized based on an electrochemical oxidative coupling of indoles/enamines with active methylene compounds followed by tandem 6π-electrocyclization leading to the synthesis of dihydropyrano[4,3-b]indoles and 2,3-dihydrofurans. The radical–radical cross-coupling of the radical species generated by anodic oxidation combined with the cathodic generation of the base from O2 allows for mild reaction conditions for the synthesis of structurally complex heterocycles.
- Choi, Subin,Park, Cheol-Min,Park, Jinhwi,Sim, Jeongwoo,Yu, Eunsoo
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supporting information
p. 11886 - 11891
(2020/05/22)
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- A rhodium(ii) catalysed domino synthesis of azepino fused diindoles from isatin tethered: N -sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and indoles
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An efficient and convenient protocol for the synthesis of a novel class of azepino fused diindoles from isatin tethered N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and indoles has been disclosed. The reaction proceeds via denitrogenative aza-vinyl rhodium carbene formation to give a carbonyl ylide, which with indole results in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition followed by sequential semipinacol rearrangement/ring expansion/oxidation to produce azepino fused diindoles. The reaction shows a broad substrate scope giving up to 81% yield. Furthermore, reversible catalytic hydrogenation and photophysical studies were carried out to demonstrate the application of these molecules.
- Kahar, Nilesh,Jadhav, Pankaj,Reddy, R. V. Ramana,Dawande, Sudam
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supporting information
p. 1207 - 1210
(2020/02/04)
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- TOPICAL FORMULATIONS
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Provided herein are gelled topical formulations for the treatment of skin diseases comprising: a) a MEK inhibitor; b) one or more organic solvents in an amount of about 70% to about 99% by weight; and c) a gelling agent; wherein the one or more organic solvents are selected from the group consisting of C2-6 alcohol, a C2-6 alkylene glycol, a di-(C2-6 alkylene) glycol, a polyethylene glycol, C1-3 alkyl-(OCH2CH2)1-5-OH, DMSO, ethyl acetate, acetone, N-methyl pyrrolidone, benzyl alcohol, glycerin, and an oil; the gelling agent is hydroxypropyl cellulose having a molecular weight ranging from about 40,000 Dato about 2,500,000 Da; and wherein the gelled topical formulation has a viscosity of from 1 to 25,000 cps; and DMSO, when present, is combined with at least one other of said organic solvents such that DMSO is present in an amount of less than 50% by weight.
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Paragraph 0692; 0694
(2020/06/10)
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- ARYL-ANILINE AND HETEROARYL-ANILINE COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF SKIN CANCERS
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Provided herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof for treating a skin cancer in a subject in need thereof, wherein the compound is according to any one of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V): wherein X1, X2, X3, R1, R2, R2a, R13, Rl3a, R23, R23a, R23b, R33, R33a, R33b, R43, R43a, R51, R53, R53a, R53b, bond "a", and subscript n are described herein.
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Paragraph 0506
(2020/06/10)
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- ARYL-ANILINE AND HETEROARYL-ANILINE COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF BIRTHMARKS
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Provided herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof for treating a birthmark in a subject in need thereof, wherein the compound is according to any one of formula (1), (II), (III), (IV), and (V). wherein X1, X2, X3, R1, R2, R2a, R13, R13a, R23, R23a, R23b, R33, R33a, R33b, R43, R43a, R51, R53, R53a, R53b, bond "a", and subscript n are described herein.
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Paragraph 0490
(2020/06/10)
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- Synthesis of novel 7-azaindole derivatives containing pyridin-3-ylmethyl dithiocarbamate moiety as potent PKM2 activators and PKM2 nucleus translocation inhibitors
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Multiple lines of evidence have indicated that pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is upregulated in most cancer cells and it is increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic target in oncology. In a continuation of our discovery of lead compound 5 and SAR study, the 7-azaindole moiety in compound 5 was systematically optimized. The results showed that compound 6f, which has a difluoroethyl substitution on the 7-azaindole ring, exhibited high PKM2 activation potency and anti-proliferation activities on A375 cell lines. In a xenograft mouse model, oral administration of compound 6f led to significant tumor regression without obvious toxicity. Further mechanistic studies revealed that 6f could influence the translocation of PKM2 into nucleus, as well as induction of apoptosis and autophagy of A375 cells. More importantly, compound 6f significantly inhibited migration of A375 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Collectively, 6f may serve as a lead compound in the development of potent PKM2 activators for cancer therapy.
