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As our ongoing work on lathyrane diterpenoid derivatization, three series of lathyrane diterpenoid derivatives were designed and synthesized based combination principles, including pyrazole, thiazole and furoxan moieties. Biological evaluation indicated t

In continuation of our ongoing research on the discovery of novel and potentially bioactive aurones, we have designed and synthesized some novel N,N-dimethylaminopropoxy-substituted pyrazole-based aurones 10(a-l). These pyrazole-benzofuranone hybrid compounds were characterized by using their IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry data. Compound 10c was used as a model to further explicate the structure of tilted compounds by means of 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C HMQC, 1H-13C HMBC, 1H-1H TOCSY, 1H-1H NOSEY, DEPT-45°, DEPT-90°, and DEPT-135° NMR spectra. The comparative molecular docking study of N,N-dimethylaminopropoxy-substituted pyrazole-based aurones and standard drugs (Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol) against Bacillus subtilis (PDB: 6tzp) active site was performed to determine the binding interactions, binding energy, and orientation of the molecules at the active site of the target protein. Out of these synthesized compounds, five best analogs (10b, 10f, 10h, 10k, and 10l) of docking results were also evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial potential against Bacillus subtilis to validate the docking results.

In this study, a new series of quinazolinone-pyrazole hybrids were designed, synthesized and screened for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results of the in vitro screening indicated that all the molecular hybrids exhibited more inhibitory activity (IC50 values ranging from 60.5 ± 0.3 μM-186.6 ± 20 μM) in comparison to standard acarbose (IC50 = 750.0 ± 10.0 μM). Limited structure–activity relationship suggested that the variation in the inhibitory activities of the compounds affected by different substitutions on phenyl rings of diphenyl pyrazole moiety. The enzyme kinetic studies of the most potent compound 9i revealed that it inhibited α-glucosidase in a competitive mode with a Ki of 56 μM. Molecular docking study was performed to predict the putative binding interaction. As expected, all pharmacophoric moieties used in the initial structure design playing a pivotal role in the interaction with the binding site of the enzyme. In addition, by performing molecular dynamic investigation and MM-GBSA calculation, we investigated the difference in structural perturbation and dynamic behavior that is observed over α-glycosidase in complex with the most active compound and acarbose relative to unbound α-glycosidase enzyme.

Abstract: One-pot condensation of pyrazole-4-aldehydes and hydroxylamine hydrochloride to form the corresponding oxime using formic acid as a medium and further dehydration of oxime using a catalytic amount of orthophosphoric acid to afford novel pyrazole-4-carbonitrile. This protocol serves as an ortho-phosphoric acid-catalyzed one-pot conversion of aldehyde to nitrile. Most remarkable features of this method are metal-free, cost-effective, atom efficiency with excellent yield (98–99%). This process will serve as a robust and scalable tool for the synthesis of valuable and versatile precursor (nitriles). This precursor will pave the way for the synthesis of various medicinally important valuable compounds. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

A series of novel pyrazole-phenyl semicarbazone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and screened for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Given the importance of hydrogen bonding in promoting the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, pharmacophore modification was established. The docking results rationalized the idea of the design. All newly synthesized compounds exhibited excellent in vitro yeast α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 values in the range of 65.1–695.0 μM) even much more potent than standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 750.0 μM). Among them, compounds 8o displayed the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 65.1 ± 0.3 μM). Kinetic study of compound 8o revealed that it inhibited α-glucosidase in a competitive mode (Ki = 87.0 μM). Limited SAR suggested that electronic properties of substitutions have little effect on inhibitory potential of compounds. Cytotoxic studies demonstrated that the active compounds (8o, 8k, 8p, 8l, 8i, and 8a) compounds are also non-cytotoxic. The binding modes of the most potent compounds 8o, 8k, 8p, 8l and 8i was studied through in silico docking studies. Molecular dynamic simulations have been performed in order to explain the dynamic behavior and structural changes of the systems by the calculation of the root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF).

A series of substituted imidazole-pyrazole fused compounds were designed & fused synthesized by employing Debus-Radziszewski one-pot synthesis reaction. Azoles are an extensive and comparatively new class of synthetic compounds including imidazoles and pyrazoles. The current clinical treatment uses compounds of azole framework. Azoles act by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis pathway (a principal component of the fungal cell wall). In addition, a literature review shows that the compounds that include imidazoles and pyrazoles have significant anti-bacterial and anti-mycobacterial effects. In light of the above findings, a series of compounds with imidazole and pyrazole scaffolds were sketched and developed to examine anti-bacterial, antifungal and anti-mycobacterial activities. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized using1HNMR,13CNMR, elemental analysis, and MS spectral data. The target compounds were screened for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species by disc diffusion method according to the NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) and anti-mycobacterial activity against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain. The results revealed that imidazole-pyrazole fused scaffold compounds have potential anti-bacterial, antifungal and anti-mycobacterial activities which can be further optimized to get a lead compound.

