- Selective Activation of Unstrained C(O)-C Bond in Ketone Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction Enabled by Hydride-Transfer Strategy
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A Rh(I)-catalyzed ketone Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction of benzylacetone with arylboronic acid is developed. Selective C(O)-C bond activation, which employs aminopyridine as a temporary directing group and ethyl vinyl ketone as a hydride acceptor, occurs on the alkyl chain containing a β-position hydrogen. A series of acetophenone products were obtained in yields up to 75%.
- Zhong, Jing,Zhou, Wuxin,Yan, Xufei,Xia, Ying,Xiang, Haifeng,Zhou, Xiangge
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supporting information
p. 1372 - 1377
(2022/02/23)
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- Highly ordered mesoporous hybrid silica functionalized with ionic liquid framework supported copper and its application in the oxidation of alcohols
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A highly ordered organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterial containing copper N-heterocyclic carbene complex (Cu-NHC@Pyrm-OMS) was synthesized and characterized using various techniques including FTIR, MAS NMR, XRD, TGA, SEM, and TEM. Cu-NHC@Pyrm-OMS nanomaterial is highly efficient heterogeneous system towards the selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to corresponding aldehydes and ketones under mild conditions. Moreover, the supported copper nanocatalyst exhibited outstanding stability and could be reused at least ten times, remaining almost unchanged from initial activity. This work has focused on sustainable and green chemistry that use recoverable nanocatalyst, clean oxidant and aqueous media.
- Rajabi, Fatemeh,Bahrami, Nazli,Vessally, Esmail,Luque, Rafael
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- o-Quinone methide with overcrowded olefin component as a dehydridation catalyst under aerobic photoirradiation conditions
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Ano-quinone methide (o-QM) featuring an overcrowded olefinic framework is introduced, which exhibits dehydridation activity owing to its enhanced zwitterionic character, particularly through photoexcitation. The characteristics of thiso-QM enable the operation of dehydridative catalysis in the oxidation of benzylic secondary alcohols under aerobic photoirradiation conditions. An experimental analysis and density functional theory calculations provide mechanistic insights; the ground-state zwitterionic intermediate abstracts a hydride and proton simultaneously, and the active oxygen species facilitate catalyst regeneration.
- Uraguchi, Daisuke,Kato, Kohsuke,Ooi, Takashi
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p. 2778 - 2783
(2021/03/14)
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- Ru(iii) -based polyoxometalate tetramers as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for alcohol oxidation reactions at room temperature
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A novel ruthenium-containing polyoxometalate-based organic-inorganic hybrid, K4Na9H7.4[(AsW9O33)4(WO2)4{Ru3.2(C3H3N2)2}]·42H2O (1), was successfully synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method under acidic conditions, which applied a self-assembly strategy between inorganic polyoxometalate based on trivacant [B-α-AsW9O33]9?{AsW9} fragments and an organic ligand, imidazole (C3H4N2). Compound1was further characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, PXRD, IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, ESI-MS, elemental analysis and TGA. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data reveal that the polyanion consists of four trivacant Keggin-type polyanion {AsW9} building blocks bridged by four {WO6} units, leading to a crown-shaped tetrameric structure [(AsW9O33)4(WO2)4{Ru3.2(C3H3N2)2}]20.4?. The ESI-MS result reveals that the polyanion unit has excellent structural integrity in water. Moreover, the catalysis study of1was also further investigated, and the experimental results indicate heterogeneous catalyst1presents high efficiency (yield = 98%), excellent selectivity (>99%), and good recyclability for the oxidation of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol to 4′-chloroacetophenone with commercially available 70% aqueoustert-butyl hydroperoxide {TBHP (aq.)} as the oxidant at room temperature.
- Li, Huafeng,Ma, Pengtao,Niu, Jingyang,Song, Junpeng,Wang, Jingping,Wang, Yaqiong,Zhao, Xue,Zou, Yan
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p. 12664 - 12673
(2021/09/28)
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- NHC ligand-based half-sandwich iridium complexes: synthesis, structure and catalytic activity in acceptorless dehydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation
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A set of neutral C,C-chelate half-sandwich iridium(iii) complexes have been prepared with NHC ligands that contain pendant aromatic rings as potentially chelating donor sites. The catalytic activity of such iridium complexes has been investigated for the acceptorless dehydrogenation (AD) reactions of alcohols and for the transfer hydrogenation reactions of ketones. The prepared iridium(iii) complexes show excellent catalytic activity for AD reactions of a wide range of secondary alcohols, and they are also shown to be effective for the synthesis of aldehydes from primary alcohols without the observation of undesired byproducts such as esters. Additionally, these complexes are also highly efficient in transfer hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes, which give the alcohols in good yields under mild conditions. The exact structure and bonding mode of the NHC-based iridium complexes was identified using various spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray analysis.
- Deng, Wei,Jin, Yan,Li, Rong-Jian,Liu, Zhen-Jiang,Wang, Yang,Yao, Zi-Jian
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p. 19002 - 19010
(2021/10/29)
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- Selective oxidation of alkenes to carbonyls under mild conditions
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Herein, a practical and sustainable method for the synthesis of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids from an inexpensive olefinic feedstock is described. This transformation features very sustainable and mild conditions and utilizes commercially available and inexpensive tetrahydrofuran as the additive, molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant and water as the solvent. A wide range of substituted alkenes were found to be compatible, providing the corresponding carbonyl compounds in moderate-to-good yields. The control experiments demonstrated that a radical mechanism is responsible for the oxidation reaction.
- Huo, Jie,Xiong, Daokai,Xu, Jun,Yue, Xiaoguang,Zhang, Pengfei,Zhang, Yilan
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supporting information
p. 5549 - 5555
(2021/08/16)
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- Photo-induced oxidative cleavage of C-C double bonds for the synthesis of biaryl methanoneviaCeCl3catalysis
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A Ce-catalyzed strategy is developed to produce biaryl methanonesviaphotooxidative cleavage of C-C double bonds at room temperature. This reaction is performed under air and demonstrates high activity as well as functional group tolerance. A synergistic Ce/ROH catalytic mechanism is also proposed based on the experimental observations. This protocol should be the first successful Ce-catalyzed photooxidation reaction of olefins with air as the oxidant, which would provide inspiration for the development of novel Ce-catalyzed photochemical synthesis processes.