- Liu, Bin,Yuan, Xia,Xu, Bo,Zhang, Han,Li, Ridong,Wang, Xin,Ge, Zemei,Li, Runtao
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- Detosylative (Deutero)alkylation of Indoles and Phenols with (Deutero)alkoxides
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An efficient strategy for N/O-(deutero)alkylation of indoles and phenols with alkoxides/alcohols as the alkylation reagents is described. The consecutive detosylation/alkylation transformations feature mild reaction conditions, high ipso-selectivity, and good functional group tolerance (>50 examples). A one-pot selective N-alkylation of unprotected indoles with alcohols and TsCl is also realized. The application of this method is demonstrated by the introduction of isotope-labeled (CD3 and 13CH3) groups using the readily accessible labeled alcohols and the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
- Zhu, Ming-Hui,Yu, Cheng-Long,Feng, Ya-Lan,Usman, Muhammad,Zhong, Dayou,Wang, Xin,Nesnas, Nasri,Liu, Wen-Bo
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supporting information
p. 7073 - 7077
(2019/09/30)
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- Halogen Bond-Assisted Electron-Catalyzed Atom Economic Iodination of Heteroarenes at Room Temperature
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A halogen bond-assisted electron-catalyzed iodination of heteroarenes has been developed for the first time under atom economic condition at room temperature. The iodination is successful with just 0.55 equiv of iodine and 0.50 equiv of peroxide. The kinetic study indicates that the reaction is elusive in the absence of a halogen bond between the substrate and iodine. The formation of a halogen bond, its importance in lowering the activation barrier for this reaction, the presence of radical intermediates in a reaction mixture, and the regioselectivity of the reaction have been demonstrated with several control experiments, spectroscopic analysis, and quantum chemical calculations. Allowing the formation of the halogen bond may offer a new strategy to generate the reactive radical intermediates and to enable the otherwise elusive electron-catalyzed reactions under mild reaction conditions.
- Kazi, Imran,Guha, Somraj,Sekar, Govindasamy
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p. 6642 - 6654
(2019/06/14)
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- Tandem Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Heteroarylation of Indolyl Ketones and Cu(II)-Promoted Intramolecular Cyclization: One-Pot Access to Blue-Emitting Phenanthrone-Type Polyheterocycles
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Disclosed herein is a highly efficient one-pot synthetic strategy to phenanthrone-type polyheterocycles via tandem rhodium(III)-catalyzed ortho-C-H heteroarylation of indolyl ketones and copper(II)-promoted intramolecular cyclization. This protocol enables a library of blue-emitting fluorophores with high quantum yields and narrow full widths at half-maximum to be rapidly built from readily available substrates, among of which 6,6,7,9,12-pentamethyl-6,12-dihydro-5H-benzofuro[2,3-a]carbazol-5-one (4a) exhibits pure blue emission with Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage coordinates of (0.15, 0.09) and a high quantum yield of 85% in CH2Cl2 solution.
- Pu, Xingwen,Zhang, Mangang,Lan, Jingbo,Chen, Shuyou,Liu, Zheng,Liang, Wenbo,Yang, Yudong,Zhang, Min,You, Jingsong
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supporting information
p. 1139 - 1143
(2019/05/16)
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- PYRROLOPYRIDINE-ANILINE COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF DERMAL DISORDERS
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Provided herein are compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, methods of preparing the compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compositions in treating diseases or disorders in a subject where the subject is in need of an inhibitor of MEK where the Compound is according to Formula (I), where X1, R1, R2, R2a, R3, R3a, and R3b are as described herein.
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Paragraph 00238
(2018/12/12)
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- 3-(7-Azaindolyl)-4-indolylmaleimides as a novel class of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation
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A series of 3-(7-azainodyl)-4-indolylmaleimides was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1)/R132H inhibitory activities. Many compounds such as 11a, 11c, 11e, 11g, and 11s exhibited favorable inhibitory effects on IDH1/R132H and were highly selective against the wild-type IDH1. Evaluation of the biological activities at the cellular level showed that compounds 11a, 11c, 11e, 11g, and 11s could effectively suppress the production of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid in U87MG cells expressing IDH1/R132H. Preliminary structure–activity relationship (SAR) and molecular modeling studies were discussed based on the experimental data obtained. These findings may provide new insights into the development of novel IDH1/R132H inhibitors.