The present invention relates to a novel carboxamide compound and a composition for preventing or treating metabolic diseases comprising the same, wherein the composition is potent and selective estrogen related receptor (Estrogen-related receptor). ERR)

The synthesis of 4-formylpyrazoles using Vilsmeier-Haack reagent is a common protocol in pyrazole chemistry. An efficient microwave-assisted synthesis of 4-formylpyrazoles by employing Vilsmeier-Haack reagent (OPC-VH) derived from phthaloyl dichloride/dimethylformamide has been described. This method offers the advantages of operational simplicity, avoiding the use of POCl3 as toxic reagents and reuse of the by-product in the preparation of phthaloyl dichloride.

An efficient microwave-assisted method of synthesis of pyrazole-4-carbonitriles has been developed. Condensation of pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes with hydroxylamine hydrochloride followed by reaction of the resulting oximes with the Vilsmeier-Haack reagent pre-formed from phthaloyl dichloride and dimethylformamide under microwave irradiation afforded the corresponding pyrazole-4-carbonitriles in 73percent to 91percent yield. The operational simplicity, avoidance of toxic reagents such as POCl3, shorter reaction time, higher yield compared to the classical version, easy work up, and the use of the by-product in the regeneration of phthaloyl dichloride are the advantages of this methodology. All the target compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus; Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica, and the fungal species Candida albicans.

Pyrazole, coumarin, and quinoline are medicinally important moieties. In this study, two series of novel pyrazole–coumarin chalcones and pyrazole–quinoline chalcones were synthesized using multiple-step reactions. All the synthesized compounds were well c

In this study, we have discovered small druglike molecules as selective inhibitors of human tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (h-TNAP), an enzyme critical for the regulation of extracellular matrix calcification. The upregulation of h-TNAP is associated with various pathologies particularly the vascular calcification (VC). Selective inhibition of h-TNAP over h-NPP1 may serve as a useful therapeutic strategy against vascular calcification. A series of novel triazolyl pyrazole derivatives (10a-y) in which thiol bearing triazole moiety as the zinc binding functional group was introduced to a pyrazole based pharmacophore was synthesized and evaluated as potent and selective inhibitors of h-TNAP over h-NPP1. The biological screening against h-TNAP, h-IAP, h-NPP1 and h-NPP3 showed that many of the synthesized compounds are selective inhibitors of TNAP. Particularly, the compounds 10a-h, 10j, 10m-q, 10u, 10w and 10x displayed high potency and complete selectivity towards h-TNAP over h-NPP1. Compound 10q emerged as a highly potent inhibitor (IC50 = 0.16 μM or 160 nM) against h-TNAP with 127-fold increased inhibition compared to levamisole. On the other hand, compound 10e was found to be most selective inhibitor against the tested APs and NPPs (IC50 = 1.59 ± 0.36 μM). Binding sites architecture analysis, molecular-docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS), revealed the basis for h-TNAP and h-IAP ligand selectivity as well as selectivity towards h-TNAP over h-NPP1. These newly discovered inhibitors are believed to represent valuable lead structures to further streamline the generation of candidate compounds to target VC.

Novel pyrazole chalcone has been synthesized by reaction of phenyl-3-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde and acetophenone by Claisen-Schmidt reaction in ethanol by microwave assisted method. It has been characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic

The aim of this study was to synthesize newer potent Schiff bases by condensing 2-amino-5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)thiophene-3-carbonitrile and 1,3-disubstituted-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes, and to investigate their biological activity. The compounds were synthesized via Gewald synthesis and characterized by spectral data and elemental analyses. They were screened for their in vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The synthesized compounds were also evaluated for in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using the microplate Alamar Blue assay. Compounds 8b, 8c, 8f, 8g, 8k, 8n, and 8o showed promising antibacterial activity. The interactions between the substituted pyrazoles and bovine protein showed promising anti-inflammatory activity. The experimental results revealed compound 8a as a promising antitubercular agent. Hemolytic assays confirmed that the compounds are nontoxic, with percentage hemolysis ranging from 3.6 to 20.1, at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The results suggest that the pyrazole ring and the substitution pattern on the heterocyclic moiety have an effect on the bioactivity.

Abstract: A simple and efficient microwave-assisted protocol has been developed for the synthetic of a series of novel pyrazole–indanone hybrid analogs. The target compounds have been synthesized by the Claisen–Schmidt condensation of different 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes with 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one in the presence of potassium hydroxide. The compounds were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectra and were found to exhibit potent antimicrobial activity in vitro.

