- POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUND AND ORGANOELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICE USING THE SAME
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Disclosed is a polycyclic aromatic compound that can be employed in an organic layer of an organic electroluminescent device. Also disclosed is a highly efficient organic electroluminescent device including the polycyclic aromatic compound. The use of the polycyclic aromatic compound significantly improves the luminous efficiency of the device.
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Paragraph 0062-0063; 0108-0109
(2021/10/02)
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- Reductive coupling between aromatic aldehydes and ketones or imines by copper catalysis
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The copper-catalyzed reductive coupling of two different carbonyl compounds has been achieved. The reaction of aromatic aldehydes and arylketones with a silylboronate in the presence of a catalytic amount of a CuCl-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex and a stoichiometric amount of alkoxide base yielded cross-coupled 1,2-diol derivatives. A reaction pathway is proposed that involves the catalytic formation of a nucleophilic α-silyloxybenzylcopper(I) species from the aromatic aldehyde and its subsequent coupling with the arylketone. This process was amenable to asymmetric catalysis. This copper catalyst system also enabled the reductive coupling between aromatic aldehydes and imines.
- Takeda, Mitsutaka,Mitsui, Atsuhisa,Nagao, Kazunori,Ohmiya, Hirohisa
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supporting information
p. 3664 - 3669
(2019/02/14)
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- A One-pot preparation of 1,3-diarylisobenzofuran
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A simple, practical, and efficient method for one-pot synthesis of symmetric and unsymmetrical 1,3-diarylisobenzofurans has been developed by sequential reactions of methyl 2-formylbenzoate with two identical or different aryl metal species.
- Hamura, Toshiyuki,Nakayama, Ryosuke
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p. 1013 - 1015
(2013/09/24)
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- Toward designed singlet fission: Solution photophysics of two indirectly coupled covalent dimers of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran
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In order to identify optimal conditions for singlet fission, we are examining the photophysics of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (1) dimers covalently coupled in various ways. In the two dimers studied presently, the coupling is weak. The subunits are linked via the para position of one of the phenyl substituents, in one case (2) through a CH2 linker and in the other (3) directly, but with methyl substituents in ortho positions forcing a nearly perpendicular twist between the two joint phenyl rings. The measurements are accompanied with density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations. Although in neat solid state, 1 undergoes singlet fission with a rate constant higher than 1011 s-1; in nonpolar solutions of 2 and 3, the triplet formation rate constant is less than 106 s-1 and fluorescence is the only significant event following electronic excitation. In polar solvents, fluorescence is weaker because the initial excited singlet state S1 equilibrates by sub-nanosecond charge transfer with a nonemissive dipolar species in which a radical cation of 1 is attached to a radical anion of 1. Most of this charge transfer species decays to S0, and some is converted into triplet T1 with a rate constant near 108 s-1. Experimental uncertainties prevent an accurate determination of the number of T1 excitations that result when a single S1 excitation changes into triplet excitation. It would be one if the charge-transfer species undergoes ordinary intersystem crossing and two if it undergoes the second step of two-step singlet fission. The triplet yield maximizes below room temperature to a value of roughly 9% for 3 and 4% for 2. Above a??360 K, some of the S1 molecules of 3 are converted into an isomeric charge-transfer species with a shorter lifetime, possibly with a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) structure. This is not observed in 2. ? 2013 American Chemical Society.
- Johnson, Justin C.,Akdag, Akin,Zamadar, Matibur,Chen, Xudong,Schwerin, Andrew F.,Paci, Irina,Smith, Millicent B.,Havlas, Zdeneì?k,Miller, John R.,Ratner, Mark A.,Nozik, Arthur J.,Michl, Josef
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p. 4680 - 4695
(2013/06/04)
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- Facile Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed generation and successive aromatization of isobenzofuran from o -dicarbonylbenzenes
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Isobenzofuran can be prepared from o-phthalaldehyde using hydrosilane. The formed isobenzofuran is trapped by an alkene via a Diels-Alder reaction. Further dehydration proceeds to furnish the conjugated aromatic compound. This multistep reaction was promoted by catalytic amounts of Sc(OTf)3.
