- N-Heterocyclic Carbene Copper(I) Complex Catalyzed Coupling of (Hetero)aryl Chlorides and Nitrogen Heterocycles: Highly Efficient Catalytic System
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A highly efficient catalytic system for the N-arylation reactions of (hetero)aryl chlorides and nitrogen heterocycles with a copper(I) complex containing a 1,10-phenanthroline analogue N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has been reported. The complex was characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The NHC-copper(I) complex was employed as pre-catalyst for Ullmann type N-arylation reactions of (hetero)aryl chlorides with various azoles. A variety of hindered and functionalized azoles and (hetero)aryl chlorides were transformed in good to excellent yields.
- Zhang, Mengyao,Zhang, Yingying,Zhang, Huixin,Zeng, Yongfei,Liu, Guiyan
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p. 1252 - 1256
(2020/08/05)
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- Unique CuI-pyridine based ligands catalytic systems for N-arylation of indoles and other heterocycles
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Two pyridine-based ligands (N-((pyridin-2-yl) methyl) pyridin-2-amine) L1 and (N-((pyridin-2-yl) methylene) pyridin-2-amine) L2 are explored in present work which are inexpensive, effective and environmentally benign in their properties. These have been utilized for C-N cross coupling reaction resulting in N-arylation. The N-arylation of indole, imidazole and triazole have been successfully carried out with different aryl and heteroaryl halides using these ligands.
- Taywade, Amol,Chavan, Snehal,Ulhe, Avinash,Berad, Baliram
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supporting information
p. 1443 - 1453
(2018/06/01)
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- Copper nanoparticles incorporated on a mesoporous carbon nitride, an excellent catalyst in the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and N-arylation of N-heterocycles
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Cu nanoparticles with average particles size around 10?nm were incorporated on the surface of a mesoporous carbon nitride support. The XRD and N2 adsorption isotherms show that it maintains a hexagonal mesoporous structure with a high surface a
- Kazemi Movahed, Siyavash,Salari, Parinaz,Kasmaei, Melika,Armaghan, Mahsa,Dabiri, Minoo,Amini, Mostafa M.
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- HEPARAN SULFATE BIOSYNTHESIS INHIBITORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DISEASES
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Described herein are compounds of Formula I, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments containing such compounds, and methods of using such compounds to treat or prevent diseases or conditions in need of inhibition of heparan sulfate biosynthesis.
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Paragraph 000498
(2016/05/02)
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- IMINOSUGARS USEFUL FOR THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES
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Formula IA, ad their use for treating viral infections.
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Page/Page column 61
(2016/06/01)
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- Efficient and recyclable copper-based MOF-catalyzed N-arylation of N-containing heterocycles with aryliodides
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Copper-based MOF-199 was used as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst to catalyze cross-coupling reactions between N-containing heterocycles and aryliodides with high yields. The catalyst can be easily separated from the reaction mixture, and can be reused at least 5 times without significantly decreasing the activity. The XRD results showed that the crystallinity and structure of MOF-199 can be maintained well during the coupling reaction.
- Li, Zihao,Meng, Fei,Zhang, Jie,Xie, Jianwei,Dai, Bin
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supporting information
p. 10861 - 10865
(2016/12/06)
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- Heterogeneous sequential N-arylation of N-heterocycles over copper anchored mesoporous silica catalyst
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N-Arylation reaction of N-heterocyclic compounds has been carried out in excellent yield using copper anchored SBA-15 catalyst. Sequential N-arylation reactions employing single catalyst under heterogeneous condition provides a straightforward access to a
- Das, Soma,Maity, Tanmoy,Koner, Subratanath
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- Cu(0)@Al2O3/SiO2 NPs: An efficient reusable catalyst for the cross coupling reactions of aryl chlorides with amines and anilines
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The C-N cross coupling reaction of aryl chlorides with various alkyl/aryl amines catalyzed by copper nanoparticles impregnated on alumina/silica support (Cu(0)@Al2O3/SiO2) was investigated. The prepared catalyst was characterized for its intrinsic physico-chemical and textural properties using XRD, XPS, HR-TEM, BET surface area, SEM-EDAX, H2-TPR and ICP-AES techniques. The catalyst exhibits excellent reactivity and efficacy in the cross-coupling of a wide range of alkyl/aryl amines including challenging anilines with aryl chlorides. The catalyst offers significant advantages such as brevity, milder reaction conditions, excellent yields and high functional group tolerance for C-N cross coupling when compared with the other reported methods. Moreover, this atom-economical methodology does not require an additional ligand or co-catalyst/activator. The Cu(0)@Al2O3/SiO2 catalyst was efficiently applied to a gram scale synthesis of 7-chloro-4-(4-(2-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)quinolone (2k). The robustness of the catalyst was examined by reusing it for five consecutive runs.