The synthesis of a series of novel pyrazolylphenanthroimidazoles 6a-6j has been accomplished utilizing a multi-step synthetic protocol, and characterized through physical and spectral techniques. Among them, the molecules possessing para-bromo (6d), para-methyl (6f) and para-nitro (6j) phenyl substituents on the pyrazole scaffold displayed similar anti-inflammatory activity and the one with no substituents on the aryl unit (6a) exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory profile. While investigating the DPPH radical scavenging activity, the synthesized chemical entity with a para-methoxyphenyl group attached at the pyrazole structural motif (6i) revealed the highest activity when compared to the other synthesized molecules. Furthermore, the evaluation of cytotoxic activity of the synthesized molecule (6a) exerted significant activity against both the pancreatic cell lines such as AsPC1 and SW1990. Besides, while performing the molecular docking studies of 6a with B-cell lymphoma 2, an appreciable binding affinity (-9.04 kcal mol-1) has been observed. The results of the present examination imply that these chemical entities could be used as efficient intermediates for the construction of biopertinent molecules. This journal is

Abstract: A new series of difluoro phenyl pyrazole chalcone was prepared by utilizing PEG 400 as a catalyst and investigated for their antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. The compounds 3-[3-(4-bromo-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-1-(2,4-difluloro-phenyl)-propenone (IVc), 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[3-(4-methyl-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-propenone (IVd), 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-propenone (IVe), and 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-propenone (IVg) exhibited promising antifungal activity at MIC of 25 and 50 μg/mL against selected human pathogenic fungi. Synthesized compounds 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-propenone (IVe), 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[3-(4-methyl-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-propenone (IVd), 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-propenone (IVg) and 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-propenone (IVa) showed good anti-inflammatory activities comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium. Compounds 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-propenone (IVe), 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[3-(4-methyl-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-propenone (IVd) and 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-propenone (IVg) showed good hydrogen peroxide scavenging potential as compared to the butylated hydroxyl toluene. The conjugates 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-propenone (IVe), 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-propenone (IVg), and 1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-[3-(4-methyl-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-propenone (IVd) found more potent than standard ascorbic acid in DPPH radical scavenging assay as well as ferrous reducing power assay. The conjugates showed good interactions with the target protein in docking study.

1-(4-(4-Chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-propyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one 5 was prepared by the reaction of 1-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)hydrazine and ethyl 3-oxohexanoate. Compound 5 was condensed with different 4-formylpyrazoles 8a-f to give product 9a-f th

Inhibitors of aldose reductase are rate-limiting enzymes and could play a key role to prevent the complications of diabetes. In our attempt to develop novel inhibitors of aldose reductase, the derivatives of rhodanine-3-hippuric acid-pyrazole hybrid were synthesized and characterised by spectral data. The biological studies reveal that all the compounds show an excellent activity against ALR2 with IC50 values ranging from 0.04 to 1.36 μM. Among these the synthesised compounds 6a-m, 6g and 6e showed specific inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.04 and 0.06 μM respectively against ALR2 and found to be more potent than epalrestat (IC50 = 0.87 μM), the only aldose reductase inhibitor currently used in the therapy. Molecular docking analysis using the AR-NADP+ complex as a receptor was performed with all the synthesized compounds. All the compounds exhibit a well-defined binding mode within the AR active site, similarly to previous described AR inhibitors, with the anion head group bound to the catalytic center, blocking thus its activity. By forming hydrogen bonds with Tyr48 and His110 of the protein from ALR2 (PDB ID: 2FZD), the compounds 6g and 6e interrupt the proton donation mechanism, which is necessary for the catalytic activity of ALR2.

A novel and efficient redox reaction was developed to react 5-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde with sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in an acidic solution (HCl/MeOH) to generate 5-amino-4-nitrosopyrazole, pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, or diazenylpyrazole selectively. The results showed that 5-amino-4-nitrosopyrazoles were formed as the major product in the diluted acidic solution (≤2 N HCl in MeOH solution) through redox, formylation, and nitrosation reactions of NaNO2. Intriguingly, pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde was the main product under 6 N HCl in MeOH solution.