- Nishina, Yuta,Kida, Tatsuya,Ureshino, Tomonari
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3960 - 3963
(2011/10/01)
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- Facile synthesis of dihaloheterocycles via electrophilic iodocyclization
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An efficient and facile electrophilic iodocyclization for the synthesis of various O-, N-, and S-containing dihaloheterocycles has been developed. A wide range of the substituted propargyl alcohols having -OH, -NTs, and -SAc functional groups reacted with molecular iodine or bromoiodine at ambient temperature to produce the corresponding dihalogenated O-, N-, and S-containing five- and six-membered heterocycles in good to high yields; Under optimized solvent conditions, the reactions of various substituted but-2-yn-1-ones bearing -OH, -NTs, and -SAc functional groups at C4-position, with iodine or bromoiodine at ambient temperature afforded the corresponding 3,4-diiodo- and 3-bromo-4-iodo-substituted furans, pyrroles, and thiophenes in good to high yields. Further transformation of the resulting iodine- or bromine-containing products to polyaromatics potentially of useful as organo-material intermediates has been investigated.
- Yang, Fan,Jin, Tienan,Bao, Ming,Yamamoto, Yoshinori
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p. 10147 - 10155
(2012/01/03)
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- Cross-coupling reactions between C(sp2)-H and C(sp 3)-H bonds via sequential dehydrogenation and C-H insertion
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Formal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions were carried out by iridium-catalyzed transfer dehydrogenation of primary alcohols and sequential manganese-catalyzed insertion of the formed aldehydes into a carbon-hydrogen bond of aromatic or olefinic compounds. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart - New York.
- Kuninobu, Yoichiro,Asanoma, Daisuke,Takai, Kazuhiko
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experimental part
p. 2883 - 2886
(2011/02/23)
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- Regiospecific synthesis of functionalised 1,3-diarylisobenzofurans via palladium- and rhodium-catalysed reaction of boronic acids with o-acylbenzaldehydes under thermal or microwave activation
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Variously substituted 1,3-diarylisobenzofurans have been regiospecifically prepared via palladium- and rhodium-catalysed reaction of functionalised boronic acids onto o-acylbenzaldehydes. Rhodium catalysis has furthermore been improved using microwave act
- Jacq, Jerome,Bessieres, Bernard,Einhorn, Cathy,Einhorn, Jacques
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experimental part
p. 4927 - 4933
(2010/11/19)
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- A versatile and regiospecific synthesis of functionalized 1,3-diarylisobenzofurans
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(Chemical Equation Presented) A convenient, versatile, and regiospecific synthesis of functionalized 1,3-diarylisobenzofurans has been developed. It involves chemoselective addition of arylmagnesium reagents to the aldehyde function of o-aroylbenzaldehydes, themselves readily obtained by lead tetraacetate oxidation of N-aroylhydrazones of salicylaldehydes. Various functional groups, including nitro, iodo, or ester functionalities, have thus been positioned with complete regiospecificity on the 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran backbone.
- Jacq, Jerome,Einhorn, Cathy,Einhorn, Jacques
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 3757 - 3760
(2009/07/01)
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- Synthesis and characterization of 1,3-diarylbenzo[c]selenophenes
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A series of 1,3-diarylbenzo[c]selenophenes (symmetrical/unsymmetrical) have been synthesized involving a selenium transfer reaction of keto-alcohol/benzo[c]furan using Woollins reagent. The optical and electrochemical studies of these diarylbenzo[c]selenophenes are correlated with their structures.
- Amaladass,Kumar, Natarajan Senthil,Mohanakrishnan, Arasambattu K.
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p. 7992 - 7998
(2008/12/20)
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- Rhenium-catalyzed synthesis of naphthalene derivatives via insertion of aldehydes into a C-H bond
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A rhenium complex, [ReBr(CO)3(THF)]2, catalyzed reactions of aromatic ketimines and aldehydes with dienophiles, followed by dehydration, to give naphthalene derivatives in good to excellent yields. This reaction proceeds via C-H bond activation, insertion of an aldehyde, intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization, reductive elimination, elimination of aniline and Diels-Alder reaction. After dehydration, naphthalene derivatives were formed.