- Xie, Pan,Xue, Cheng,Du, Dongdong,Shi, SanShan
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supporting information
p. 6781 - 6785
(2021/08/20)
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- Method for preparing carbonyl compound through oxidative cleavage of visible light excitation aqueous solution quantum dot catalytic olefin compound
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The invention provides a method for preparing carbonyl compounds through oxidative cleavage of a visible light excitation aqueous solution quantum dot catalytic olefin compound. Belong to photocatalysis synthesis technical field. To the method, an aqueous solution quantum dot is used as a photocatalyst, and an aqueous solution quantum dot activated molecular oxygen catalytic oxidation aromatic alkene compound is excited by visible light to be cracked to prepare a carbonyl compound. Low-loading capacity is used, a simple aqueous solution quantum dot is used as a catalyst, the yield of the carbonyl compound is high, TON more than ten millions are obtained. The reaction conditions are mild, water serves as a main solvent for the reaction, and the carbonyl compound can be obtained by catalytic olefin compound oxidation cracking without addition of a cocatalyst or the like. The method is simple to operate, wide in substrate range and low in cost.
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Paragraph 0037
(2021/11/10)
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- Visible-Light-Driven Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes Using Water-Soluble CdSe Quantum Dots
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The oxidative cleavage of C=C bonds is an important chemical reaction, which is a popular reaction in the photocatalytic field. However, high catalyst-loading and low turnover number (TON) are general shortcomings in reported visible-light-driven reactions. Herein, the direct oxidative cleavage of C=C bonds through water-soluble CdSe quantum dots (QDs) is described under visible-light irradiation at room temperature with high TON (up to 3.7×104). Under the same conditions, water-soluble CdSe QDs could also oxidize sulfides to sulfoxides with 51–84 % yields and TONs up to 3.4×104. The key features of this photocatalytic protocol include high TONs, wide substrates scope, low catalyst loadings, simple and mild reaction conditions, and molecular O2 as the oxidant.
- Li, Jianing,Zhao, Jingnan,Ma, Cunfei,Yu, Zongyi,Zhu, Hongfei,Yun, Lei,Meng, Qingwei
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p. 4985 - 4992
(2021/10/16)
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- PhIO-Mediated oxidative dethioacetalization/dethioketalization under water-free conditions
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Treatment of thioacetals and thioketals with iodosobenzene in anhydrous DCM conveniently afforded the corresponding carbonyl compounds in high yields under water-free conditions. The mechanistic studies indicate that this dethioacetalization/dethioketalization process does not need water and the oxygen of the carbonyl products comes from the hypervalent iodine reagent.
- Du, Yunfei,Ouyang, Yaxin,Wang, Xi,Wang, Xiaofan,Yu, Zhenyang,Zhao, Bingyue,Zhao, Kang
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- Iron-catalyzed domino decarboxylation-oxidation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids enabled aldehyde C-H methylation
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A practical and general iron-catalyzed domino decarboxylation-oxidation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids enabling aldehyde C-H methylation for the synthesis of methyl ketones has been developed. This mild, operationally simple method uses ambient air as the sole oxidant and tolerates sensitive functional groups for the late-stage functionalization of complex natural-product-derived and polyfunctionalized molecules.
- Gong, Pei-Xue,Xu, Fangning,Cheng, Lu,Gong, Xu,Zhang, Jie,Gu, Wei-Jin,Han, Wei
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supporting information
p. 5905 - 5908
(2021/06/18)
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- Dimensional Reduction of Eu-Based Metal-Organic Framework as Catalysts for Oxidation Catalysis of C(sp3)–H Bond
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Developing new catalysts for highly selectivity and conversion of saturated C(sp3)–H bonds is of great significance. In order to obtain catalysts with high catalytic performance, six Eu-based MOFs with different structural characteristics were obtained by using europium ions and different organic acid ligands, namely Eu-1~Eu-6. Eu-1, Eu-2 and Eu-3 featured three-dimensional structures, while Eu-4 and Eu-5 featured two-dimensional structures. Differently, a one-dimensional chain structure of Eu-6 was obtained by changing the ligand. All the six MOFs were applied to the catalytic reaction of C(sp3)–H bond, and it was found that the catalytic effect was gradually enhanced with the decrease of dimension and the increase of the size of channels. As expected, Eu-6 showed the highest selectivity (~99%) and conversion (~99%). Moreover, catalytic cycling and stability tests showed Eu-6 can be a reliable catalyst.
- Yan, Jun,Yu, Wei-Dong,Zhang, Yin,Zhao, Cai-Feng
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- Method for oxidative cracking of compound containing unsaturated double bonds
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The invention relates to a method for oxidative cracking of a compound containing unsaturated double bonds. The method comprises the following steps: (A) providing a compound (I) containing unsaturated double bonds, a trifluoromethyl-containing reagent and a catalyst, wherein the catalyst is shown as a formula (II): M(O)mL1yL2z (II), M, L1, L2, m, y, z, R1, R2 and R3 being defined in the specification; and (B) mixing the compound containing the unsaturated double bonds and the trifluoromethyl-containing reagent, and performing an oxidative cracking reaction on the compound containing the unsaturated double bonds in the presence of air or oxygen by using the catalyst to obtain a compound represented by formula (III),.