In continuance with earlier reported work, an extension has been carried out by the same research group. Mulling over the ongoing condition of resistance to existing antimalarial agents, we had reported synthesis and antimalarial activity of certain pyrazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrid compounds. Bearing previous results in mind, our research group ideated to design and synthesize some more derivatives with varied substitutions of acetophenone and hydrazide. Following this, derivatives 5a–r were synthesized and tested for antimalarial efficacy by schizont maturation inhibition assay. Further, depending on the literature support and results of our previous series, certain potent compounds (5f, 5n and 5r) were subjected to Falcipain-2 inhibitory assay. Results obtained for these particular compounds further strengthened our hypothesis. Here, in this series, compound 5f having unsubstituted acetophenone part and a furan moiety linked to oxadiazole ring emerged as the most potent compound and results were found to be comparable to that of the most potent compound (indole bearing) of previous series. Additionally, depending on the available literature, compounds (5a–r) were tested for their antileishmanial potential. Compounds 5a, 5c and 5r demonstrated dose-dependent killing of the promastigotes. Their IC50 values were found to be 33.3 ± 1.68, 40.1 ± 1.0 and 19.0 ± 1.47 μg/mL respectively. These compounds (5a, 5c and 5r) also had effects on amastigote infectivity with IC50 of 44.2 ± 2.72, 66.8 ± 2.05 and 73.1 ± 1.69 μg/mL respectively. Further target validation was done using molecular docking studies. Acute oral toxicity studies for most active compounds were also performed.

Two series of 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives containing rhodanine-3-alkanoic acid groups were identified as competitive protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors. Among the compounds studied, IIIv was found to have the best in vitro inhibition activity against PTP1B (IC50 = 0.67 ± 0.09 μM) and the best selectivity (9-fold) between PTP1B and T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP). Molecular docking studies demonstrated that compounds IIIm, IIIv and IVg could occupy simultaneously at both the catalytic site and the adjacent pTyr binding site. These results provide novel lead compounds for the design of inhibitors of PTP1B as well as other PTPs.

Escalating resistance of microorganisms to the currently accessible antimicrobial drugs has forced to synthesize some novel biologically active compounds as efficient alternates via economical substrates. Hence, hippuric acid was used as one of the starting materials to synthesize pyrazole derivatives. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR (1H & 13C) and mass spectral data. The antimicrobial potential of synthesized compounds has been explored against four bacterial and two fungal strains. Among the 12 compounds, 3 compounds 8j, 8k and 8l were found to exhibit prominent antimicrobial potential as compared with the standards ciprofloxacin and amphotericin-B.

With the aim to discover novel, efficient and selective inhibitors of human alkaline phosphatase and nucleotide pyrophosphatase enzymes, two new series of pyrazolyl pyrimidinetriones (PPTs) (6a–g) and thioxopyrimidinediones (PTPs) (6h–n) were synthesized in good chemical yields using Knoevenagel condensation reaction between pyrazole carbaldehydes (4a–g) and pharmacologically active N-alkylated pyrimidinetrione (5a) and thioxopyrimidinedione (5b). The inhibition potential of the synthesized hybrid compounds was evaluated against human alkaline phosphatase (h-TNAP and h-IAP) and ectonucleotidase (h-NPP1 and h-NPP3) enzymes. Most of the tested analogs were highly potent with a variable degree of inhibition depending on the functionalized hybrid structure. The detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) of PPT and PTP derivatives suggested that the compound with unsubstituted phenyl ring from PPT series led to selective and potent inhibition (6a; IC50 = 0.33 ± 0.02 μM) of h-TNAP, whereas compound 6c selectively inhibited h-IAP isozyme with IC50 value of 0.86 ± 0.04 μM. Similarly, compounds 6b and 6h were identified as the lead scaffolds against h-NPP1 and h-NPP3, respectively. The probable binding modes for the most potent inhibitors were elucidated through molecular docking analysis. Structure-activity relationships, mechanism of action, cytotoxic effects and druglikeness properties are also discussed.

Meagre and suboptimal therapeutic response along with the side effect profile associated with the existing anticancer therapy have necessitated the development of new therapeutic modalities to curb this disease. Bearing in mind the current scenario, a series of 1,2,3-triazole linked 3-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acrylates was synthesized following a multi-step reaction scheme. Initial screening for anticancer potential was done by in vitro sulforhodamine B assay against four human cancer cell lines- MCF-7 (breast), A549 (Lung) and HCT-116 and HT-29 (Colon). On evaluation, several compounds showed promising growth inhibition against all the cell lines, particularly compounds 6e, 6f and 6n. Among them, compound 6f displayed IC50 values of 1.962, 3.597, 1.764 and 4.496 μM against A549, HCT-116, MCF-7 and HT-29 cell lines respectively. Furthermore, the apoptosis inducing potential of the compounds was determined by Hoechst staining and DNA fragmentation assay. Colony formation inhibition assay was also carried out to determine the long term cytotoxic potential of the molecules. Moreover, compounds 6e, 6f and 6n were also evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by protein albumin denaturation assay and red blood cell membrane stabilizing assay.