- Kuninobu, Yoichiro,Nishina, Yuta,Takai, Kazuhiko
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p. 8463 - 8468
(2008/02/09)
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- A single-step synthesis of symmetrical 1,3-diarylisobenzofurans
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A convenient single-step synthesis of various symmetrically substituted 1,3-diarylisobenzofurans from readily available 3-methoxy-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one (1a) and two equivalents of aryl Grignard reagents is described. The title compounds are obtained in medium to high isolated yields. Crude isobenzofuran has also been trapped by maleimide, furnishing pure Diels-Alder adduct almost quantitatively. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
- Benderradji, Farah,Nechab, Malek,Einhorn, Cathy,Einhorn, Jacques
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p. 2035 - 2038
(2008/02/05)
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- Rhenium-catalyzed insertion of aldehyde into a C-H bond: Synthesis of isobenzofuran derivatives
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A rhenium complex, [ReBr(CO)3(thf)]2, catalyzed reactions of aromatic ketimines with aldehydes to give isobenzofuran derivatives in good to excellent yields. In contrast to ruthenium and rhodium catalysts, aldehydes, which are polar unsaturated molecules, inserted into the C-H bond after activation by the rhenium complex. Copyright
- Kuninobu, Yoichiro,Nishina, Yuta,Nakagawa, Chie,Takai, Kazuhiko
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p. 12376 - 12377
(2007/10/03)
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- Electro-organic reactions. Part 54: Quinodimethane chemistry; Part 2 - Electrogeneration and reactivity of o-quinodimethanes
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The electrochemical generation and characterisation of a variety of o-quinodimethanes (o-QDMs) are described together with the outcome of preparative experiments in which they are key intermediates. The quinodimethanes are conveniently formed, in DMF, by both direct and redox-catalysed electroreduction of 1,2-bis(halomethyl)arenes. Their predominant reaction is polymerisation to poly(o-xylylene) (o-PX) polymers. In the presence of dienophiles the electrogenerated o-QDMs may undergo efficient cycloaddition reaction and distinctions between the possible mechanisms have been attempted on the basis of voltammetric, preparative and stereochemical experiments. Contrary to the precedent of the corresponding methyl ester, diphenyl maleate radical-anion isomerises only slowly to the fumarate radical-anion, yet co-electrolysis of 2,3-bis(bromomethyl)-1,4-dimethoxybenzene and diphenyl maleate or diphenyl fumarate gives exclusively the corresponding trans-adduct. Co-electrolysis of dimethyl maleate with either 1,2-bis(bromomethyl)benzene (more easily reduced) or 2,3-bis(bromomethyl)-1,4-dimethoxybenzene (less easily reduced) gave only o-PX polymer. The results are rationalised in terms of a double nucleophilic substitution mechanism where electron transfer between dienophile radical-anion and dihalide is relatively slow. Where electron transfer from maleate or fumarate radical-anions is likely to be fast o-quinodimethanes are formed by redox-catalysis and they polymerise rather than undergo Diels-Alder reaction. Dimerisation of the dienophile radical-anions, with k2 = 104 to 105 M-1 s-1, does not apparently compete with nucleophilic substitution or, where relevant, electron transfer.
- Utley, James H.P.,Ramesh, Shalini,Salvatella, Xavier,Szunerits, Sabine,Motevalli, Majid,Nielsen, Merete F.
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p. 153 - 163
(2007/10/03)
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- Thermal cycloaddition reactions of azulene-1,5-quinones and azulene-1,7-quinones with cyclic dienes and cycloheptatriene
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[2+4]-[6+4] Cycloadducts were obtained from the thermal cycloaddition reactions of azulenequinones with cyclic 4? systems such as 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran and isobenzofuran while the reaction of cycloheptatriene and azulenequinones gave ene products as well as cage molecules. The first addition site of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran was different for 3-bromoazulene-l,5-quinone and azulene-l,5-quinone; the former reacted on the cyclopenten one part and the latter on the C-6-C-7 bond to avoid formation of an unstable cyclopentadienone structure.