- Reddy, P. Linga,Arundhathi,Rawat, Diwan S.
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p. 92121 - 92127
(2015/11/17)
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- Tamarix gallica leaf extract mediated novel route for green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their application for N-arylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles under ligand-free conditions
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We report the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Tamarix gallica leaf extract and their catalytic activity for N-arylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles with aryl halides under ligand-free conditions. Tamarix gallica leaves are used as a bio-material for the first time as reducing agent. The green synthesized CuO NPs was characterized using the powder XRD, TEM, UV-vis and FT-IR. This method offers several advantages, viz. high yields, simple methodology, recyclability of the catalyst and a simple workup procedure.
- Nasrollahzadeh, Mahmoud,Sajadi, S. Mohammad,Maham, Mehdi
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p. 40628 - 40635
(2015/05/20)
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- Five-And-Six-Membered Heterocyclic Compound, And Preparation Method, Pharmaceutical Composition And Use Thereof
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A five-and-six-membered heterocyclic compound as represented by general formula I, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, metabolite, metabolic precursors or drug precursors thereof, preparation method, pharmaceutical composition, and use thereof; the five-and-six-membered heterocyclic compound has activity as a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, and can be used to prepare drugs for treating diseases caused by the abnormal activity of kinase, such as cell proliferation diseases like cancer.
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Paragraph 0160; 0161
(2015/12/07)
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- Copper(I) 3-methylsalicylate mediates the Chan-Lam N-arylation of heterocycles
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Copper(I) 3-methylsalicylate (CuMeSal) mediates N-arylation reactions between aryl boronic acids and aromatic heterocycles (Chan-Lam coupling) under moderate reaction conditions (K2CO3, methanol, 65 °C, in air, 3-5 h). Both electron-rich and electron-deficient aryl boronic acids and a diverse set of N-heterocycles were allowed to react and gave N-arylation products in reasonable yields, which demonstrate the utility of this catalyst.
- Farahat, Abdelbasset A.,Boykin, David W.
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supporting information
p. 245 - 252
(2015/10/29)
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- Catalytic activity and antibacterial properties of nanopolymer-supported copper complex for C-N coupling reactions of amines and nitrogen-containing heterocycles with aryl halides
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This paper reports on the antibacterial properties and application of nanopolymer-supported copper complex for the ligand-free C-N coupling reactions of amines and nitrogen-containing heterocycles with aryl halides. This method has the advantages of high yields, simple methodology, and easy workup. The catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration from the reaction mixture and reused several times without significant loss of catalytic activity.
- Nasrollahzadeh, Mahmoud,Zahraei, Ali,Pourbasheer, Eslam
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p. 1329 - 1334
(2015/08/18)
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- Highly active recyclable heterogeneous Pd/ZnO nanoparticle catalyst: Sustainable developments for the C-O and C-N bond cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides under ligand-free conditions
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Efficient Pd supported on ZnO nanoparticles for the ligand-free O-arylation and N-arylation of phenols and various N-H heterocycles with aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides were readily synthesized and characterized. The amount of palladium on ZnO is 9.84 wt% (0.005 g of the catalyst contains 462 × 10-8 mol% of Pd) which was determined by ICP analysis. This nano sized Pd/ZnO with an average particle size of 20-25 nm and specific surface area 40.61 m2 g-1 was used as a new reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the formation of C-O and C-N bonds in organic synthesis. This protocol gives the arylated product in satisfactory yields without any N2 or Ar flow. The catalyst can be recovered and recycled several times without marked loss of activity.
- Hosseini-Sarvari, Mona,Razmi, Zahra
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p. 44105 - 44116
(2014/12/10)
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- Copper complex-catalysed C-N coupling reaction of aryl iodides with nitrogen-containing heterocycles
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An efficient method for the copper-catalysed arylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles is reported using 3-(diphenylphosphino) propanoic acid as a ligand in combination of CuCl. The C-N coupling reactions afford various N-arylated products in good to excellent yields.