A series of fourteen novel thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives clubbed with pyrazole moiety were synthesized via four step reaction procedure. Reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography and were characterized by physicochemical and spectrophotometric (IR, Mass, 1HNMR and 13CNMR) analysis. The spectral data were in good agreement with their structures. The title compounds were docked against peroxisome proliferated activated receptors (PPAR-γ) and alpha-amylase and further evaluated for in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic, in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Compound GB14 exhibited significant blood glucose lowering activity and was also found to be active inhibitor of alpha-amylase. Compound GB7 was found to be potent anti-inflammatory agent in terms of reducing inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-β, MDA) and also showed antioxidant activity to good extent. Therefore, these compounds may be considered as promising candidates for the development of new antidiabetic agents.

Eleven acetohydrazide linked pyrazole derivatives were designed and synthesized via condensation of acetohyadrazide with different substituted formyl pyrazole derivatives under mild reaction conditions. Synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of IR, NMR (1H & 13C) and mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activities of all the compounds were screened against four bacterial and two fungal strains. Among the synthesized compounds, three compounds viz. 6b, 6c and 6d were found as efficient antimicrobial agents in reference to the standard drugs viz. ciprofloxacin and amphotericin-B. Further, structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that electron-withdrawing group enhances the antimicrobial potential of synthesized derivatives as compared to other groups present in the ring. Hence, among compounds 6b-c, compound 6d could be explored further against other microbes to prove its vitality.

Three novel series of dihydrotriazine derivatives bearing 1,3-diaryl pyrazole moieties were designed, synthesized and evaluated in terms of their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Most of the synthesized compounds showed potent inhibition of several Gram-positive bacterial strains (including multidrug-resistant clinical isolates) and Gram-negative bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values in the range of 1–64 μg/mL. Compounds 4b and 4c presented the most potent inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus 4220, MRSA 3167, QRSA 3519) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli 1924), with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 1 or 2 μg/mL. Compared with previous studies, these compounds exhibited a broad spectrum of inhibitory activity. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds 4a, 4b, 4c and 11n were assessed in L02 cells. In vitro enzyme study implied that compound 4c exerted its antibacterial activity through DHFR inhibition.

Tubulin-targeting drugs have increasingly become the focus of anticancer drugs research. Twenty-five novel benzimidazole grafted benzsulfamide-containing pyrazole ring derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for bioactivity as potential tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Among them, compound 30 showed the most excellent inhibition against tubulin assembly (IC50 = 1.52 μM) and in vitro growth inhibitory activity against a panel of four human cancer cell lines (IC50 = 0.15, 0.21, 0.33 and 0.17 μM, respectively for A549, Hela, HepG2 and MCF-7). It could also validly induce A549 cell apoptosis, cause cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and disrupt the cellular microtubule network. These results, along with molecular docking data, provided an important basis for further optimization of compound 30 as a potential anticancer agent.

The enzyme FabH catalyzes the initial step of fatty acid biosynthesis that is essential for bacterial survival. Therefore, FabH has been identified as an attractive target for the development of new antibacterial agents. We present here the discovery of a

A series of pyrazole-pyrazoline substituted with benzenesulfonamide were synthesized and evaluated for their antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo. The compounds were active against both chloroquine (CQ) sensitive (3D7) and CQ resistant (RKL-9) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Seven compounds (7e, 7i, 7j, 7l, 7m, 7o and 7p) exhibiting EC50 less than 2 μM. A mechanistic study of compound 7o revealed that these compound act through the inhibition of β-hematin. The study indicated that these compounds can serve as lead compounds for further development of potent antimalarial drugs.

In an attempt to find bio-active heterocyclic analogues, a series of novel 1-(5-(3-(aryl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)ethanones 5a–i and 4-(3-(aryl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-6-(pyridine-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amines 6a–i were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against a panel of human cancer cell lines namely, HeLa (human cervix), NCI-H460 (human lung), PC-3 (human prostate), and NIH-3T3 (mouse embryo fibroblasts) cell lines. Most of these compounds exhibited moderate to good cytotoxicity against the tested cancer cell lines and weak toxicity against normal cell line. Analogs 5f, 5g, 5i, 6b–g showed significant cytotoxicity as compared to the standard drug etoposide. The compound 6g exhibited superior activity with IC50 value of 5.47 ± 0.44 μM against Hela cancer cell line.