- -
-
Paragraph 0108-0114; 0134-0136; 0161-0163
(2021/07/09)
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- METHOD FOR OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE OF COMPOUNDS WITH UNSATURATED DOUBLE BOND
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A method for oxidative cleavage of a compound with an unsaturated double bond is provided. The method comprises the following step: (A) providing a compound (I) with an unsaturated double bond, a reagent with trifluoromethyl, and a catalyst; wherein the catalyst is represented by the following formula (II): M(O)mL1yL2z (II); wherein, M, L1, L2, m, y, z, R1, R2 and R3 are defined in the specification; and (B) mixing the compound with an unsaturated double bond and the reagent with a trifluoromethyl to perform an oxidation of the compound with the unsaturated double bond by using the catalyst at air or an oxygen condition to get a compound presented as formula (III):
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Paragraph 0053-0056
(2021/03/19)
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- METHOD FOR OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE OF COMPOUNDS WITH UNSATURATED DOUBLE BOND
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A method for oxidative cleavage of a compound with an unsaturated double bond is provided. The method includes the steps of: (A) providing a compound (I) with an unsaturated double bond, a trifluoromethyl-containing reagent, and a catalyst; wherein, the catalyst is represented by Formula (II): M(O)mL1yL2z??(II);wherein, M, L1, L2, m, y, z, R1, R2 and R3 are defined in the specification; and(B) mixing the compound with an unsaturated double bond and the trifluoromethyl-containing reagent to perform an oxidative cleavage of the compound with the unsaturated double bond by using the catalyst in air or under oxygen atmosphere condition to obtain a compound represented by Formula (III):
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Paragraph 0071
(2021/07/10)
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- Oxidative C-S Bond Cleavage of Benzyl Thiols Enabled by Visible-Light-Mediated Silver(II) Complexes
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The oxidative cleavage reaction of the C-S bond using singlet oxygen is challenging because of its uncontrollable nature. We have developed a novel method for the singlet-oxygen-mediated selective C-S bond cleavage reaction using silver(II)-ligand complexes. Visible-light-induced silver catalysis enables the controlled oxidative cleavage of benzyl thiols to afford carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes or ketones, which are important synthetic components.
- Hong, Boseok,Aganda, Kim Christopher C.,Lee, Anna
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supporting information
p. 4395 - 4399
(2020/06/05)
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- Acceptorless and Base-Free Dehydrogenation of Alcohols Mediated by a Dipyridylamine-Iridium(III) Catalyst
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Several dipyridylamine-IrIII and dipyridylamine-RuII complexes have been evaluated in the acceptorless dehydrogenation of alcohols in the absence of base additives. Iridium catalysts were found superior to ruthenium complexes, and the nature of the bridging nitrogen in dipyridylamine ligands was also evidenced as a key parameter. Catalytic reactions were conducted in toluene, but more sustainable solvents such as anisole and p-cymene were found suitable for this transformation.
- Bruneau, Christian,Fischmeister, Cédric,Guo, Liwei,Jayaprakash, Harikrishnan,Wang, Shengdong
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- Tungstate ion (WO42-) confined in hydrophilic/hydrophobic nanomaterials functionalized br?nsted acidic ionic liquid as highly active catalyst in the selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols in water
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A Br?nsted acidic Ionic Liquid containing tungstate anion functionalized polysiloxane network (PMO-IL-WO42-) was synthesized by simple self-condensation of tungstic acid and zwitterionic organosilane precursor possessing both imidazolium and sulfonate groups. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis TGA, nitrogen porosimetry, solid-state NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis confirmed that both imidazolium cation and tungstate anion of zwitterion are successfully incorporated inside the organosilica framework. The catalytic activity of resulting hybrid PMO-IL- WO42- material was studied in the selective aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols using an atmospheric pressure of air in pure water. Due to the ionic liquid-based charged surface containing hydrophilic sulfonic acid and tungstate group, the synergistic hydrophilic/hydrophobic and redox effect of PMO-IL-WO42- as water-friendly catalyst facilitates and enhances the activity and selectivity toward the target oxidative products in water and proved to have a particularly broad substrate scope for reliable aerobic oxidation reaction. Furthermore, the catalyst showed outstanding stability and could be easily separated and reused at least ten reactions run under the same conditions as fresh catalyst without any loss of catalytic activity and product selectivity.
- Luque, Rafael,Nafe, Mostafa,Rajabi, Fatemeh,Rezanejad Bardajee, Ghasem
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- Triruthenium carbonyl complexes containing bidentate pyridine–alkoxide ligands for highly efficient oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols
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Reactions of substituted pyridylalkanol 6-CH3PyCH2CH(OH)R (R?=?Ph (L1H), R?=?4-CH3C6H4 (L2H), R?=?4-OCH3C6H4 (L3H), R?=?4-ClC6H4 (L4H), R?=?4-BrC6H4 (L5H), R?=?4-CF3C6H4 (L6H)) with Ru3(CO)12 in refluxing tetrahydrofuran afforded the corresponding ruthenium carbonyl complexes [6-CH3PyCH2CHRO]2Ru3(CO)8 (R?=?Ph (1a), R?=?4-CH3C6H4 (1b), R?=?4-OCH3C6H4 (1c), R?=?4-ClC6H4 (1d), R?=?4-BrC6H4 (1e), R?=?4-CF3C6H4 (1f)) in good yields. These ruthenium complexes were well characterized using elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopies. Furthermore, their crystal structures were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complexes 1a–1f were found to be highly active toward oxidation of a wide range of primary and secondary alcohols to corresponding aldehydes and ketones within 5?minutes in the presence of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide as oxidant.
- Yue, Xiaohui,Yan, Xinlong,Huo, Shuaicong,Dong, Qing,Zhang, Junhua,Hao, Zhiqiang,Han, Zhangang,Lin, Jin
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- Acceptorless dehydrogenation of amines and alcohols using simple ruthenium chloride
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A highly efficient, economic and environmental friendly catalyst system has been developed for the dehydrogenation of alcohols and amines using simple RuCl3·nH2O and N-benzylhexamethylenetetramine. The in situ catalyst system efficiently oxidized the primary and secondary amines and secondary alcohols into nitrile, imine and ketone products, respectively in moderate to excellent yields. The developed catalyst system was also found to be efficient for the dehydrogenation of N-heterocyles. A detailed mechanism study revealed the first example of N-benzylhexamethylenetetramine (HMTA-Bz) being simultaneously acting as base, reducing agent and hydride source to generate the [Ru(II)(H)2] species as the active catalyst. The mechanism studies also revealed both the alcohol and amine oxidation involves dehydrogenative pathway with the evolution of hydrogen as the only by-product. The developed catalyst system also provides possible platform for the release of hydrogen from liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs).