- Hu, Yuanyuan,Gao, Anhui,Liao, Honghui,Zhang, Mengmeng,Xu, Gaoya,Gao, Lixin,Xu, Lei,Zhou, Yubo,Gao, Jianrong,Ye, Qing,Li, Jia
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- Visible-light-mediated aerobic selenation of (hetero)arenes with diselenides
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The first visible-light driven aerobic oxidation for the direct selenation of (hetero)arenes has been developed at room temperature, providing an eco-friendly, atom-economical protocol to prepare unsymmetrical selenides from easily accessible diselenides.
- Zhang, Qing-Bao,Ban, Yong-Liang,Yuan, Pan-Feng,Peng, Shou-Jiao,Fang, Jian-Guo,Wu, Li-Zhu,Liu, Qiang
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supporting information
p. 5559 - 5563
(2017/12/06)
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- Isocyanide-Induced Activation of Copper Sulfate: Direct Access to Functionalized Heteroarene Sulfonic Esters
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A novel and direct approach to alkyl/aryl heteroarene sulfonic esters using copper sulfate as the environmentally benign inorganic sulfonation reagent was first realized with the aid of isocyanide. A variety of heterocycles reacted to afford the corresponding sulfonic esters through C?H functionalization. In this transformation, the otherwise inert copper sulfate was unusually activated by an isocyanide and employed as the source of the sulfonic substituents in an unprecedented fashion. The findings suggest that an appropriate activator may liberate the chemical activities of some relatively inert inorganic salts for organic synthesis.
- Hong, Xiaohu,Tan, Qitao,Liu, Bingxin,Xu, Bin
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supporting information
p. 3961 - 3965
(2017/03/27)
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- Derisking the Cu-Mediated 18F-Fluorination of Heterocyclic Positron Emission Tomography Radioligands
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Molecules labeled with fluorine-18 (18F) are used in positron emission tomography to visualize, characterize and measure biological processes in the body. Despite recent advances in the incorporation of 18F onto arenes, the development of general and efficient approaches to label radioligands necessary for drug discovery programs remains a significant task. This full account describes a derisking approach toward the radiosynthesis of heterocyclic positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands using the copper-mediated 18F-fluorination of aryl boron reagents with 18F-fluoride as a model reaction. This approach is based on a study examining how the presence of heterocycles commonly used in drug development affects the efficiency of 18F-fluorination for a representative aryl boron reagent, and on the labeling of more than 50 (hetero)aryl boronic esters. This set of data allows for the application of this derisking strategy to the successful radiosynthesis of seven structurally complex pharmaceutically relevant heterocycle-containing molecules.
- Taylor, Nicholas J.,Emer, Enrico,Preshlock, Sean,Schedler, Michael,Tredwell, Matthew,Verhoog, Stefan,Mercier, Joel,Genicot, Christophe,Gouverneur, Véronique
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supporting information
p. 8267 - 8276
(2017/06/27)
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- Palladium-catalyzed regioselective C-2 arylation of 7-azaindoles, indoles, and pyrroles with arenes
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A palladium-catalyzed regioselective C-2 arylation of 7-azaindoles, indoles, and pyrroles with arenes has been developed. This study unveils that a critical substrate dependent acid concentration is essential for achieving exclusive C-2 selectivity as wel
- Laha, Joydev K.,Bhimpuria, Rohan A.,Prajapati, Dilip V.,Dayal, Neetu,Sharma, Shubhra
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supporting information
p. 4329 - 4332
(2016/03/22)
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- Application of 7-azaisatins in enantioselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction
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7-Azaisatin and 7-azaoxindole skeletons are valuable building blocks in diverse biologically active substances. Here 7-azaisatins turned out to be more efficient electrophiles than the analogous isatins in the enantioselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reactions with maleimides using a bifunctional tertiary amine, β-isocupreidine (β-ICD), as the catalyst. This route allows a convenient approach to access multifunctional 3-hydroxy-7-aza-2-oxindoles with high enantiopurity (up to 94% ee). Other types of activated alkenes, such as acrylates and acrolein, could also be efficiently utilized.
- He, Qing,Zhan, Gu,Du, Wei,Chen, Ying-Chun
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supporting information
p. 309 - 313
(2016/04/05)
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- Synthesis and antitumor activity of new thiazole nortopsentin analogs
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New thiazole nortopsentin analogs in which one of the two indole units was replaced by a naphthyl and/or 7-azaindolyl portion, were conveniently synthesized. Among these, three derivatives showed good antiproliferative activity, in particular against MCF7 cell line, with GI50 values in the micromolar range. Their cytotoxic effect on MCF7 cells was further investigated in order to elucidate their mode of action. Results showed that the three compounds act as pro-apoptotic agents inducing a clear shift of viable cells towards early apoptosis, while not exerting necrotic effects. They also caused cell cycle perturbation with significant decrease in the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 and S phases, accompanied by a concomitant percentage increase of cells in the G2/M phase, and appearance of a subG1-cell population.