A series of 20 novel pyrazole derivatives were designed and prepared, characterized by 1H-NMR, mass spectra (ES-MS), 13C-NMR, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were then evaluated for their growth inhibitory activity

Abstract: A series of new Schiff bases were synthesized by microwave assisted reactions of substituted 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde and 2-aminophenol in ethanol and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic (IR, 1H NMR and MS) data. The crystal structures of four compounds were studied using single-crystal XRD data. Molecular docking studies of all synthesized compounds were performed into the binding site of a protein 3GCW to gain comprehensive understanding into possible binding modes. These compounds were also screened for anticancer activity against the liver (HEP-G2) cell line using the sulphorhodamine-B assay method. Adriamycin i.e. doxorubicin was used as reference standard. One of the compounds shows anticancer activity close to the famous anticancer agent doxorubicin, which was used as control in this study. It is observed that all molecules show activity close to the standard in high concentrations only. Graphical Abstract: Present study describes the anticancer activity and crystal structure study of Schiff bases of substituted pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde with 2-aminophenol. Docking study of all compounds against human hepatoma cell line, HEP-G2 correlates with in vitro activity. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

A series of novel thiazolo pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and assessed for their in vitro anti-mycobacterial activities. All hybrids displayed considerable antitubercular activities against primary Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 screening and successive Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. In particular, the hybrid entities 13 and 14 (minimum inhibitory concentration: 47 and 39?μg/mL) were found to be equipotent candidates with first-line antitubercular agent rifampicin, which could act as a lead for further optimization.

A new series of chalcones, pyrazolinyl-pyrazoles, pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde oximes, pyrazole-4-carbonitriles, 5-pyrazolyl-1,2,4-Triazolidine-3-Thiones, and Knoevenagel condensation products was synthesized from 3-Aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehydes. Most reactions were carried out either without solvent or in the presence of water as a green solvent. The structure of synthesized compounds was characterized by spectral and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans in comparison with imipenem (intravenous β-lactam antibiotic) and clotrimazole (antifungal medication) as reference drugs by using the agar diffusion technique. 3-Aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitriles 8b, 8c, and 8d showed significant antifungal activity against the fungus C. albicans.

A series of novel pyrazolyl alcohols (5a-h), pyrazolyl azides (6a-h), and pyrazolyltriazoles (8a-h, 10a-p and 12a-l) were prepared and evaluated for their bioactivity (anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory) profile. The compound 5c displayed the potent anti-bacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus (MIC 3.9 and MBC 7.81 μg/mL). In vitro anti-inflammatory activity data denoted that compound 8b is effective among the tested compounds against IL-6 (IC50 6.23 μM). Docking analysis of compounds 5f, 8a-b, 8e-f and 8h displayed high binding energies for the compounds 8a-b and 8h towards TNF-α dimer (2AZ5 protein) and IL-6 (1ALU protein). In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 8b and 8h with respect to LPS induced mice model indicated that compound 8h showed significant reduction in TNF-α.

A series of novel α,α-difluoro-β-hydroxyl pyrazole esters was prepared by Reformatsky reaction. Subsequently, these esters were converted to acids and hydrazides. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential at various concentrations (50, 100 μM). Compounds 4d and 6e were found to be potent (93.19 and 90.91 %) and compounds 5d, 6c and 5f were good OH radical scavengers (79.55–72.73 %) as compared to the standard drug ascorbic acid (88.63 %). Compounds 6a, 5c, 6f, 4d and 5a showed significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (75.95–70.89 %). All the compounds have shown higher cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition over cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at concentrations 100 and 50 μM. Compounds 5f, 6b, 4a, 5c, 4f, 5 and 6d showed significant COX-2 inhibition (38.56–28.30 %) at a concentration of 100 μM compared to standard drug aspirin (11.11 %). Compounds 6f, 6e and 5f have shown significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (51.03–40.59 %), whereas 6d, 5f and 5a showed moderate cytotoxicity against HL-60 (26.98–20.21 %) cancer cell lines compared to the methotrexate as reference standard (68.42 and 54.29 % respectively). All compounds have shown almost neglisible cytotoxicity against normal cell line 293.

In an attempt to find bio-active small molecules, a series of novel 3-(5-(3-(aryl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine 5a–i and 5-(3-(aryl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydropyrazole-1-carbaldehyde 6a–i were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines namely; HeLa (human cervix), NCI-H460 (human lung), PC-3 (human prostate), and NIH-3T3 (mouse embryo fibroblasts) normal cell line. Most of these compounds exhibited moderate to good cytotoxic activity against the tested cancer cell lines and weak toxicity against normal cell line. Analogues 5b, 5f, 5g, 6b, and 6g showed significant cytotoxicity as compared to standard drug etoposide. Among all the synthesized compounds, compound 6g displayed superior cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 7.98 ± 1.08 μM for Hela cancer cell line.