- Barteja, Parul,Devi, Preeti,Kannan, Muthukumar,Muthaiah, Senthilkumar
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- Two Simple and Highly Efficient Variants of the Griffith-Ley Oxidation of Alcohols
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The Griffith-Ley oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones is performed with either RuCl3 ? (H2O)x or a highly stable, well-defined ruthenium catalyst and with cheap trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as the oxygen source. The use of n-heptane as the solvent, which forms a second phase with TMAO and a part of the alcohol, allows the reactions to be performed with a minimum amount of catalyst. This results in high local concentrations and thus to very rapid conversions. Detailed quantum chemical calculations suggest, that the Griffith-Ley oxidation not necessarily requires high oxidation states of ruthenium but can also proceed with RuII/RuIV species.
- Weingart, Pascal,Hütchen, Patrick,Damone, Angelo,Kohns, Maximilian,Hasse, Hans,Thiel, Werner R.
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p. 3919 - 3928
(2020/06/25)
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- 1,2-Diethoxyethane catalyzed oxidative cleavage of gem-disubstituted aromatic alkenes to ketones under minimal solvent conditions
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Aerobic oxidation using pure dioxygen gas as the oxidant has attracted much attention, but its application in synthetic chemistry has been significantly hampered by the complexity of catalytic system and potential risk of high-energy dioxygen gas. By employing 1,2-diethoxyethane as a catalyst and ambient air as an oxidant, an efficient protocol for the construction of various aryl-alkyl and diaryl ketones through oxidative cleavage of gem-disubstituted aromatic alkenes under minimal solvent conditions has been achieved.
- Liu, Kai-Jian,Deng, Ji-Hui,Zeng, Tang-Yu,Chen, Xin-Jie,Huang, Ying,Cao, Zhong,Lin, Ying-Wu,He, Wei-Min
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supporting information
p. 1868 - 1872
(2020/01/31)
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- Highly Active and Robust Ruthenium Complexes Based on Hemilability of Hybrid Ligands for C-H Oxidation
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Evaluation of the hemilability of hybrid ligands provides a key to understand the metal-ligand cooperation in transition metal catalysis. Here, we design and synthesize a type of RuII complexes based on the hemilability of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), pyridine, and pyrazole, to compare their activity with other reported Ru catalysts in benzylic C-H oxidation. The RuII catalysts showed ultrastrong catalytic activity in water at room temperature and achieved a turnover frequency (TOF) of 114 h-1, which is the highest TOF value ever reported for Ru-catalyzed benzylic C-H oxidation. The addition of tridentate hybrid ligands in the Ru central position has two beneficial effects: NHCs with a stronger donor ability stabilize the Ru center; however, nitrogen ligands with a relatively weaker donor ability release from the Ru center, so that they induce a reaction. UV-vis, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry, the trapping of radicals, and the density functional theory calculations (DFT) suggested that a cation catalyst L-RuII-tBuO2H is formed via the reaction between starting RuII catalysts and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, which further undergoes a cleavage of the O-O bond to generate a radical and a cation L-RuIII-OH active intermediate.
- Bo, Chun-Bo,Bu, Qingqing,Li, Xue,Ma, Ge,Wei, Donghui,Guo, Cheng,Dai, Bin,Liu, Ning
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p. 4324 - 4334
(2020/03/05)
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- Manganese/Copper Co-catalyzed Electrochemical Wacker-Tsuji-Type Oxidation of Aryl-Substituted Alkenes
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A manganese/copper co-catalyzed electrochemical Wacker-Tsuji-type oxidation of aryl-substituted alkenes has been developed. The process involves the use of 5 mol % MnBr2 and 7.5 mol % CuCl2, in 4:1 acetonitrile/water in an undivided cell at 60 °C, with 2.8 V constant applied potential. α-Aryl ketones are formed in moderate to excellent yields, with the advantages of avoidance of palladium as a catalyst and any external chemical oxidant in an easily operated, cost-effective procedure.
- Lai, Junshan,Pericàs, Miquel A.
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supporting information
p. 7338 - 7342
(2020/10/02)
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- Oxidation of Alkenes by Water with H2 Liberation
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Oxidation by water with H2 liberation is highly desirable, as it can serve as an environmentally friendly way for the oxidation of organic compounds. Herein, we report the oxidation of alkenes with water as the oxidant by using a catalyst combination of a dearomatized acridine-based PNP-Ru complex and indium(III) triflate. Compared to traditional Wacker-type oxidation, this transformation avoids the use of added chemical oxidants and liberates hydrogen gas as the only byproduct.
- Ben-David, Yehoshoa,Milstein, David,Tang, Shan
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supporting information
p. 5980 - 5984
(2020/04/27)
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- Iron-Catalyzed, Iminyl Radical-Triggered Cascade 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer/(5+2) or (5+1) Annulation: Oxime as a Five-Atom Assembling Unit
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By integration of iminyl radical-triggered 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer and (5+2) or (5+1) annulation processes, a series of structurally novel and interesting azepine and spiro-tetrahydropyridine derivatives have been successfully prepared in moderate to good yields. This method utilizes FeCl2 as the catalyst and readily available oximes as five-atom units, while showcasing broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility. The annulation products can be easily converted into many valuable compounds. Moreover, DFT calculation studies are performed to provide some insights into the possible reaction mechanisms for the (5+2) and (5+1) annulations.
