- Two anhydrous and a trihydrate form of tilorone dihydrochloride: Hydrogen-bonding patterns and reversible hydration/dehydration solid-state transformation
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During the polymorph screening of an active pharmaceutical ingredient tilorone dihydrochloride (chemical name 2,7-bis[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-9- fluorenone dihydrochloride) two new polymorphic modifications - III and IV - were obtained. The crystal structures of both polymorphs were established from X-ray powder diffraction. An interesting phenomenon has been observed at ambient conditions for III, which transforms into a novel hydrated form IIIh during 2-3 h when the humidity in the storage room increases to 70% or more. As soon as the relative humidity falls to 30% or less, IIIh transforms into the parent anhydrous form III within an hour. Form IIIh has been identified as a trihydrate of tilorone dihydrochloride, and its crystal structure has been established from X-ray powder diffraction. On the basis of the crystal structures and hydrogen-bonding patterns, a mechanistic model of reversible hydration/dehydration solid-state transformation III ? IIIh depending on the relative humidity is proposed.
- Chernyshev, Vladimir V.,Yatsenko, Alexandr V.,Pirogov, Sergey V.,Nikulenkova, Tamara F.,Tumanova, Ekaterina V.,Lonin, Ivan S.,Paseshnichenko, Ksenia A.,Mironov, Andrei V.,Velikodny, Yurii A.
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- An effective synthesis method for tilorone dihydrochloride with obvious IFN-α inducing activity
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Tilorone dihydrochloride (1) has great potential for inducing interferon against pathogenic infection. In this paper, we describe a convenient preparation method for 2,7-dihydroxyfluoren-9-one (2), which is a usual pharmaceutical intermediate for preparing tilorone dihydrochloride (1). In the novel method, methyl esterification of 4,4′-dihydroxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid (4) was carried out under milder conditions with higher yield and played an important role in the preparation of compound 2. The structures of the relative intermediates and target compound were characterized by melting point, IR, MS, and 1H-NMR. Furthermore, the synthesized tilorone dihydrochloride exhibited an obvious effect on induction of interferon-α (IFN-α) in mice within 12 h, and the peak level was observed until 24 h. This fruitful work has resulted in tilorone dihydrochloride becoming available in large-scale and wide application in clinics, which has a good pharmaceutical development prospects.
- Zhang, Junren,Yao, Qizheng,Liu, Zuliang,De Sousa, Maria Emília
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- Aminoalkoxyfluorenones and aminoalkoxybiphenyls: DNA binding modes
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Many evidences suggest that DNA-drug interaction in the minor groove and the intercalation of drugs into DNA may play critical roles in antiviral, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities. As a continuous effort to develop novel antiviral agents, the series of planar fluorenone (3a–7d) were synthesized and used along with nonplanar biphenyls (11a–d) for the comparative analysis of their interaction with DNA. The chemical structure of new compounds was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra as well as elemental analysis. DNA affinity of 3a–7d and 11a–d was evaluated by ethidium bromide displacement assay. Affinity constant (lgKa) of 3a–7d was found to be approximately two orders of magnitude higher than constants of corresponding 11a–d. The molecular docking of aminoalkoxybiphenyls (11a–d) into minor grove of five different nucleotide sequences (d(CCIICICCII), d(CGCGTTAACGCG), d(CGCGATATCGCG), d(GGCCAATTGG), d(GGATATATCC)) demonstrated their binding capacity to the specific DNA site. The linear least squares fitting technique was successfully applied to derive an equation describing the relationship between lgKa and SF.
- Zanoza, Svitlana O.,Klimenko, Kyrylo O.,Maltzev, George V.,Bykova, Tetiana I.,Levandovskiy, Igor A.,Lyakhov, Sergiy A.,Andronati, Sergiy A.,Bondarev, Mikhail L.
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