Sulfamic acid (SA) is a bi-functional, cost-effective and reusable green catalyst for the synthesis of 4-(pyrazol-4-yl)methylenepyrazol-5(4H)-one derivatives by one-pot, three-component condensation of pyrazol-4-carbaxaldehydes, β-ketoesters and phenyl hydrazine (Route-I). In addition to this method, another simple condensation of pyrazol-4-carbaxaldehydes with pyrazolone in the presence of SA under the solvent-free condition in good yield is reported. The merits of these protocols are mild conditions, non-aqueous workup, high yields, easy availability of the catalyst, no chromatographic separation and inexpensive solid acid catalyst. Furthermore, SA could be recycled and reused for five times without losing its catalytic activity.

A series of novel diaryl substituted pyrazolyl 2,4-thiazolidinediones were synthesized via reaction of appropriate pyrazolecarboxaldehydes with 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) and nitrobenzyl substituted 2,4-thiazolidinedione. The resulting compounds were screened in vitro for pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activity. Two assay protocols were performed viz., methods A and B using p-nitrophenyl butyrate and tributyrin as substrates, respectively. Compound 11e exhibited potent PL inhibitory activity (IC50?=?4.81?μM and Xi50?=?10.01, respectively in method A and B), comparable to that of the standard drug, orlistat (IC50?=?0.99?μM and Xi50?=?3.72). Presence of nitrobenzyl group at N-3 position of TZD and nature of substituent at para position of phenyl ring at C-3 position of pyrazole ring notably affected the PL inhibitory activity of the tested compounds. Enzyme inhibition kinetics of 11e revealed its reversible competitive inhibition, similar to that of orlistat. Molecular docking studies validated the rationale of pharmacophoric design and are in accordance to the in vitro results. Compound 11e exhibited a potential MolDock score of ?153.349?kcal/mol. Further, the diaryl pyrazolyl wing exhibited hydrophobic interactions with the amino acids of the hydrophobic lid domain. Moreover, the carbonyl group at 2nd position of the TZD ring existed adjacent to Ser 152 (≈3??) similar to that of orlistat. A 10?ns molecular dynamics simulation of 11e–PL complex revealed a stable binding conformation of 11e in the active site of PL (Maximum RMSD?≈?3??). The present study identified novel thiazolidinedione based leads with promising PL inhibitory activity. Further development of the leads might result in potent PL inhibitors.

2-(3,4-Dichlorophenylimino)-5-((3-(p-substitutedphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene) thiazolidin-4-one has been selected as a target bio-active molecules. Newly synthesized compounds were screened with Eschericha coli (MTCC 443), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Streptococcus pyogenes (MTCC 442) for antibacterial, Candida albicans (MTCC 227), Aspergillus niger (MTCC 282), Aspergillus clavatus (MTCC 1323) for antifungal activity and H37Rv for antimycobacterial activity. Compounds 3a, 3c, 3d, 3e, and 3h are potentially active against Staphylococcus aureus, while 3h is active against C.?albicans. Compounds 3d and 3f are active against H37Rv for mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other possesses moderate to good activity. The structures of synthesized compounds were firmly established by well-defined elemental analyses (C, H, N, S/O) and spectral analysis technique likes, IR, 1H NMR and GC–MS.

A series of novel isoxazol derivatives was synthesized by green route in aqueous phase at room temperature by the reaction of 3-methyl-4H-isoxazol-5-one with 3-(substituted phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde by one-pot Knoevenagel condensation method using sodium benzoate as a catalyst. Compounds were characterized on the basis of IR, 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy and melting point determination. Crystal structures of five compounds were determined by X-ray diffraction. The compounds formed were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Some compounds showed activity close to ampicillin against E. coli, S. aureus, and S. pyogenus. Two compounds showed antifungal activity against C. albicans close to standard greseofulvin.

Three series of biarylpyrazole imidazole and triazoles are described, which vary in the linker between the biaryl pyrazole and imidazole/triazole group. The imidazole and triazole series with the short -CH2- linker displayed promising antimycobacterial activity, with the imidazole-CH2- series (7) showing low MIC values (6.25-25 μg/mL), which was also influenced by lipophilicity. Extending the linker to -C(O)NH(CH2)2- resulted in a loss of antimycobacterial activity. The binding affinity of the compounds with CYP121A1 was determined by UV-visible optical titrations with KD values of 2.63, 35.6, and 290 μM, respectively, for the tightest binding compounds 7e, 8b, and 13d from their respective series. Both binding affinity assays and docking studies of the CYP121A1 inhibitors suggest type II indirect binding through interstitial water molecules, with key binding residues Thr77, Val78, Val82, Val83, Met86, Ser237, Gln385, and Arg386, comparable with the binding interactions observed with fluconazole and the natural substrate dicyclotyrosine.