- Attanzio, Alessandro,Barraja, Paola,Carbone, Anna,Cascioferro, Stella,Cirrincione, Girolamo,Diana, Patrizia,Montalbano, Alessandra,Parrino, Barbara,Spanò, Virginia,Tesoriere, Luisa
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- Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of thiazolyl-bis-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines and indolyl-thiazolyl-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridines, nortopsentin analogues
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Two new series of nortopsentin analogues, in which the imidazole ring of the natural product was replaced by thiazole and indole units were both substituted by 7-azaindole moieties or one indole unit was replaced by a 6-azaindole portion, were efficiently synthesized. Compounds belonging to both series inhibited the growth of HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells at low micromolar concentrations, whereas they did not affect the viability of normal-like intestinal cells. A compound of the former series induced apoptosis, evident as externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine (PS), and changes of mitochondrial trans-membrane potential, while blocking the cell cycle in G2/M phase. In contrast, a derivative of the latter series elicited distinct responses in accordance with the dose. Thus, low concentrations (GI30) induced morphological changes characteristic of autophagic death with massive formation of cytoplasmic acid vacuoles without apparent loss of nuclear material, and with arrest of cell cycle at the G1 phase, whereas higher concentrations (GI70) induced apoptosis with arrest of cell cycle at the G1 phase.
- Carbone, Anna,Parrino, Barbara,Vita, Gloria Di,Attanzio, Alessandro,Span, Virginia,Montalbano, Alessandra,Barraja, Paola,Tesoriere, Luisa,Livrea, Maria Antonia,Diana, Patrizia,Cirrincione, Girolamo
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p. 460 - 492
(2015/02/05)
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- HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AS INHIBITORS OF LEUKOTRIENE PRODUCTION
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The present invention relates to compound of formula (I): or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R1-R7, A and HET are as defined herein. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, methods of using these compounds in the treatment of various diseases and disorders, processes for preparing these compounds and intermediates useful in these processes
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Paragraph 0165; 0166; 0167
(2013/08/14)
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- Direct C-2 arylation of 7-azaindoles: Chemoselective access to multiarylated derivatives
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Pd-catalyzed direct C-H arylation of N-methyl-7-azaindole at the C-2 position by diverse arylboronic acids was achieved at room temperature. The method is general and was applied in chemoselective synthesis of multiarylated 7-azaindole derivatives bearing three different aryl groups at the 2, 3, and 5 positions.
- Kannaboina, Prakash,Anilkumar,Aravinda,Vishwakarma, Ram A.,Das, Parthasarathi
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supporting information
p. 5718 - 5721
(2013/12/04)
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- Pd-catalyzed direct coupling of indoles with carbon monoxide and alkynes: Selective synthesis of linear α,β-unsaturated ketones
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A new strategy is described for the direct coupling of indoles with CO and alkynes to generate α,β-unsaturated ketones. This procedure, employing Xantphos and Pd(CH3CN)4(BF4) 2, is attractive from both environmental and operational points of view and adds value to the method for the carbonylation of alkynes by using carbon nucleophiles and affording linear regioselectivity.
- Zeng, Fanlong,Alper, Howard
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supporting information
p. 2034 - 2037
(2013/06/04)
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- Characterization of maleimide-based glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitors as stimulators of steroidogenesis
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Inhibition of GSK-3β has been well documented to account for the behavioral actions of the mood stabilizer lithium in various animal models of mood disorders. Recent studies have showed that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β resulted in anxiolytic-like and pro-social behavior. In our ongoing efforts to develop GSK-3β inhibitors for the treatment of mood disorders, SAR studies on maleimide-based compounds were undertaken. We present herein for the first time that some of these GSK-3β inhibitors, in particular analogues 1 and 9, were able to stimulate progesterone production in the MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cell model of steroidogenesis without any significant toxicity. These two compounds were tested in the SmartCube behavioral assay and showed anxiolytic-like signatures following daily dose administration (50 mg/kg, ip) for 13 days. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that GSK-3β inhibition could influence neuroactive steroid production thereby mediating the modulation of anxiety-like behavior in vivo.