- Sajadi, S. Mohammad,Maham, Mehdi
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p. 128 - 129
(2014/03/21)
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- On the frontier between nucleophilic aromatic substitution and catalysis
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A study on the arylation of heteroatom nucleophiles by using activated haloarenes, with or without metal catalysts, is reported. A discussion concerning the involvement of traces of metals is presented, supported by an unexpected ''ligand'' effect in the absence of added metal catalysts. We believe that the frontier between nucleophilic aromatic substitution and catalysis will likely prove to be much harder to delimit than is generally thought. S NAr or catalysis? A study on the arylation of heteroatom nucleophiles by using activated haloarenes, with or without added metal catalysts, is reported. A discussion concerning the involvement of traces of metals is presented, supported by an unexpected "ligand" effect in the absence of added metal catalysts (see scheme, EWG=electron-withdrawing group).
- Pichette Drapeau, Martin,Ollevier, Thierry,Taillefer, Marc
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supporting information
p. 5231 - 5236
(2014/05/20)
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- Triazole-substituted nitroarene derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, and energetic studies
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A series of dense and energetic polynitroaryl-1,2,4-triazoles were synthesized through the nitration of aryl-1,2,4-triazoles. The Cu-catalyzed/base-mediated coupling reactions of haloarenes with 1,2,4-triazoles delivered N-aryl-1,2,4-triazoles. These new
- Kommu, Nagarjuna,Ghule, Vikas D.,Kumar, A. Sudheer,Sahoo, Akhila K.
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supporting information
p. 166 - 178
(2014/01/06)
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- Copper(I) 3-methylsalicylate, an efficient catalyst for N-arylation of heterocycles under moderate reaction conditions
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Copper(I) 3-methylsalicylate mediates N-arylation reactions of both aliphatic and aromatic heterocycles under moderate reaction conditions. Both electron rich and electron poor aryl bromides and a diverse set of N-heterocycles were allowed to react and gave N-arylation products in high yields which demonstrated the efficiency and utility of this catalyst.
- Farahat, Abdelbasset A.,Boykin, David W.
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supporting information
p. 3049 - 3051
(2014/05/20)
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- Aromatic N-arylations catalyzed by copper-anchored porous zinc-based metal-organic framework under heterogeneous conditions
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A highly porous Zn-based metal-organic framework (MOF) IRMOF-3 was covalently decorated with pyridine-2-aldehyde. The free amine group of IRMOF-3 upon condensation with pyridine-2-aldehyde affords a bidentate Schiff-base moiety in the porous matrix. The Schiff base moieties are availed to anchor copper(II) ions to display the catalyst's utility towards catalytic reactions. The catalyst was characterized by UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy, powder XRD spectrometry, SEM energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and nitrogen sorption measurements. The catalyst exhibits excellent activity in catalyzing the N-arylation reaction of nitrogen-containing heterocycles with aryl bromides in DMSO medium, under mild condition (90°C) in the presence of Cs 2CO3. The porous catalyst demonstrates size selectivity towards substrate as a result of the presence of active sites inside the pores of the MOF. The anchored complex seems to be not leached or decomposed during the catalytic reactions up to five successive catalytic cycles, demonstrating practical advantages over homogeneous catalysis.
- Maity, Tanmoy,Saha, Debraj,Koner, Subratanath
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p. 2373 - 2383
(2014/08/18)
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- Synthesis of novel heteroarenes based [1,2,3]-triazoles via click chemistry and their evaluation for antibacterial activity
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A series of heteroarenes based [1,2,3]-triazole derivatives 8a-h and 9a-f has been synthesized via click chemistry through Huisgen [2+3] cycloaddition reaction of heteroarylazides 7a-e with alkynes (3a-c, propargyl alcohol or phenyl acetylene) in the presence of CuSO4.5H2O and sodium ascorbate in t-butanol and water (1:1) mixture at 25°C in good to excellent yields (74-94%). All the newly synthesized compounds have been characterized on the basis of analytical and spectral data. The compounds 8a, 8e, 9a, 9b, 9c and 9e have been evaluated for their preliminary in-vitro antibacterial efficacy against a panel of two Gram-positive bacteria viz. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans and two Gramnegative bacteria viz. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the Agar disc diffusion method.