- Chen, Ying-Chun,Du, Fei,Jiang, Kun,Liang, Wu,Ouyang, Qin,Shuai, Li,Wei, Ye,Yang, Jie
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supporting information
p. 19222 - 19228
(2020/08/25)
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- Palladium aminopyridine complexes catalyzed selective benzylic C-H oxidations with peracetic acid
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Four palladium(ii) complexes with tripodal ligands of the tpa family (tpa = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) have been synthesized and X-ray characterized. These complexes efficiently catalyze benzylic C-H oxidation of various substrates with peracetic acid, affording the corresponding ketones in high yields (up to 100%), at 1 mol% catalyst loadings. Complex [(tpa)Pd(OAc)](PF6) with the least sterically demanding ligand tpa demonstrates the highest substrate conversions and ketone selectivities. Preliminary mechanistic data provide evidence in favor of metal complex-mediated rate-limiting benzylic C-H bond cleavage by an electron-deficient oxidant.
- Bryliakov, Konstantin P.,Lubov, Dmitry P.,Lyakin, Oleg Yu.,Rybalova, Tatyana V.,Samsonenko, Denis G.,Talsi, Evgenii P.
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supporting information
p. 11150 - 11156
(2020/09/02)
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- Facile o-quinodimethane formation from benzocyclobutenes triggered by the Staudinger reaction at ambient temperature
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Electron-donating iminophosphoranes were found to significantly enhance 4π-ring opening of benzocyclobutenes to generate o-quinodimethanes at 20-25 °C. These iminophosphorane benzocyclobutenes can be conveniently generated from azide benzocyclobutenes and phosphines via the Staudinger reaction. Thus, Staudinger reaction-triggered sequential molecular transformations of the azide benzocyclobutenes have been established via o-quinodimethanes at ambient temperature, which is expected to exhibit potential for a wide range of applications.
- Kohyama, Aki,Koresawa, Eri,Tsuge, Kiyoshi,Matsuya, Yuji
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p. 6205 - 6208
(2019/06/07)
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- Electrochemical performance of ABNO for oxidation of secondary alcohols in acetonitrile solution
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The ketones was successfully prepared from secondary alcohols using 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-N-oxyl (ABNO) as the catalyst and 2,6-lutidine as the base in acetonitrile solution. The electrochemical activity of ABNO for oxidation of 1-phenylethanol was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and constant current electrolysis experiments. The resulting cyclic voltammetry indicated that ABNO exhibited much higher electrochemical activity when compared with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) under the similar conditions. A reasonable reaction mechanism of the electrocatalytic oxidation of 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone was proposed. In addition, a series of secondary alcohols could be converted to the corresponding ketones at room temperature in 80-95% isolated yields.
- Niu, Pengfei,Liu, Xin,Shen, Zhenlu,Li, Meichao
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- Half-sandwich ruthenium-based versatile catalyst for both alcohol oxidation and catalytic hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds in aqueous media
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A series of half-sandwich ruthenium-based catalysts for both alcohol oxidation and carbonyl compounds hydrogenation have been synthesized through metal-induced C–H bond activation based on benzothiazole ligands. The neutral ruthenium complexes 1–4 were fully characterized by UV–vis, NMR, IR, and elemental analysis. Molecular structures of complexes 1 and 3 were further confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. All complexes exhibited high activity for the catalytic oxidation of a variety of alcohols with tBuOOH as oxidants to give carbonyl compounds with high yields in water. Moreover, these half-sandwich complexes also showed high efficiency for the catalytic hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds in a methanol–water mixture. The catalyst could be reused for at least five cycles without any loss of activity. The catalytic system also worked well for various kinds of substrates with either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups.
- Qiao, Xin-Chao,Qiu, Dan-Chen,Lin, Nan,Zhu, Jing-Wei,Deng, Wei,Yao, Zi-Jian
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- Aldehyde effect and ligand discovery in Ru-catalyzed dehydrogenative cross-coupling of alcohols to esters
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The presence of different aldehydes is found to have a significant influence on the catalytic performance when using PN(H)P type ligands for dehydrogenation of alcohols. Accordingly, hybrid multi-dentate ligands were discovered based on an oxygen-transfer alkylation of PNP ligands by aldehydes. The relevant Ru-PNN(PO) system provided the desired unsymmetrical esters in good yields via acceptorless dehydrogenation of alcohols. Hydrogen bonding interactions between the phosphine oxide moieties and alcohol substrates likely assisted the observed high chemoselectivity.
- Jiang, Xiaolin,Zhang, Jiahui,Zhao, Dongmei,Li, Yuehui
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p. 2797 - 2800
(2019/03/27)
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- Efficient acceptorless photo-dehydrogenation of alcohols and: N -heterocycles with binuclear platinum(ii) diphosphite complexes
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Although photoredox catalysis employing Ru(ii) and Ir(iii) complexes as photocatalysts has emerged as a versatile tool for oxidative C-H functionalization under mild conditions, the need for additional reagents acting as electron donor/scavenger for completing the catalytic cycle undermines the practicability of this approach. Herein we demonstrate that photo-induced oxidative C-H functionalization can be catalysed with high product yields under oxygen-free and acceptorless conditions via inner-sphere atom abstraction by binuclear platinum(ii) diphosphite complexes. Both alcohols (51 examples), particularly the aliphatic ones, and saturated N-heterocycles (24 examples) can be efficiently dehydrogenated under light irradiation at room temperature. Regeneration of the photocatalyst by means of reductive elimination of dihydrogen from the in situ formed platinum(iii)-hydride species represents an alternative paradigm to the current approach in photoredox catalysis.
- Zhong, Jian-Ji,To, Wai-Pong,Liu, Yungen,Lu, Wei,Che, Chi-Ming
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p. 4883 - 4889
(2019/05/16)
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- H2-Generation from Alcohols by the MOF-Based Noble Metal-Free Photocatalyst Ni/CdS/TiO2@MIL-101
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The synthesis of important classes of chemical compounds from alcohols helps to conserve Earth's fossil carbon resources, since alcohols can be obtained from indigestible and abundantly available biomass. The utilisation of visible light for the activation of alcohols permits alcohol-based C-N and C-C bond formation under mild conditions inaccessible with thermally operating hydrogen liberation catalysts. Herein, we report on a noble metal-free photocatalyst able to split alcohols into hydrogen and carbonyl compounds under inert gas atmosphere without the requirement of electron donors, additives, or aqueous reaction media. The reusable photocatalyst mediates C-N multiple bond formation using the oxidation of alcohols and subsequent coupling with amines. The photocatalyst consists of a CdS/TiO2 heterojunction decorated with co-catalytic Ni nanoparticles and is prepared on size-optimised colloidal metal-organic framework (MOF) crystallites.