- Gunosewoyo, Hendra,Midzak, Andrew,Gaisina, Irina N.,Sabath, Emily V.,Fedolak, Allison,Hanania, Taleen,Brunner, Dani,Papadopoulos, Vassilios,Kozikowski, Alan P.
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p. 5115 - 5129
(2013/07/25)
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- Novel 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivative nortopsentin analogues: Synthesis and antitumor activity in peritoneal mesothelioma experimental models
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In this study, we describe the synthesis of new nortopsentin analogues, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives and their biological effects in experimental models of diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM), a rare and rapidly fatal disease, poorly responsive to conventional therapies. The three most active compounds, 1f (3-[2-(5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3- thiazol-4-yl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine), 3f (3-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol- 4-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine), and 1l (3-[2-(5-fluoro-1-methyl-1H- indol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b] pyridine), which were shown to act as cyclin-dependent kinase 1 inhibitors, consistently reduced DMPM cell proliferation and induced a caspase-dependent apoptotic response, with a concomitant reduction of the expression of the active Thr34- phosphorylated form of the antiapoptotic protein survivin. Moreover, the combined treatment of DMPM cells with 3f derivative and paclitaxel produced a synergistic cytotoxic effect, which was paralleled by an enhanced apoptotic response. In the mouse model, i.p. administration of 1f, 3f, and 1l derivatives was effective, resulting in a significant tumor volume inhibition of DMPM xenografts (range, 58-75%) at well-tolerated doses, and two complete responses were observed in each treatment group.
- Carbone, Anna,Pennati, Marzia,Parrino, Barbara,Lopergolo, Alessia,Barraja, Paola,Montalbano, Alessandra,Spanò, Virginia,Sbarra, Stefania,Doldi, Valentina,De Cesare, Michelandrea,Cirrincione, Girolamo,Diana, Patrizia,Zaffaroni, Nadia
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supporting information
p. 7060 - 7072
(2013/10/01)
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- Copper-promoted decarboxylative direct C3-acylation of N-substituted indoles with α-oxocarboxylic acids
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A novel and efficient Cu-promoted decarboxylative direct C3-acylation of N-substituted indoles with α-oxocarboxylic acids for the synthesis of 3-acylindoles was developed. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
- Yu, Lin,Li, Pinhua,Wang, Lei
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supporting information
p. 2368 - 2370
(2013/06/27)
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- Identification of trans-4-[1-[[7-fluoro-2-(1-methyl-3-indolyl)-6- benzoxazolyl]acetyl]-(4S)-fluoro-(2S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid as a potent, orally active VLA-4 antagonist
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For the purpose of obtaining orally potent VLA-4 inhibitors, we have carried out structural modification of the (N′-phenylureido)phenyl group in compound 1, where the group was found to be attributed to poor pharmacokinetic profile in our previous research. Through modification, we have identified several compounds with both potent in vitro activity and improved oral exposure. In particular, compound 7e with 7-fluoro-2-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3- yl)-1,3-benzoxazolyl group as a novel replacement of the (N′-phenylureido) phenyl group significantly inhibited eosinophil infiltration into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 15 mg/kg in an Ascaris-antigen-induced murine bronchial inflammatory model, and its efficacy was comparable to that of the anti-mouse α4 antibody (R1-2).
- Setoguchi, Masaki,Iimura, Shin,Sugimoto, Yuuichi,Yoneda, Yoshiyuki,Chiba, Jun,Watanabe, Toshiyuki,Muro, Fumihito,Iigo, Yutaka,Takayama, Gensuke,Yokoyama, Mika,Taira, Tomoe,Aonuma, Misato,Takashi, Tohru,Nakayama, Atsushi,MacHinaga, Nobuo
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experimental part
p. 1201 - 1212
(2012/03/26)
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- Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 3-(2-Phenyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-1H-indoles and 3-(2-Phenyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-1H-7-azaindoles
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Given the potent antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor activities of many natural products, there is an increasing interest in the synthesis of new molecules based on natural compound scaffolds. Based on a 2,4-bis(3'-indolyl)imidazole skeleton, two new series of phenylthiazolylindoles and phenylthiazolyl-7-azaindoles were obtained by Hantzsch reaction between substituted phenylthioamides and the α-bromoacetyl derivatives. Some azaindole derivatives, tested at the National Cancer Institute against a panel of ~60 tumor cell lines derived from nine human cancer cell types, showed inhibitory effects against all cell lines investigated at micromolar to nanomolar concentrations. Two of them exhibited a high affinity for CDK1, with IC50 values of 0.41 and 0.85μM. These promising results will set the foundation for future investigations into the development of anticancer therapies. Marine mining: Given the promise of marine-derived bioactive indole alkaloids, we synthesized a series of phenylthiazolylindoles and phenylthiazolyl-7-azaindoles, and evaluated their antitumor activity against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines. Some derivatives showed IC50 values in the micromolar to nanomolar range.