- Prasad, Davinder,Aggarwal, Nisha,Kumar, Rajesh,Nath, Mahendra
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scheme or table
p. 731 - 738
(2012/07/02)
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- The kinetics and mechanisms of aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions in liquid ammonia
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The rates of aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions in liquid ammonia are much faster than those in protic solvents indicating that liquid ammonia behaves like a typical dipolar aprotic solvent in its solvent effects on organic reactions. Nitrofluorobenzenes (NFBs) readily undergo solvolysis in liquid ammonia and 2-nitrofluorobenzene is about 30 times more reactive than the 4-substituted isomer. Oxygen nucleophiles, such as alkoxide and phenoxide ions, readily displace fluorine of 4-NFB in liquid ammonia to give the corresponding substitution product with little or no competing solvolysis product. Using the pKa of the substituted phenols in liquid ammonia, the Bronsted βnuc for the reaction of 4-NFB with para-substituted phenoxides is 0.91, indicative of the removal of most of the negative charge on the oxygen anion and complete bond formation in the transition state and therefore suggests that the decomposition of the Meisenheimer σ-intermediate is rate limiting. The aminolysis of 4-NFB occurs without general base catalysis by the amine and the second-order rate constants generate a Bronsted βnuc of 0.36 using either the pKa of aminium ion in acetonitrile or in water, which is also interpreted in terms of rate limiting breakdown of the Meisenheimer σ-intermediate. Nitrobenzene and diazene are formed as unusual products from the reaction between sodium azide and 4-NFB, which may be due to the initially formed 4-nitroazidobenzene decomposing to give a nitrene intermediate, which may then give diazene or be trapped by ammonia to give the unstable hydrazine which then yields nitrobenzene.
- Ji, Pengju,Atherton, John H.,Page, Michael I.
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supporting information; scheme or table
p. 3286 - 3295
(2011/07/07)
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- Ligands for copper-catalyzed C-N bond forming reactions with 1 Mol% CuBr as catalyst
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Several new ligands were designed to promote copper-catalyzed Ullman C-N coupling reactions. In this group, 8-hydroxyquinolin-N-oxide was found to serve as a superior ligand for CuBr-catalyzed coupling reactions of aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides with aliphatic amines and N-heterocycles under a low catalyst loading (1% [Cu] mol). Reactions with the inexpensive catalytic system display a high functional group tolerance as well as excellent chemoselectivity.
- Yang, Kai,Qiu, Yatao,Li, Zheng,Wang, Zhaoyang,Jiang, Sheng
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experimental part
p. 3151 - 3159
(2011/06/23)
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- Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles as cis-restricted combretastatin analogues
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A series of 1-aryl-5-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyphenyl) derivatives and their related 1-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyphenyl)-5- aryl-1,2,4-triazoles, designed as cis-restricted combretastatin analogues, were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity, inhibitory effects on tubulin polymerization, cell cycle effects, and apoptosis induction. Their activity was greater than, or comparable with, that of the reference compound CA-4. Flow cytometry studies showed that HeLa and Jurkat cells treated with the most active compounds 4l and 4o were arrested in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in a concentration dependent manner. This effect was accompanied by apoptosis of the cells, mitochondrial depolarization, generation of reactive oxygen species, activation of caspase-3, and PARP cleavage. Compound 4l was also shown to have potential antivascular activity, since it induced endothelial cell shape change in vitro and disrupted the sprouting of endothelial cells in the chick aortic ring assay.
- Romagnoli, Romeo,Baraldi, Pier Giovanni,Cruz-Lopez, Olga,Lopez Cara, Carlota,Carrion, Maria Dora,Brancale, Andrea,Hamel, Ernest,Chen, Longchuan,Bortolozzi, Roberta,Basso, Giuseppe,Viola, Giampietro
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 4248 - 4258
(2010/09/05)
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- Amide thiadiazole inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
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Methods of treating disorders associated with elevated levels of PAI-1 are disclosed comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formula at least one compound of formula (I), or a ph
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Page/Page column 23
(2010/02/12)
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- Optically active antifungal azoles. X. Synthesis and antifungal activity of N-[4-(azolyl)phenyl]- and N-[4-(azolylmethyl)phenyl]-N′-[(1R,2R)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy -1-methyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-azolones
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New optically active antifungal azoles, N-[4-(azolyl)phenyl]- and N-[4-(azolylmethyl)phenyl]-N′-[(1R,2R)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy -1-methyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]azolones (1, 2, 3), were prepared in a stereocontrolled manner. Compounds 1
- Kitazaki, Tomoyuki,Ichikawa, Takashi,Tasaka, Akihiro,Hosono, Hiroshi,Matsushita, Yoshihiro,Hayashi, Ryogo,Okonogi, Kenji,Itoh, Katsumi
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p. 1935 - 1946
(2007/10/03)
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- 3-[3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl]indoles as highly selective h5-HT(1D) receptor agonists
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Several 5-HT(ID/1B) receptor agonists are now entering the marketplace as treatments for migraine. This paper describes the development of selective h5-HT(1D)receptor agonists as potential antimigraine agents which may produce fewer side effects. A series of 3-[3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl]indoles has been synthesized which has led to the identification of 80 (L-772,405), a high- affinity h5-HT(1D) receptor full agonist having 170-fold selectivity for h5- HT(1D) receptors over h5-HT(1B) receptors. L-772,405 also shows very good selectivity over a range of other serotonin and nonserotonin receptors and has excellent bioavailability following subcutaneous administration in rats. It therefore constitutes a valuable tool to delineate the role of h5-HT(1D) receptors in migraine. Molecular modeling and physical properties have been utilized to postulate the binding conformation of these compounds in the receptor cavity.