- Mori, Akira,Yan, Yong Zhe,Kato, Nobuo,Takeshita, Hitoshi,Nozoe, Tetsuo
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p. 2129 - 2142
(2007/10/03)
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- Pyrolysis of tricyclic cyclobutane-fused sulfolanes as a route to cis-1,2-divinyl compounds and their Cope-derived products
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Functionalisation of the double bond of 3-thiabicyclohept-6-ene 3, readily formed by hydrolysis of the cycloadduct 1 of 3-sulfolene and maleic anhydride followed by oxidative bis-decarboxylation, gives tricyclic sulfones 5-7 and 9 with the bicyclo2,4> skeleton. FVP of 3 results in stereospecific extrusion of SO2 to give Z-hexa-1,3,5-triene which undergoes electrocylisation to give cyclohexa-1,3-diene while reaction of 3 with LiAlH4 results in non-stereospecific extrusion to give Z- and E-hexa-1,3,5-triene. Upon FVP the tricyclic sulfones 5-7 and 9 lose SO2 to give 7-membered ring products 16-19 by Cope rearrangement of the initially formed cis-1,2-divinyl intermediates 15. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and a nitrone to the double bond of 3 gives tricyclic sulfones with the tricyclo2,6> skeleton and a wider variety of these can be prepared by conventional reactions of 1. Upon FVP these lose SO2 to give stable cis-1,2-divinyl compounds 23, 24, 37-40 and 41-44. The Diels-Alder adducts 48 and 49 have been prepared from 3 and these behave differently upon FVP, losing SO2 and butadiene to give tetrasubstituted benzenes, in the latter case by way of an unexpected tetracyclic intermediate.
- Aitken, R. Alan,Cadogan, J. I. G.,Gosney, Ian,Humphries, Caroline M.,McLaughlin, Leo M.,Wyse, Stuart J.
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p. 605 - 614
(2007/10/03)
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- The addition of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran to cyclooctateraene and to dimethyl cyclooctatetraene-1,2-dicarboxylate. The benzene ring as a dienophile in an intramolecular diels-alder reaction
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The reaction of cyclooctatetraene with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran afforded two kinds of 1:1 [2π+4π]-cycloadducts, a cage-type 1:1 cycloadduct and two classes of 1:2 cycloadducts. The cage-type compound was formed from one of the [2π+4π]-cycloadducts via an unprecedented second [2π+4π]-cycloaddition reaction in which the double bond of the benzene moiety acted as a dienophile. A similar reaction with dimethyl cyclooctatetraene-1,2-dicarboxylate gave a 1:1 [2π+4π]-cycloadduct and a 1:2 cycloadduct. No cage-type compound was formed.
- Saito,Omura,Maekawa,Gassman
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p. 395 - 400
(2007/10/02)
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- Benzyne-Oxazole Cycloadducts: Isolation and Retro-Diels-Alder Reactions
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A literature procedure for generating benzyne from 1-aminobenzotriazole and lead tetraacetate was modified by the use of two syringe pumps to effect simultaneous addition through opposing ports of a three-neck flask.Applied to the reaction of benzyne with 4-phenyloxazole at 0 deg C, this modification resulted in essentially quantitative formation of cycloadduct.Retro-Diels-Alder expulsion of benzonitrile with concurrent formation of isobenzofuran occurred when the adduct was heated.The sequence constitutes a useful method of preparation of isobenzofuran, which may be utilized in situ or isolated as a solution for subsequent application.Benzyne cycloadducts were also prepared from 4-(4-nitrophenyl)- and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)oxazoles, in order to assess the effect of remote substituents on the retro-Diels-Alder reaction.First-order rate constants were determined at three temperatures in the range of 40-70 deg C.The order of reactivity was p-NO2 > p-H > p-OMe; the substituent effects were small, with a factor 4 separating the p-NO2 from p-OMe rate.All three substrates exhibited small ΔS(excit.) values.Expulsion of the nitrile is believed to occur as a concerted reaction with little charge development.The modified benzyne procedure was also applied to 2,5-diphenyloxazole, at 0 and -78 deg C.Oxazole was recovered (59percent and 43percent at the higher and lower temperature, respectively).No bis(benzyne) adduct was formed, showing that 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran is not generated during the course of the reaction.The 1:1 benzyne-diphenyloxazole cycloadduct is not observed in the crude product of the0 deg C reaction, but an absorption at 6.09 ppm in the NMR spectrum of crude product from the -78 deg C reaction is attributed to this material.The latter crude product on standing at room temperature forms the isobenzofuran.Both reaction mixtures form 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran by another mechanism involving a second intermediate.This more polar intermediate, which appears to be the major product at 0 deg C, slowly gives 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran.The overall more efficient cycloaddition at - 78 deg C is attributed to entropy effects, which tend to favor Diels-Alder over other second-order reactions as the temperature is lowered.