- Diana, Patrizia,Carbone, Anna,Barraja, Paola,Montalbano, Alessandra,Parrino, Barbara,Lopergolo, Alessia,Pennati, Marzia,Zaffaroni, Nadia,Cirrincione, Girolamo
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experimental part
p. 1300 - 1309
(2012/05/05)
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- Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of achiral azaindole-substituted titanocenes
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From the reaction of 1-methyl-1 H-pyr-rolo[2,3-b]pyridine (1a),1-(methoxymethyl)-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (1b), 1-isopropyl-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (1c), and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-b] pyridine (1d) under Vilsmeier-Haak conditions, the co
- Mendez, Luis Miguel Menendez,Deally, Anthony,O'Shea, Donal F.,Tacke, Matthias
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experimental part
p. 148 - 157
(2011/10/08)
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- Palladium-catalyzed regioselective aerobic oxidative C-H/N-H carbonylation of heteroarenes under base-free conditions
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Clearing the air! By using a balloon pressure of CO, the direct oxidative carbonylation of various heteroarenes with different alcohols was achieved in good to high yields with air as the oxidant in the presence of PdCl 2(PPh3)2 (see scheme). Notably, this transformation was carried out under base-free conditions. The reaction showed remarkably high regioselectivity and presents an environmentally benign protocol for the synthesis of carboxylic acid derivatives.
- Zhang, Hua,Liu, Dong,Chen, Caiyou,Liu, Chao,Lei, Aiwen
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 9581 - 9585
(2011/10/02)
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- Blue fluorescent amino acids as in vivo building blocks for proteins
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In vivo expression of colored proteins without post-translational modification or chemical functionalization is highly desired for protein studies and cell biology. Cell-permeable tryptophan analogues, such as azatryptophans, have proved to be almost ideal isosteric substitutes for natural tryptophan in cellular proteins. Their unique spectral features, such as markedly redshifted fluorescence, are transmitted into protein structures upon incorporation. Among the azaindoles under study (2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-azaindole) 4-azaindole has exhibited the largest Stokes shift (~130 nm) in steady-state fluorescence measurements. It is also highly biocompatible and as 4-azatryptophan it can be translated into target protein sequences. However, its quantum yield and fluorescence intensity are still significantly lower when compared with natural indole/tryptophan. Since azatryptophans are hydrophilic, their presence in the hydrophobic core of proteins could be harmful. In order to overcome these limitations we have performed nitrogen methylation of azaindoles and generated mono- and dimethylated azaindoles. Some of these methyl derivatives retain the pronounced red shift present in the parent 4-azaindole, but with much higher fluorescence intensity (reaching the level of indole/tryptophan). Therefore, the blue fluorescence of azaindole-containing proteins could be further enhanced by the use of methylated analogues. Further substitution of any azaindole ring with either endo- or exocyclic nitrogen will not yield a spectral fluorescence maximum shift beyond 450 nm under steady-state conditions in the physiological milieu. However, green fluorescence is a special feature of tautomeric species of azaindoles in various nonaqueous solvents. Thus, the design or evolution of the protein interior combined with the incorporation of these azaindoles might lead to the generation of specific chromophore microenvironments that facilitate tautomeric or protonated/deprotoned states associated with green fluorescence.
- Merkel, Lars,Hoesl, Michael G.,Albrecht, Marcel,Schmidt, Andreas,Budisa, Nediljko
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experimental part
p. 305 - 314
(2010/12/19)
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- Site-selective azaindole arylation at the azine and azole rings via N-oxide activation
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Subjection of N-methyl 6-and 7-azaindole N-oxides to a Pd(OAc) 2/DavePhos catalyst system enables regioselective direct arylation of the azine ring. Following deoxygenation, 7-azaindole substrates undergo an additional regioselective azole direct arylation event in good yield.
