- Synthesis of methyl orange using ionic liquids
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Two ionic liquids were synthesized, each system consisting of the 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ion ([hmim]+) as the cation and either hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]-), or perchlorate ([ClO4]-) as the anions. This study involves
- Astolfi, Danette L.,Mayville, Francis C.
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- Various metal organic frameworks combined with imidazolium, quinolinum and benzothiazolium ionic liquids for removal of three antibiotics from water
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In this research, imidazolium, quinolinum and benzothiazolium based ionic liquids (ILs) were immobilized on a metal organic framework (MOF) by solvent impregnation or capillary action. The synthesized IL@MOF composite materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and TGA methods and then applied in removal of tetracyclines (TCs) from aqueous samples. The presence of ionic liquids significantly improved the adsorption efficiency of the metal organic framework, with 82% or higher removal percentage was obtained for the three target TCs while the pristine MOFs adsorption efficiency was below 50%. This could be attributed to the ability of ILs to make complex interaction with target drugs via multiple intermolecular forces. Experimental results revealed the effects of three significant factors including pH, temperature and solid-liquid ratio, and optimum adsorption efficiency could be achieved at pH 8 and 30 °C when solid-liquid ratio = 1:2 was adopted. The adsorption kinetics was properly fitted with pseudo-second order model and Redlich-Peterson model could be used to describe the adsorption isotherm for three antibiotics; moreover, the adsorption was an endothermic and spontaneous process in nature. Finally, the adsorbed TCs could be desorbed efficiently and the performance of the IL@MOF sorbent was further verified by actual water samples.
- Yohannes, Alula,Li, Jing,Yao, Shun
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- Simultaneous determination of Brilliant Green and Crystal Violet dyes in fish and water samples with dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction using ionic liquid followed by zero crossing first derivative spectrophotometric analysis method
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In this study, dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction using ionic liquid (IL-DLLME) combined with zero crossing first derivative spectrophotometric method was applied to quantitative determination of triphenylmethane dyes in binary mixtures. The 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [OMIM][PF6] ionic liquid was used to extract Brilliant Green (BG) and Crystal Violet(CV) dyes from aqueous solutions. The amplitude of the zero crossing first derivative spectra at 670 nm and 532 nm were selected for the determination of BG and CV, respectively. Significant factors influencing the extraction of BG and CV such as sample pH, kind of extraction solvent, amount of extractant, extraction and centrifuging times and ionic strength were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curves for the simultaneous determination of both dyes were found to be linear in the range of 10–500 μg L?1 with detection limits (LODs) of 2.7 μg L?1 and 1.4 μg L?1 for BG and CV, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) for five replicate simultaneous determinations of BG and CV were 4.7% and 1.7%, respectively. Extraction efficiencies of the BG and CV dyes in the presence of interfering ions were also investigated. Sample preparation based on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction combined with the IL-DLLME method and zero crossing first derivative spectrophotometric detection was applied for the simultaneous analysis of BG and CV in fish and water samples with quantitative recoveries.
- Sadeghi, Susan,Nasehi, Zohreh
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p. 134 - 142
(2018/05/22)
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- Ultrafast dynamics in aromatic cation based ionic liquids: A femtosecond raman-induced kerr effect spectroscopic study
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We studied the ultrafast dynamics of 40 aromatic cation based ionic liquids (ILs) by means of femtosecond Ramaninduced Kerr effect spectroscopy. The low-frequency Kerr spectra (ca. 0.3700 cm1) of the ILs were obtained from the Kerr transients by Fourier-Transform deconvolution analysis. The low-frequency Kerr spectra in the frequency range less than 200 cm-1 coming mainly from the intermolecular vibrations for the ILs were discussed in terms of (i) anion dependence, (ii) imidazolium cations vs. pyridinium cations, (iii) alkyl group dependence, and (iv) effect of methylation in aromatic cations. Several liquid properties, such as density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and surface tension, of the present sample ILs at 293K were also estimated in this study. We clarified that the aromatic cation based ILs show a different relation of the first moment of the low-frequency spectral band to the bulk liquid parameter, which is the square root of surface tension divided by liquid density, from aprotic molecular liquids. The slope of the first moment to the bulk parameter for the aromatic cation based ILs is gentler than that for aprotic molecular liquids.
