- Emission factors and importance of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PCNs, PAHs and PM 10 from the domestic burning of coal and wood in the U.K.
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This paper presents emission factors (EFs) derived for a range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) when coal and wood were subject to controlled burning experiments, designed to simulate domestic burning for space heating. A wide range of POPs were emitted, with emissions from coal being higher than those from wood. Highest EFs were obtained for particulate matter, PM10, (～ 10 g/kg fuel) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (～ 100 mg/ kg fuel for ΣPAHs). For chlorinated compounds, EFs were highest for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) being less abundant. EFs were on the order of 1000 ng/kg fuel for ΣPCBs, 100s ng/ kg fuel for ΣPCNs and 100 ng/kg fuel for ΣPCDD/Fs. The study confirmed that mono- to trichlorinated dibenzofurans, Cl1,2,3DFs, were strong indicators of low temperature combustion processes, such as the domestic burning of coal and wood. It is concluded that numerous PCB and PCN congeners are routinely formed during the combustion of solid fuels. However, their combined emissions from the domestic burning of coal and wood would contribute only a few percent to annual U.K. emission estimates. Emissions of PAHs and PM 10 were major contributors to U.K. national emission inventories. Major emissions were found from the domestic burning for Cl1,2,3DFs, while the contribution of PCDD/F-ΣTEQ to total U.K. emissions was minor.
- Lee, Robert G. M.,Coleman, Peter,Jones, Joanne L.,Jones, Kevin C.,Lohmann, Rainer
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p. 1436 - 1447
(2007/10/03)
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- Fine particle and gaseous emission rates from residential wood combustion
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Residential wood combustion emissions were analyzed to determine emission rates and to develop chemical emissions profiles that represent the appliances and woods typically used in wood-burning-communities. Over 350 elements, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds were quantified. A range of 4-9 g/kg dry fuel of particulate matter(a dilution stack sampler equipped with a 2.5-μm particle selective cyclone. Emissions were diluted 20-70 times, cooled to ambient temperature, and allowed 80 s for condensation prior to collection. Wood type, wood moisture, burn rate, and fuel load were varied for different experiments. Fine particle and se mivolatile organic compounds were collected on filter/PUF/XAD/PUF cartridges. Inorganic samples and mass were collected on Teflon and quartz filters. Volatile organic carbon compounds were trapped with Tenax (C8- C20), canister (C2-C12), and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine impregnated cartridges (carbonyl compounds). Analysis of particle and semivolatile organic species was conducted by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Teflon filters were analyzed for mass by gravimetry, trace elements were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and ammonium was analyzed by automated colorimetry. Quartz filters were analyzed for organic and elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance, and forts were analyzed by ion chromatography. Select quartz filters were analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry for carbon-12 and carbon-14 abundance. Canister and Tenax samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector, and carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Residential wood combustion emissions were analyzed to determine emission rates and to develop chemical emissions profiles that represent the appliances and woods typically used in wood-burning communities. Over 350 elements, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds were quantified. A range of 4-9 g/kg dry fuel of particulate matter (a dilution stack sampler equipped with a 2.5-μm particle selective cyclone. Emissions were diluted 20-70 times, cooled to ambient temperature, and allowed 80 s for condensation prior to collection. Wood type, wood moisture, burn rate, and fuel load were varied for different experiments. Fine particle and semivolatile organic compounds were collected on filter/PUF/XAD/PUF cartridges. Inorganic samples and mass were collected on Teflon and quartz filters. Volatile organic carbon compounds were trapped with Tenax (C8-C20), canister (C2-C12), and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine impregnated cartridges (carbonyl compounds). Analysis of particle and semivolatile organic species was conducted by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Teflon filters were analyzed for mass by gravimetry, trace elements were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, and ammonium was analyzed by automated colorimetry. Quartz filters were analyzed for organic and elemental carbon by thermal/optical reflectance, and ions were analyzed by ion chromatography. Select quartz filters were analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry for carbon-12 and carbon-14 abundance. Canister and Tenax samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector, and carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
- Mcdonald, Jacob D.,Zielinska, Barbara,Fujita, Eric M.,Sagebiel, John C.,Chow, Judith C.,Watson, John G.
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p. 2080 - 2091
(2007/10/03)
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- Analysis of hydrocarbons and ash particles formed from contaminated industrial biowaste under combustion-like conditions
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A concept of multizone combustion of pulp and paper-generated biowaste was investigated. The biowaste was initially fed into the low-temperature region (1250 K) and then subjected to the high-temperature treatment (1770 K), which was followed by sudden quenching in a second lowtemperature zone (1250 K). This type of burning is called the low-high-low temperature process (LHL). It was found that destruction of selected polycyclic aromatic compounds occurred during the LHL process before they were emitted into the atmosphere. The biowaste material underwent dramatic morphological changes, which influenced segregation of metals within ash particles and their leachability. The heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb) were encapsulated and immobilized within the ash particle core surrounded by a compact shell consisting of condensed layers of light nonhazardous metals (Si, Al, Na, K). It seems that the multizone combustion of biowaste may be an attractive and useful way for the clean and efficient disposal of contaminated biowastes.
- Kozinski, Janusz A.,Zheng, Guohui,Uloth, Vic,Gangli, Peter,Hutny, Wes
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p. 4318 - 4325
(2007/10/03)
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- Thermal Decomposition of Maleopimaric Acid in the Presence of Selenium
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During thermal decomposition of maleopimaric acid (1) in the presence of selenium a high yield of dehydroabietic acid (3) can be obtained, if the selenium is dispersed by sonication.From temperature-dependent side products conclusions are drawn concerning the reaction path. - Keywords: Dehydroabietic acid; Retro-Diels-Alder-reaction; Ultra-sonic
- Haslinger, Ernst,Steindl, Harald
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p. 1141 - 1144
(2007/10/02)
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