- Whitney, Scott E.,Winters, Michael,Rickborn, Bruce
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p. 929 - 935
(2007/10/02)
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- STRAINED OXIRANES FROM CIS-DIOLS
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Cis-diols of some strained molecules are converted to epoxides without inversion of configuration by the use of the redox system triphenylphosphine: diethylazocarboxylate, or by treatment of their dimethylaminodioxolane derivatives with trifluoroacetic anhydride as catalyst.
- Palomino, Eduardo,Schaap, A. Paul,Heeg, Mary Jane
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p. 6797 - 6800
(2007/10/02)
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- THE GENERATION AND REACTIONS OF C,N-DIANIONS OF AROMATIC TOSYLHYDRAZONES: ortho-N-DILITHIATED BENZOPHENONE TOSYLHYRAZONE
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The ortho, N-dilithiated derivative of the tosylhydrazone of benzophenone (5) has been generated by metal-halogen exchange at low temperature.A range of alkylation, silylation and acylation reactions are described together with further reactions leading to 1,2-diacylbenzenes, phthalazines, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, and a 1,2,3-diazaborine.
- Sharp, John T.,Skinner, Carol E. D.
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p. 869 - 872
(2007/10/02)
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- Mechanism of Base-Catalyzed Desilylations of Aryl- and Heteroaryltrimethylsilanes
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The influence of different bases on the cleavage of silicium-carbon bonds in aryl- and heteroaryltrimethylsilanes is investigated in the presence of benzaldehyde as electrophilic scavenger for the aryl and heteroaryl anions formed in this process.A reactivity gradation of the various basic catalysts employed is determined from the reactions with 2-(trimethylsilyl)benzothiazole (1).The increase of catalytic activity of the anions parallels that of their ion potential.Attack of the base at the Si atom is postulated as the first step in this reaction sequence, with subsequent dissociation of the pentacoordinated intermediate in the rate-determining step.The carbanion thus liberated rapidly reacts with benzaldehyde.In the differently substituted aryltrimethylsilanes 13, 13', and 13'' the dependency of aryl anion stability in the base-catalyzed carbodesilylation was investigated.The relative rates of reaction correlate with Hammett's ?-constants rather than with the corresponding aryl anion stabilities.
- Effenberger, Franz,Spiegler, Wolfgang
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p. 3872 - 3899
(2007/10/02)
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- Photochemical Transformations and Laser Flash Photolysis Studies of 1,4- and 1,2-Epoxy Compounds Containing 1,2-Dibenzoylalkene Moieties
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Photochemical transformations of a few 1,4- and 1,2-epoxy ketones have been investigated.Irradiation of a benzene solution of 1 gave a mixture of 3 (32percent) and dibenzoylacetylene (DBA, 6, 13percent), whereas the photolysis of 8 in methanol gave a mixture of the ester 12 (56percent) and DBA (22percent).Irradiation of 14 in benzene gave a mixture of the isomeric lactone 17 (25percent), 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (20, 20percent), and o-dibenzoylbenzene (23, 10percent).The photolysis of 24 in both benzene and methanol resulted in isomerization to the anthracene derivative 25 (6percent and 20percent).The same product (25, 38percent) was obtained in the thermolysis of 24.Plausible mechanisms for the formation of the various products have been discussed.Laser flash photolysis (337.1 nm) of 1, 8, and 14 in benzene and methanol led to the observation of short-lived transient species, characterized by absorption maxima at 405-490 nm and by lifetimes (τT) in the range 0.4-2.0 μs.Pulse-radiolytic observation of the same transients under energy-transfer sensitization as well as detailed quenching studies using oxygen, di-tert-butylnitroxide, azulene, ferrocene, and β-carotene led to the assignments of the transients as triplets.The quantum yields of triplet formation (ΦT) under direct laser excitation were estimated to be high (0.50-0.74).Upon laser flash photolysis, 24 produced the anthracene derivative 25 nearly within the laser pulse; the intermediacy of a triplet with τT ca.7 ns and ΦT ca.1 was established in this case by quenching studies involving 1-methylnaphthalene and 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene.