- Shirota, Hideaki,Kakinuma, Shohei,Takahashi, Kotaro,Tago, Akito,Jeong, Hocheon,Fujisawa, Tomotsumi
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supporting information
p. 1106 - 1128
(2016/10/11)
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- Effect of imidazolium ionic liquids on the hydrolytic activity of lipase
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The effect of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) on the hydrolysis activityof Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) toward triacylglycerol was investigated. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of ILs with Br -, Cl-, and [BF4]- anions and the solubility of ILs with [PF6]- anions were determined in phosphate buffer. Results suggested that the content of the ILs, not kosmotropicity, highly influenced the effects of anions and cations of ILs on CRL activity. As the length of alkyl chain of the cation [CnMIM] + increased, lower IL content was required to achieve high enzyme activity. Once the concentrations of the ILs with Br-, Cl -, and [BF4]- anions exceeded the CMC value, enzyme activity was suppressed. The positive promotion effect of anions on enzyme activity was in the order of Br- Cl- [BF 4]- [PF6]-. The effect of ionic liquid on enzyme activity was highly dependent on the pH and temperature of the system, with the optimum pH being 7.000. Under optimal conditions of pH 7.000, 30 °C, and 47.6 mmol/L of [C8MIM]Br, the highest relative activity of CRL (1734%) was achieved, with a specific activity of 54.4 U/mg protein.
- Li, Na,Du, Weiyan,Huang, Zhuonan,Zhao, Wei,Wang, Shoujiang
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p. 769 - 780
(2013/07/19)
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- Microwave-assisted synthesis and spectral identification of [Rmim]PF 6 (R = p,b,c6) ionic liquids
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By microwave irradiation, the intermediates of imidazolium ionic liquids: 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([bmim]Br), 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([pmim]Br), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([c6mim]Br) were synthesized, respectively from 1-methylimidazole and organic bromide(1-bromobutane, 1-bromopropane, 1-bromohexane). The optimal technological conditions were obtained by the crossed experiment, i.e., 1-methylimidazole/ organic halide (in mole): 1:1.1, temperature: 80 °C, time: 20 min. The product yield was 90 % and more. Each of them reacted with HPF6 for 4 h at room temperature, respectively to get hydrophobic imidazolium ionic liquids, i.e., 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF 6), 1-propyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([pmim]PF 6), 1-hexane-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([c 6mim]PF6). The product yield was about 50 %. Their structures were analyzed and identified by UV-vis, IR and H' NMR spectra, respectively.
- Yongqing, Su,Yongfu, He,Cong, Li,Ping, Wang,Yun, Zhong,Limei, Liu,Fei, He
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experimental part
p. 97 - 99
(2011/11/28)
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- Direct conversion of benzylamines to imines via atmospheric oxidation in the presence of VO(Hhpic)2 catalyst
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Oxovanadium complex bearing 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (H2hpic), that is, VO(Hhpic)2, successfully catalyzes a highly selective oxidation of benzylamines to the corresponding N-(benzylidene)benzylamines under atmospheric molecular oxygen. In addition, the use of imidazolium-type ionic liquids as solvent makes it possible to attain recycling of the catalyst.
- Kodama, Shintaro,Yoshida, Jun,Nomoto, Akihiro,Ueta, Yukihiro,Yano, Shigenobu,Ueshima, Michio,Ogawa, Akiya
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 2450 - 2452
(2010/07/04)
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- Physicochemical properties of tungstate-based room-temperature ionic liquids
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Tungstate-functionalized room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs), 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tungstates [RMIm]2 [WO4] (R = C6H13 or C12H25), were synthesized and the IL's structure has been proved by NMR, Fourier transform IR, and elemental analysis. The physicochemical characteristics of the tungstate-based ILs have been determined by using methods of conductivity, viscosity, and cyclic voltammetry measurements, in comparison with those of the conventional ILs such as 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. The influences of anions and the length of alkyl chain linked to the imidazolium ring on physicochemical properties of the ILs were examined in detail. All ILs owned higher conductivities and lower viscosities at higher temperatures. The strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds were found in the tungstate-based ILs. Cyclic voltammograms of the functionalized ILs illustrated that they were quite electrochemically stable. In general, the understanding of electrochemical properties of imidazolium ILs can facilitate their possible applications in electrochemistry.
- Qiao, Yunxiang,Hu, Jun,Li, Huan,Hua, Li,Hu, Yu,Feng, Bo,Hou, Zhenshan
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experimental part
p. F124-F129
(2011/01/09)
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- A green and novel procedure for the preparation of ionic liquid
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A green and novel procedure is described for the preparation of a series of ionic liquid containing alkylimidazolium-based or N-alkylpyridinium-based cations and hexafluorophosphate-based or tetrafluoroborate-based anions in one-pot solvent-free conditions to give excellent yields with shortened time.