Novel pyrazolylbenzo[d]imidazole derivatives (2a-2f) were designed, synthesized and evaluated against four human carbonic anhydrase isoforms belonging to α family comprising of two cytosolic isoforms hCA I and II as well as two transmembrane tumor associated isoforms hCA IX and XII. Starting from these derivatives that showed high potency but low selectivity in favor of tumor associated isoforms hCA IX and XII, we investigated the impact of removing the sulfonamide group. Thus, analogs 3a-3f without sulfonamide moiety were synthesized and biological assay revealed a good activity as well as an excellent selectivity as inhibitors for tumor associated hCA IX and hCA XII and the same was analyzed by molecular docking studies.

In an attempt to find potential anticancer agents, a series of novel ethyl 4-(3-(aryl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2-oxo-6-(pyridin-3-yl)cyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 5a-i and 5-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydropyrazole-1-carbothioamides 6a-i were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their topoisomerase IIα inhibitory activity and in vitro cytotoxicity against a panel of cancerous cell lines (MCF-7, NCI-H460, HeLa) and a normal cell line (HEK-293T). Molecular docking studies of all the synthesized compounds into the binding site of topoisomerase IIα protein (PDB ID: 1ZXM) were performed to gain a comprehensive understanding into plausible binding modes. These compounds were also screened for in silico drug-likeliness properties on the basis of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) prediction. Among all the synthesized compounds, analogue 5d showed superior cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 7.01?±?0.60?μM for HeLa, 8.55?±?0.35?μM for NCI-H460 and 14.31?±?0.90 for MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Further, compound 5d showed 70.82% inhibition of topoisomerase IIα at a concentration of 100?μM with maximum docking score of ?8.24. Results of ADME prediction revealed that most of these compounds showed in silico drug-likeliness properties within the ideal range.

(E)-3-(3-Aryl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones 4a-i have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against a panel of three human cancer cell lines Caco-2, MIA PaCa-2, MCF-7 and a normal NIH-3T3 cell line. Compound 4g is cytotoxic with the IC50 value of 15.32±0.62 μm against the Caco-2 cell line.

In an effort to develop a new class of potent aldose reductase inhibitors, a series of 1,3-diarylpyrazole assimilated 3-substituted 4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidines (9a-n) was designed, and synthesized in good to excellent yields by a pharmacophore integr

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme which present in the central nervous system of living organisms. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) that serve as insecticides are AChE inhibitors which have been used widely in agriculture. A series of novel OPs containing pyrazole moiety have been designed and synthesized. The biological evaluation indicated compound 4e appeared 81% larvicidal activity against Plutella xylostella at the concentration of 0.1 mg/L and the inhibition of AChE by compound 4e was distinctly enhanced with the increasing doses. Molecular docking of compound 4e into the three dimensional X-ray structure of the Drosophila melanogaster AChE (DmAChE, PDB code: 1QO9) was carried out utilizating the Discovery Studio (DS), the binding model revealed that the title structure was tightly embedded in the binding sites of DmAChE. Therefore, we suggest that compound 4e may serve as a novel AChE inhibitor that can be utilized as a new insecticidal drug.

A series of novel (E)-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives containing O-benzyl oxime moiety were firstly synthesized and their immunosuppressive activities were evaluated. Among all the compounds, 4n exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50 Combining double low line 1.18 μM for lymph node cells and IC50 Combining double low line 0.28 μM for PI3Kγ3), which was comparable to that of positive control. Moreover, selected compounds were tested for their inhibitory activities against IL-6 released in ConA-simulated mouse lymph node cells, 4n exhibited the most potent inhibitory ability. Furthermore, in order to study the preliminary mechanism of the compounds with potent inhibitory activity, the RT-PCR experiment was performed to assay the effect of selected compounds on mRNA expression of IL-6. Among them, compound 4n strongly inhibited the expression of IL-6 mRNA.

Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway has been proved to play an important role in tumorigenesis and cancer development. MEK inhibitor has been demonstrated significant clinical benefit for blocking MAPK pathway activation and possibly could block reactivation of the MAPK pathway at the time of BRAF inhibitor resistance. Twenty N-(benzyloxy)-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide derivatives have been designed and synthesized as MEK inhibitors, and their biological activities were evaluated. Among these compounds, compound 7b showed the most potent inhibitory activity with IC50of 91?nM for MEK1 and GI50value of 0.26?μM for A549 cells. The SAR analysis and docking simulation were performed to provide crucial pharmacophore clues that could be used in further structure optimization.