- Murty, B. A. R. C.,Kumar, C. V.,Dabral, V.,Das, P. K.,George, M. V.
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p. 4165 - 4171
(2007/10/02)
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- ADDITION REACTIONS OF CYCLOOCTATETRAENE WITH 1,3-DIPHENYLISOBENZOFURAN THE BENZENE RING AS DIENOPHILE IN A CYCLOADDITION REACTION
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Addition reactions of cyclooctatetraene with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran resulted in the formation of three 1:1 cycloadducts, 1,2, and 3, and a 1:2 cycloadduct, 4.Single crystal X-ray analysis established 3 to be a cage compound formed by an unprecedented cycloaddition reaction of 1 in which the double bond of the benzene moiety acted as the dienophile.
- Saito, Katsuhiro,Omura, Yoichi,Maekawa, Etsuro,Gassman, Paul G.
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p. 2573 - 2576
(2007/10/02)
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- Chemiluminescence of Organic Peroxides. Thermal Generation of an o-Xylylene Peroxide
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Thermolysis of 1,4-diphenyl-1,4-dioxa-2,3-benzopyrone (endoperoxide 1) in p-xylene solution generates chemiluminescence.Three products are formed from thermolysis of 1.The major product, trapped in 70percent yield by added maleic anhydride, is 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-benzodioxin (o-xylene peroxide 7).This peroxide eventually becomes o-dibenzoylbenzene 3 which is isolated from the reaction in 85percent yield.The two other products, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (6) and phenyl o-benzoylbenzoate (4), are isolated in yields of ca. 2percent and 5percent, respectively.The observed chemiluminescence results from interaction of 7 with an added fluorescent activator or with the product 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran according to the chemically initiated electron-exchange luminescence (CIEEL) mechanism.
- Smith, Jimmie P.,Schrock, Alan K.,Schuster, Gary B.
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p. 1041 - 1047
(2007/10/02)
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- Reductive Metalation of 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran. Stereoselective Formation of Cis Products
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1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran was reduced in tetrahydrofuran by alkali metals to a dianion.This dianion on protonation, methylation, or carboxylation gave products which were predominantly cis.It is suggested that the dianion or the intermediate monoreacted monoanion adopts a preferred conformation in which steric interaction between the phenyl substituents is minimized and orbital overlap between the carbanion and the benzene ring is maximized.By use of this stereoselectivity of the dianion, a series of 1,3-polymethylene-bridged 1,3-diphenylphthalans was prepared.The possibility of single electron transfer during the alkylation of the dianion was examined by alkylating the dianion with tert-butyl halides.Complex reaction mixtures were formed but extensive alkylation occurred and mono- and dialkylation products were characterized.
- Smith, James G.,McCall, Robert B.
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p. 3982 - 3986
(2007/10/02)
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- PREPARATION OF 1,4-DIPHENYL-3-SUBSTITUTED ISOQUINOLINES
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The reaction of o-dibenzoylbenzene (1) with benzylamine (2a), m-(2b) and p-xylylendiamine (2c), n-butylamine (2d), ethylglycinate (2f) and aminoacetonitrile (2g) in the presence of basic catalysts afforded the corresponding 3-substituted 1,4-diphenylisoquinolines (3a-d, f, g, and i), while the reaction of 1 with ethanolamine (2e) gave a trace amount of 3-hydroxymethylisoquinoline (3e) and 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (4) in 25percent yield.
- Mataka, Shuntaro,Takahashi, Kazufumi,Tsuda, Yuhsuke,Tashiro, Masashi
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p. 789 - 792
(2007/10/02)
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