- Tilgner, Dominic,Klarner, Mara,Hammon, Sebastian,Friedrich, Martin,Verch, Andreas,De Jonge, Niels,Kümmel, Stephan,Kempe, Rhett
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p. 842 - 847
(2019/08/26)
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- Pyrazine dicarboxylate-bridged arsenotungstate: Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activities in epoxidation of olefins and oxidation of alcohols
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A praseodymium(iii)-containing arsenotungstate K16H15Li7[Pr2(H2O)3(pzdc)As3W29O103]2·38H2O (1) (pzdc = pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid) was synthesized by a conventional aqueous solution method and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Structural analysis revealed that compound 1 was constructed by two identical subunits {Pr2(H2O)3(AsW9O33)3W2O4} bridged together by two pzdc ligands. In addition, compound 1 could act as an efficient catalyst for the epoxidation of olefins and oxidation of alcohols with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant. In particular, the turnover frequency (TOF) in the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol reached up to 10170 h-1, which is higher than that of previously reported catalysts.
- Ma, Xinyi,He, Peipei,Xu, Baijie,Lu, Jingkun,Wan, Rong,Wu, Hechen,Wang, Yuan,Ma, Pengtao,Niu, Jingyang,Wang, Jingping
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p. 12956 - 12963
(2019/09/07)
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- Nucleophilic Isomerization of Epoxides by Pincer-Rhodium Catalysts: Activity Increase and Mechanistic Insights
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Herein, we present the efficient isomerization of epoxides into methyl ketones with a novel pincer-rhodium complex under very mild conditions. The catalyst system has an excellent functional group tolerance and a wide array of epoxides was tested. The corresponding methyl ketones were obtained in very high yields with excellent chemo- and regioselectivity. In addition, we investigated mechanistic details like the isomerization of the catalyst, and we obtained evidence that the catalytic cycle follows a β-hydride elimination-reductive elimination pathway after the nucleophilic ring opening of the epoxide.
- Tian, Yingying,Jürgens, Eva,Mill, Katharina,Jordan, Ronja,Maulbetsch, Theo,Kunz, Doris
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p. 4028 - 4035
(2019/06/25)
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- Deracemization of Racemic Amines to Enantiopure (R)- and (S)-amines by Biocatalytic Cascade Employing ω-Transaminase and Amine Dehydrogenase
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A one-pot deracemization strategy for α-chiral amines is reported involving an enantioselective deamination to the corresponding ketone followed by a stereoselective amination by enantiocomplementary biocatalysts. Notably, this cascade employing a ω-transaminase and amine dehydrogenase enabled the access to both (R)-and (S)-amine products, just by controlling the directions of the reactions catalyzed by them. A wide range of (R)-and (S)-amines was obtained with excellent conversions (>80 %) and enantiomeric excess (>99 % ee). Finally, preparative scale syntheses led to obtain enantiopure (R)- and (S)-13 with the isolated yields of 53 and 75 %, respectively.
- Yoon, Sanghan,Patil, Mahesh D.,Sarak, Sharad,Jeon, Hyunwoo,Kim, Geon-Hee,Khobragade, Taresh P.,Sung, Sihyong,Yun, Hyungdon
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p. 1898 - 1902
(2019/02/27)
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- Efficient Palladium(0) supported on reduced graphene oxide for selective oxidation of olefins using graphene oxide as a ‘solid weak acid’
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Selective oxidation of olefin derivatives to ketones has made innovative development over palladium(0) supported on reduced graphene oxide. Compared to traditional Wacker oxidation, the novel method offers an economical and environment-friendly option by using graphene oxide (GO) as a ‘solid weak acid’ instead of classical homogeneous catalysts like H2SO4 and CF3COOH. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy images of Pd0/RGO showed that the nanoscaled Pd particles generated at the flake structure of reduced graphene oxide. Under optimized condition, up to 44 kinds of ketones with different structures can be prepared with excellent yields.
- Gao, Xi,Zhou, Jianhao,Peng, Xinhua
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- Mild Cu-Catalyzed Oxidation of Benzylic Boronic Esters to Ketones
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The oxidation of benzylic boronic esters directly to the ketone is reported. This mild Cu-catalyzed method uses an ambient atmosphere of air as the terminal oxidant and is notably chemoselective. Oxidation of the C-B bond occurs selectively, even in the presence of unprotected alcohols. Initial investigation suggests the reaction proceeds through an alkylboron to Cu transmetalation, peroxide formation, and rearrangement to give the carbonyl.
- Grayson, James D.,Partridge, Benjamin M.
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p. 4296 - 4301
(2019/05/14)
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- Iron-Enabled Utilization of Air as the Terminal Oxidant Leading to Aerobic Oxidative Deoximation by Organoselenium Catalysis
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In contrast to conventional organoselenium-catalyzed oxidation reactions that require peroxide oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, in this work we found that, addition of a low loading of iron (II) could enable the successful utilization of air as the terminal oxidant in organoselenium-catalyzed oxidative deoximation reaction of ketoximes. This led to a new mild and relatively green aerobic oxidative deoximation method. Control reactions and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis suggest that iron is crucial in the catalytic cycle, working to prohibit the deactivation of selenium catalyst through an iron-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of low valent selenium species by air to the active high valent selenium species. Since air can be utilized as the terminal oxidant, this work may contribute to the advance of organoselenium catalysis. (Figure presented.).