- Huestis, Malcolm P.,Fagnou, Keith
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1357 - 1360
(2009/09/05)
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- Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 7-azaindirubin-3′-oxime, a 7-aza isostere of the natural indirubin pharmacophore
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The bis-indole alkaloid indirubin and its analogues bear a very interesting natural pharmacophore. They are recognized mainly as kinase inhibitors, but several other activities make them possible candidates for preclinical studies. Based on the previously reported activity of 7-bromoindirubin-3-oxime and its derivatives, the synthesis of indirubins bearing a heterocyclic nitrogen atom at position 7 was carried out. Herein, we report the first synthesis of 7-azaindirubin-3-oxime (12) as well as its antiproliferative activity against 57 cancer cell lines and its inhibitory activity against a series of kinases. 7-Azaindirubin (10) and its 3-oxime derivative (12) showed reduced activity as kinase inhibitors in comparison with other known indirubin derivatives, but antiproliferative activity with a best GI50 value of 0.77 μM.
- Kritsanida, Marina,Magiatis, Prokopios,Skaltsounis, Alexios-Leandros,Peng, Youyi,Li, Peng,Wennogle, Lawrence P.
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experimental part
p. 2199 - 2202
(2010/06/15)
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- Potent platelet-derived growth factor-β receptor (PDGF-βR) inhibitors: Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-[3-(cyclohexylmethyl)ureido]-3-{1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl} quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives
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We found previously that 7-[3-(cyclohexylmethyl)ureido]-3-{1-methyl-1H- pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl}quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (7d-6) has considerable potency as a PDGF inhibitor. This compound showed potent inhibitory activity in a PDGF-induced CPA (Cell Proliferation Assay) and APA (Auto-Phosphorylation Assay) (IC50=0.05 μmol/l in CPA, 0.03 μmol/l in APA). Therefore, we tried to develop a novel and effective PDGF-βR inhibitor by optimizing a series of its derivatives. We found that trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)-catalyzed coupling of pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines with quinoxalin-2-ones proceeded efficiently under mild oxidation condition with manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) in situ, so this method was applied to prepare a series of derivatives. Results of in vitro screening of newly synthesized derivatives identified compound 7d-9 as having potent (IC50=0.014 μmol/l in CPA, 0.007 μmol/l in APA) and selective [IC50 values against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, kinase domain region, KDR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) and insulin growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR)/IC50 against PDGFR were each >1000] inhibitory activity. Moreover, in this series of derivatives, 7b-2 showed potent inhibitory activity toward both PDGF- and VEGF-induced signaling (PDGFR: IC50=0.004 μmol/l in CPA, 0.0008 μmol/l in APA, KDR: IC 50=0.008 μmol/l in APA). Herein we report a new and convenient synthetic method for this series of derivatives and its SAR study.
- Aoki, Katsuyuki,Obata, Tatsuhiro,Yamazaki, Yosuke,Mori, Yoshikazu,Hirokawa, Hiroko,Koseki, Jun-Ichi,Hattori, Tomohisa,Niitsu, Kazuaki,Takeda, Shuichi,Aburada, Masaki,Miyamoto, Ken-Ichi
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p. 255 - 267
(2007/10/03)
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- IMIDAZOPYRIDAZINE COMPOUNDS
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The present invention relates to novel substituted imidazo[1,2-b] pyridazine compounds of Formula (I) pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and the use such compounds as corticotropin releasing factor 1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and neurological diseases.
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Page/Page column 63-63
(2008/06/13)
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- Direct palladium-catalyzed C-2 and C-3 arylation of indoles: A mechanistic rationale for regioselectivity
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We have recently developed palladium-catalyzed methods for direct arylation of indoles (and other azoles) wherein high C-2 selectivity was observed for both free (NH)-indole and (NR)-indole. To provide a rationale for the observed selectivity ("nonelectrophilic" regioselectivity), mechanistic studies were conducted, using the phenylation of 1-methylindole as a model system. The reaction order was determined for iodobenzene (zero order), indole (first order), and the catalyst (first order). These kinetic studies, together with the Hammett plot, provided a strong support for the electrophilic palladation pathway. In addition, the kinetic isotope effect (KIEH/D) was determined for both C-2 and C-3 positions. A surprisingly large value of 1.6 was found for the C-3 position where the substitution does not occur (secondary KIE), while a smaller value of 1.2 was found at C-2 (apparent primary KIE). On the basis of these findings, a mechanistic interpretation is presented that features an electrophilic palladation of indole, accompanied by a 1,2-migration of an intermediate palladium species. This paradigm was used to design new catalytic conditions for the C-3 arylation of indole. In case of free (NH)-indole, regioselectivity of the arylation reaction (C-2 versus C-3) was achieved by the choice of magnesium base.