- Fang, Dong,Cheng, Jian,Gong, Kai,Shi, Qun-Rong,Zhou, Xin-Li,Liu, Zu-Liang
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p. 108 - 111
(2008/09/21)
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- One-pot and solventless synthesis of ionic liquids under ultrasonic irradiation
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A novel method is described for the one-pot synthesis of various ionic liquids in a competitive time. By using ultrasonic irradiation, different families of nitrogen-bearing ionic liquids can be obtained in a solvent-free or in aqueous medium, which gives a greener touch to the overall process. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Estager, Julien,Lévêque, Jean-Marc,Cravotto, Giancarlo,Boffa, Luisa,Bonrath, Werner,Draye, Micheline
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p. 2065 - 2068
(2008/02/10)
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- How to predict the physical properties of ionic liquids: A volume-based approach
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(Chemical Equation Presented) The molecular volume Vm (that is, the sum of the ionic volumes Vion of the constituent ions) of an ionic liquid (IL) in combination with an anion-dependent empirical relationship is all one needs to predict physical properties such as viscosity, conductivity, and density of [N(CN)2]-, [BF4]-, [PF6]-, and [N(SO2CF3) 2]- ionic liquids, including those which may as yet only exist on paper.
- Slattery, John M.,Daguenet, Corinne,Dyson, Paul J.,Schubert, Thomas J. S.,Krossing, Ingo
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p. 5384 - 5388
(2008/03/15)
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- The HF/BF3-catalysed reaction of substituted benzenes with carbon monoxide
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The HF/BF3-catalysed reactions of phenol and anisole as well as substituted benzenes with CO were investigated as possible routes to commercially important aldehydes. The results confirmed that HF and BF 3 are required in (at least) stoichiometric amounts for effective formylation with CO. With the aim of effecting truly catalytic reaction conditions, the formylation reactions were carried out in ionic liquids. It was shown that phenol is a good substrate for formylation in certain ionic liquids. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Willemse, J. Alexander,Bezuidenhoudt, Barend C. B.,Holzapfel, Cedric W.
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p. 2543 - 2550
(2008/02/04)
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- Organic salt conditioner, organic salt-containing composition, and uses thereof
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The present invention relates to the use of, and a composition containing, at least one non-polymeric organic salt with a melting point of less than 60° C. These organic salts may be imidazolium, pyrazolium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium or tetraalkylphosphonium salts. The inventinon composition may be used for washing (cleaning) and/or conditioning keratin materials, and especially the hair.
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- Solvent extraction and stripping of silver ions in room-temperature ionic liquids containing calixarenes
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We found that a calix[4]arene-bearing pyridine is soluble in a typical room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. Pyridinocalix[4]arene showed a high extraction ability and selectivity for silver ions. The extraction performance of the calix[4]arene was greatly enhanced by dissolution in RTILs compared to in chloroform. In a competitive extraction test using five different metal ions (Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+), only silver ions were transferred by the calix[4]arene from the aqueous feed phase into the RTILs, through a cation-exchange mechanism. The pyridinocalix[4]arene was found to form a stable 1:1 complex with silver ions, both by slope analysis and by Job's method. Since it is easy to strip silver ions from RTILs by controlling the aqueous-phase pH, the extraction performance of calix[4]arene in RTILs was maintained after five repeated uses.
- Shimojo, Kojiro,Goto, Masahiro
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p. 5039 - 5044
(2007/10/03)
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- A Novel and Eco-friendly Method for the Preparation of Ionic Liquids
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A novel and eco-friendly method is described for the direct preparation of a series of ionic liquids containing alkylimidazolium-based cations and hexafluorophosphate-based (or tetrafluoroborate-based) anions in a one-pot procedure by using ionic liquids themselves as solvents.
- Xu, Dan-Qian,Liu, Bao-You,Luo, Shu-Ping,Xu, Zhen-Yuan,Shen, Yin-Chu
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p. 2626 - 2628
(2007/10/03)
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- Chemoselective thioacetalization and transthioacetalization of carbonyl compounds catalyzed by immobilized scandium(III) triflate in ionic liquids
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Immobilized scandium triflate [Sc(OTf)3] in ionic liquids has been found to be an extremely efficient and recyclable catalyst for the thioacetalization and transthioacetalization of both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. Significant rate acceleration and chemoselectivity was achieved by employing this catalytic system.