- Chen, Chao,Zhang, Xu,Cao, Hongen,Wang, Fang,Yu, Lei,Xu, Qing
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p. 603 - 610
(2018/12/14)
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- One-Pot Transformation of Ketoximes into Optically Active Alcohols and Amines by Sequential Action of Laccases and Ketoreductases or ω-Transaminases
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An enzymatic one-pot process for asymmetric transformation of prochiral ketoximes into alcohols or amines was developed by sequential coupling of a laccase-catalyzed deoximation either with a ketone reduction (ketoreductase, KRED) or bioamination (ω-transaminase, ω-TA) in aqueous medium. An accurate selection of biocatalysts provided the corresponding products in excellent enantiomeric excesses and overall conversions ranging from 83 to >99 % for alcohols and 70 to >99 % for amines. Likewise, the employment of exclusively 1 % (w/w) of Cremophor, a polyethoxylated castor oil, as co-solvent enabled to reach concentrations up to 100 mM in the chiral alcohols cascade.
- Correia Cordeiro, Raquel S.,Ríos-Lombardía, Nicolás,Morís, Francisco,Kourist, Robert,González-Sabín, Javier
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p. 1272 - 1277
(2019/01/24)
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- The synthesis of methyl triazole-4-carboxylate gold(I) complex and application on allene synthesis and alkyne hydration
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The methyl 1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylate containing a strong electron-withdrawing group was developed and applied as a ligand for gold(I) cations. The resulting ester-triazole gold(I) complex was investigated for its efficiency in catalyzing allene synthesis and alkyne hydration, in which an excellent catalytic efficiency was observed with low catalyst loadings.
- Hu, Wenkang,Shan, Liang,Ma, Fudong,Zhang, Yilin,Yang, Yongchun,Wang, Dawei
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- Design and Assembly of a Chiral Metallosalen-Based Octahedral Coordination Cage for Supramolecular Asymmetric Catalysis
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Supramolecular containers featuring both high catalytic activity and high enantioselectivity represent a design challenge of practical importance. Herein, it is demonstrated that a chiral octahedral coordination cage can be constructed by using twelve enantiopure Mn(salen)-derived dicarboxylic acids as linear linkers and six Zn4-p-tert-butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene clusters as tetravalent four-connected vertices. The porous cage features a large hydrophobic cavity (≈3944 ?3) decorated with catalytically active metallosalen species and is shown to be an efficient and recyclable asymmetric catalyst for the oxidative kinetic resolution of racemic secondary alcohols and the epoxidation of olefins with up to >99 % enantiomeric excess. The cage architecture not only prevents intermolecular deactivation and stabilizes the Mn(salen) catalysts but also encapsulates substrates and concentrates reactants in the cavity, resulting in enhanced reactivity and enantioselectivity relative to the free metallosalen catalyst.
- Tan, Chunxia,Jiao, Jingjing,Li, Zijian,Liu, Yan,Han, Xing,Cui, Yong
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supporting information
p. 2085 - 2090
(2018/02/06)
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- Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of N-Heterocycles and Secondary Alcohols by Ru(II)-NNC Complexes Bearing a Pyrazoyl-indolyl-pyridine Ligand
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Ruthenium(II) hydride complexes bearing a pyrazolyl-(2-indol-1-yl)-pyridine ligand were synthesized and structurally characterized by NMR analysis and X-ray single crystal crystallographic determinations. These complexes efficiently catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles and secondary alcohols, respectively, exhibiting highly catalytic activity with a broad substrate scope. The present work has established a strategy to construct highly active transition metal complex catalysts and provides an atom-economical and environmentally benign protocol for the synthesis of aromatic N-heterocyclic compounds and ketones.
- Wang, Qingfu,Chai, Huining,Yu, Zhengkun
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p. 584 - 591
(2018/03/08)
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- Design and Synthesis of Zirconium-Containing Coordination Polymer Based on Unsymmetric Indolyl Dicarboxylic Acid and Catalytic Application on Borrowing Hydrogen Reaction
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Catalytic borrowing hydrogen reaction is a very attractive transformation in the field of C-alkylation reaction. In this work, a new Zr (Zirconium)-containing coordination polymer containing unsymmetric indolyl dicarboxylic acid 1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid (H2CIA) was synthesized by the way of a solvothermal synthetic route and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS). The coordination polymer Zr-CIA was employed as the catalyst for C-alkylation of acetophenone derivatives in the presence of benzyl alcohol. In addition, Zr-CIA catalyst was also observed to be effective in the reaction of alcohols with alcohols and high yields of alkylation products were achieved. Mechanism investigations were also conducted to better understand the catalysts and transformations. Meanwhile, the Zr-CIA could be reused at least five times without a notable decrease in activity and selectivity. (Figure presented.).
- Hu, Xinyu,Zhu, Haiyan,Sang, Xinxin,Wang, Dawei
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supporting information
p. 4293 - 4300
(2018/10/02)
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- Tripodal N,P Mixed-Donor Ligands and Their Cobalt Complexes: Efficient Catalysts for Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Secondary Alcohols
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A new tetradentate tripodal ligand, iPrPPPNHPyMe, and the cobalt complexes were synthesized and characterized. The well-defined cobalt complexes efficiently catalyzed acceptorless dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols into ketones.