- Lane, Benjamin S.,Brown, Meghann A.,Sames, Dalibor
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p. 8050 - 8057
(2007/10/03)
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- THERAPEUTIC AGENTS I
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Compounds of formula(I), processes for preparing such compounds, their use in the treatment of obesity, psychiatric disorders, cognitive disorders, memory disorders, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and related conditions, and neurological disorders such as dementia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea and Alzheimer's disease and pain related disorders, and pharmaceutical compositions containing them.
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Page/Page column 65-66
(2010/02/12)
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- Direct C-H bond arylation: Selective palladium-catalyzed C2-arylation of N-substituted indoles
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(Equation Presented) We present a new, practical method by which N-substituted indoles may be selectively arylated in the C2-position with good yields, low catalyst loadings, and a high degree of functional group tolerance. Our investigation found that two competitive processes, namely, the desired cross-coupling and biphenyl formation, were operative in this reaction. A simple kinetic model was formulated that proved to be instructive and provided useful guidelines for reaction optimization; the approach described within may prove to be useful in other catalytic cross-coupling processes.
- Lane, Benjamin S.,Sames, Dalibor
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p. 2897 - 2900
(2007/10/03)
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- AMIDE DERIVATIVES AND DRUGS
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The present invention provides an amide derivative represented by the following formula [1]: wherein n represents 0 or 1; X represents CR4 or N; Y represents CR6 or N; Z represents CR7 or N; R1 and R2 may be the same or different and each represents hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, acyl, optionally substituted aryl, or an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group; R4, R5, R6 and R7 may be the same or different and each represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, arylalkyl, cyano, or nitro; and R3 represents optionally substituted alkylamino, optionally substituted arylamino, or optionally substituted cyclic amino, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising them as an active ingredient. The compound of the present invention is useful as a TGF-β inhibitor.
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- FAB I INHIBITORS
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Compounds of the formula (I) are disclosed which are Fab I inhibitors and are useful in the treatment of bacterial infections.
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- VLA-4 INHIBITORS
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The present invention relates to a compound represented by the following formula (I): (wherein, W represents WA-A1 -WB - (in which, WA is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, etc., A1 is -NR1-, single bond, -C(O)-, etc., and WB is substituted or unsubstituted arylene, etc.), R is single bond, -NH-, -OCH2-, alkenylene, etc., X is -C(O) -CH2-, etc., and M is, for example, the following formula: (in which, R11, R12 and R13 each independently represents hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, halogen, etc., R14 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, Y represents -CH2-O-, etc., Z is substituted or unsubstituted arylene, etc., A2 is single bond, etc, and R10 is hydroxyl or lower alkoxy)), or salt thereof; and a medicament containing the same. This compound or salt thereof selectively inhibits binding of cell adhesion molecules to VAL-4 and exhibits high bioavailability so that it is useful as a preventive and/or remedy for inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, metastasis, bronchial asthma, rhinostenosis, diabetes, and the like.
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- A facile synthesis of 1-alkyl-7-azaisatins
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1-Alkyl-7-azaisatins are synthesized from the reaction of 1-alkyl-7- azaindoles with bromine in dichloromethane and subsequent oxidation with N- bromosuccinimide - dimethyl sulfoxide reagent. 1-Alkyl-7-azaindoles are readily available in high yields from
- Tatsugi, Jiro,Zhiwei, Tong,Amano, Tomohiro,Izawa, Yasuji
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p. 1145 - 1150
(2007/10/03)
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- Inhibitors of Protein Kinase C. 1. 2,3-Bisarylmaleimides
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The design and synthesis of a series of novel inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) is described.These 2,3-bisarylmaleimides were derived from the structural lead provided by the indolocarbazoles, staurosporine and K252a.Optimum activity required the imide NH, both carbonyl groups, and the olefinic bond of the maleimide ring. 2,3-Bisindolylmaleimides were the most active, and the potency of these was improved by a chloro substituent at the 5-position of one indole ring (compound 28, IC50 0.11 μM).In a series of (phenylindolyl)maleimides, nitro compound 74 was most active (IC50 0.67 μM).Naphthalene 19 and benzothiophene 21 showed greater than 100-fold selectivity for inhibition of PKC over the closely related cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA).
- Davis, Peter D.,Hill, Christopher H.,Lawton, Geoffrey,Nixon, John S.,Wilkinson, Sandra E.,et al.
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p. 177 - 184
(2007/10/02)
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