- Kamal, Ahmed,Chouhan, Gagan
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p. 3337 - 3340
(2007/10/03)
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- Liquid-liquid equilibria of room-temperature ionic liquids and butan-1-ol
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Room-temperature ionic liquids are salts that are liquid at room temperature. Their use as catalysts and catalytic support has been studied extensively. However, there are very few measurements on their solubility and phase equilibria in common organic solvents. In this work, the liquid-liquid phase equilibria of mixtures of room-temperature ionic liquids, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [Rnmim][PF6] (1) where Rn = butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl, with butan-1-ol (2) over a composition range have been measured. The binodal coexistence curves of the mixtures were found to have an upper critical solution temperature (USCT) at x2 ≈ 0.9. The UCST decreases with increase in the length of the alkyl chain of the ionic liquid, with the UCST of the butyl at 373 K and that of the octyl at 326 K. Both the UCST and the composition at the UCST as a function of the 1-alkyl group chain length can be reasonably well predicted from theory on the basis of unimolecular quantum chemical calculations.
- Wu,Marsh, Kenneth N.,Deev, Alexander V.,Boxall, John A.
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p. 486 - 491
(2007/10/03)
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- Single step preparation of ionic fluids
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Preparation of ionic liquids (I) involves alkylating an amine, phosphine, imidazole, pyridine, triazole or pyrazole, corresponding to the cation of (I), with a halide (II) then replacing the sulfate anion by the anion of (I), the process is carried out without isolation of the intermediate. In the preparation of ionic liquids of formula (I) involves alkylating the amine, phosphine, imidazole, pyridine, triazole or pyrazole, corresponding to the cation A with a halide of formula (II) then replacing the sulfate anion X by the anion Yn-, the process is carried out without isolation of the intermediate. (A)n.(Yn-) (I) RX (II) n = 1 or 2; Yn- = BF4, BCl4, PF6, SbF6, AsF6, AlCl4, ZnCl3, CuCl2, SO4, CO3, R'COO, R'SO3 or (R'SO2)2N; R' = 1-12C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, 5-18C aryl, (5-18C) aryl-(1-6C) alkyl or (1-6C) alkyl-(5-18C) aryl (all optionally halo-substituted); A = NR1R2R3R or PR1R2R3R; or 1-(R)-3-(R1)-imidazolium, (R1)-substituted 1-(R)-pyridinium, 1-(R)-2-(R1)-pyrazolium or 1-(R)-1,3,5-triazolium (all optionally ring-substituted by one or more of 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkoxy, 1-6C aminoalkyl, 5-12C aryl or (5-12C) aryl-(1-6C) alkyl); R1-R3 = H; 1-20C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl; Het or Het-(1-6C) alkyl; or Ar or Ar-(1-6C) alkyl; R = 1-20C linear, branched or cyclic alkyl; Het-(1-6C) alkyl; or Ar-(1-6C) alkyl; Het = heteroaryl containing 3-8C and at least one of N, O and S (optionally substituted by one or more of 1-6C alkyl and halo); Ar = 5-12C aryl (optionally substituted by one or more of 1-6C alkyl and halo); and X = halogen.
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- Influence of structural variation in room-temperature ionic liquids on the selectivity and efficiency of competitive alkali metal salt extraction by a crown ether
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An improved method for the preparation of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphates provides a series of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) in which the 1-alkyl group is varied systematically from butyl to nonyl. For competitive solvent extraction of aqueous solutions of alkali metal chlorides with solutions of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) in these RTILs, the extraction efficiency generally diminished as the length of the 1-alkyl group was increased. Under the same conditions, extraction of alkali metal chlorides into solutions of DC18C6 in chloroform, nitrobenzene, and 1-octanol was undetectable. The extraction selectivity order for DC18C6 in the RTILs was K+ > Rb+ > Cs+ > Na+ > Li+. As the alkyl group in the RTIL was elongated, the K+/Rb+ and K+/Cs+ selectivities exhibited general increases with the larger enhancement for the latter. For DC18C6 in 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, the alkali metal cation extraction selectivity and efficiency were unaffected by variation of the aqueous-phase anion from chloride to nitrate to sulfate.
- Chun,Dzyuba,Bartsch
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p. 3737 - 3741
(2007/10/03)
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