- Xu, Shi,Alhthlol, Latifah M.,Paudel, Keshav,Reinheimer, Eric,Tyer, David L.,Taylor, Daniela K.,Smith, Amberlynn M.,Holzmann, Jonathan,Lozano, Edgar,Ding, Keying
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supporting information
p. 2394 - 2397
(2018/03/09)
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- Osmium Catalysts for Acceptorless and Base-Free Dehydrogenation of Alcohols and Amines: Unusual Coordination Modes of a BPI Anion
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A novel type of catalyst precursors for the dehydrogenation of hydrogen carriers based on organic liquids has been discovered. Complexes OsH6(PiPr3)2 (1) and OsH(OH)(CO)(PiPr3)2 (2) react with 1,3-bis(6′-methyl-2′-pyridylimino)isoindoline (HBMePI) to give OsH3{κ2-Npy,Nimine-(BMePI)}(PiPr3)2 (3) and OsH{κ2-Npy,Nimine-(BMePI)}(CO)(PiPr3)2 (4). The unprecedented κ2-Npy,Nimine coordination mode of BMePI is thermodynamically preferred with Os(IV) and Os(II) metal fragments and allows for preparation of BMePI-based dinuclear metal cations. Treatment of OsH2Cl2(PiPr3)2 (5) with 0.5 equiv of HBMePI in the presence of KOtBu affords the chloride salt of the bis(osmium(IV)) dinuclear cation [{OsH3(PiPr3)2}2{μ-(κ2-Npy,Nimine)2-BMePI}]+ (6). Related homoleptic bis(osmium(II)) complexes have been also synthesized. Complex 4 reacts with the bis(solvento) [OsH(CO){κ1-O-[OCMe2]2}(PiPr3)2]BF4 to give [{OsH(CO)(PiPr3)2}2{μ-(κ2-Npy,Nimine)2-BMePI}]BF4 (7), whereas the addition of 0.5 equiv of HBMePI to {OsCl(η6-C6H6)}2(μ-Cl)2 (8) affords [{OsCl(η6-C6H6)}2{μ-(κ2-Npy,Nimine)2-BMePI}]Cl (9). The reactions of 4 with 8 and {OsCl(η6-p-cymene)}2(μ-Cl)2 (10) lead to the heteroleptic cations [(PiPr3)2(CO)HOs{μ-(κ2-Npy,Nimine)2-BMePI}OsCl(η6-arene)]+ (arene = C6H6 (11), p-cymene (12)). The electronic structrure and electrochemical properties of the dinuclear complexes were also studied. Complexes 3 and 4 are efficient catalyst precursors for the acceptorless and base-free dehydrogenation of secondary and primary alcohols and cyclic and lineal amines. The primary alcohols afford aldehydes. The amount of H2 released per gram of heterocycle depends upon the presence of a methyl group adjacent to the nitrogen atom, the position of the nitrogen atom in the heterocycle, and the size of the heterocycle.
- Buil, María L.,Esteruelas, Miguel A.,Gay, M. Pilar,Gómez-Gallego, Mar,Nicasio, Antonio I.,O?ate, Enrique,Santiago, Alicia,Sierra, Miguel A.
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p. 603 - 617
(2018/03/08)
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- Base-Free and Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Alcohols Catalyzed by an Iridium Complex Stabilized by a N, N, N-Osmaligand
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The preparation of a N,N,N-osmaligand, its coordination to iridium to afford an efficient catalyst precursor, and the catalytic activity of the latter in dehydrogenation reactions of hydrogen carriers based on alcohols are reported. Complex OsH2Cl2(PiPr3)2 (1) reacts with 3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazol to give the osmium(II) complex 2H, which contains an acidic hydrogen atom. Deprotonation of the latter by the bridging methoxy groups of the dimer [Ir(μ-OMe)(n4-COD)]2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) leads to Ir(2)( n 4-COD) (3), where osmaligand 2 has a free-nitrogen atom. Iridium complex 3 catalyzes the dehydrogenation of secondary and primary alcohols to ketones and aldehydes or esters, respectively, and the dehydrogenation of diols to lactones. Cyclooctatriene is detected during the catalysis by GC-MS, suggesting that the true catalyst of the reactions is a dihydride IrH2(2)-species with osmaligand 2 acting as N,N,N-pincer. The presence of a phenyl group in the substrates favors the catalytic processes. The dehydrogenative homocoupling of primary alcohols to esters appears to take place via the transitory formation of hemiacetals.
- Alabau, Roberto G.,Esteruelas, Miguel A.,Martínez, Antonio,Oliván, Montserrat,O?ate, Enrique
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p. 2732 - 2740
(2018/09/10)
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- Polyoxovanadate catalysts for oxidation of 1-phenyl ethanol: From the discrete [V4O12]4- and [V10O28]6- anions to the anionic [V6O17]:N4 n - Coordination polymer
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Three polyoxovanadate-based hybrids {[Ru(phen)3]2[V4O12]}·13H2O (1), [Ru(phen)3]2[V10O28]·15H2O (2), and [Ru(phen)3]2[V6O17]Cl·11H2O (3) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) were prepared under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Although the structures of both the cyclic vanadate [V4O12]4- and the [V10O28]6- anions are well-known, interestingly, a novel 1-dimensional (1-D) coordination polymer [V6O17]n4n- anion was constructed from tetranuclear [V4O12]4- and dinuclear [V2O7]4- building blocks, which were linked alternately through corner-shared oxygen atoms. Furthermore, the negative charges of polyoxovanadate [V4O12]4-, [V10O28]6- and [V6O17]4- anions were balanced by two [Ru(phen)3]2+/3+ complex cations. The catalytic properties of compounds 1-3 for the oxidation of 1-phenyl ethanol by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) were investigated, and the results demonstrated that 1 and 3 exhibited excellent catalytic activities for the oxidation of 1-phenyl ethanol under mild catalytic conditions.
- Wang, Ke,Xu, Qiaofei,Ma, Pengtao,Zhang, Chao,Wang, Jingping,Niu, Jingyang
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p. 6273 - 6279
(2018/10/23)
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- An efficient approach for enhancing the catalytic activity of Ni-MOF-74: Via a relay catalyst system for the selective oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds under mild conditions
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Although nickel-based materials exhibit similar catalytic activity to palladium in organic synthesis, the selective oxidation of inert C-H bonds in the absence of other co-catalysts remains a largely unsolved challenge. This paper introduces a facile and efficient approach for enhancing the catalytic activity of Ni-MOF-74 with [bmim]Br via a relay catalysis strategy, which is excellent for the selective oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds. Notably, the catalyst recycling and scale up experiments demonstrated the practicability of the protocol. This method combines the catalytic advantages of MOFs and ionic liquids (ILs), and provides an insight into oxidation reactions by cheap and efficient Ni-based catalysts.
- Guo, Changyan,Zhang, Yonghong,Zhang, Yi,Wang, Jide
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supporting information
p. 3701 - 3704
(2018/04/17)
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