- Russell, Michael G. N.,Matassa, Victor G.,Pengilley, Roy R.,Van Niel, Monique B.,Sohal, Bindi,Watt, Alan P.,Hitzel, Laure,Beer, Margaret S.,Stanton, Josephine A.,Broughton, Howard B.,Castro, José L.
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p. 4981 - 5001
(2007/10/03)
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- Imidazole, Triazole and tetrazole derivatives
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Imidazole, triazole and tetrazole derivatives of formula (I) are selective agonists of 5-HT1 -like receptors and are therefore useful in the treatment of clinical conditions, in particular migraine and associated disorders, for which a selective agonist of these receptors is indicated, wherein the broken circle represents two non-adjacent double bonds in any position in the five-membered ring; two, three or four of V, W, X, Y and Z represent nitrogen and the remainder represent carbon provided that, when two of V, W, X, Y and Z represent nitrogen and the remainder represent carbon, then the said nitrogen atoms are in non-adjacent positions within the five-membered ring; E represents a bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; F represents a group of formula (a); U represents nitrogen or C--R2 ; B represents oxygen, sulphur or N--R3 ; R1 represents a group of formula (i), (ii) or (iii).
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- Imidazole, triazole and tetrazole derivatives
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A class of substituted imidazole, triazole and tetrazole derivatives of formula (I), wherein the broken circle represents two non-adjacent double bonds in any position in the five-membered ring; two, three or four of V,W,X,Y and Z represent nitrogen and the remainder represent carbon provided that, when two of V,W,X,Y and Z represent nitrogen and the remainder represent carbon, then the said nitrogen atoms are in non-adjacent positions within the five-membered ring; E represents a bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; F represents a group of formula (lI); U represents nitrogen or C--R2 ; B represents oxygen, sulphur or N--R3 ; are selective agonists of 5--HT1 -like receptors and are therefore useful in the treatment of clinical conditions, in particular migraine and associated disorders, for which a selective agonist of these receptors is indicated.
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- Synthesis and serotonergic activity of N,N-dimethyl-2-[5-(1,2,4-triazol- 1-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]ethylamine and analogues: Potent agonists for 5- HT(1D) receptors
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The synthesis and the 5-HT receptor activity of a novel series of N,N- dimethyltryptamines substituted in the 5-position with an imidazole, triazole, or tetrazole ring are described. The objective of this work was to identify potent and selective 5-HT(1D) receptor agonists with high oral bioavailability and low central nervous system penetration. Compounds have been prepared in which the azole ring is attached through either nitrogen or carbon to the indole. Conjugated and methylene-bridged derivatives have been studied (n = 0 or 1). Substitution of the azole ring has been explored either α or β to the point of attachment to indole. In a series of N-linked azoles (X = N), simple unsubstituted compounds have high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT(1D) receptors. It is proposed that for good affinity and selectivity a hydrogen bond acceptor interaction with the 5-HT(1D) receptor, through a β-nitrogen in the azole ring, is required. In a series of C-linked triazoles and tetrazoles (X = C), optimal affinity and selectivity for the 5-HT(1D) receptor was observed when the azole ring is substituted at the 1-position with a methyl or ethyl group. This study has led to the discovery of the 1,2,4-triazole 10a (MK-462) as a potent and selective 5-HT(1D) receptor agonist which has high oral bioavailability and rapid oral absorption. The in vitro activity and the preliminary pharmacokinetics of compounds in this series are presented.
- Street,Baker,Davey,Guiblin,Jelley,Reeve,Routledge,Sternfeld,Watt,Beer,Middlemiss,Noble,Stanton,Scholey,Hargreaves,Sohal,Graham,Matassa
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p. 1799 - 1810
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis of p-nitrophenylazoles by phase transfer catalysis without solvent
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Several N-p-nitrophenylazoles have been synthesized by direct arylation of the corresponding azole with p-fluoronitrobenzene (FNB) using phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) without solvent.
- Cerrada,Elguero,De La Fuente,Pardo,Ramos
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p. 1947 - 1952
(2007/10/02)
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- The Reaction of Some N-(Nitrophenyl)azoles with Alkali: Preparation of the Corresponding Azoxybenzenes. X-Ray Structure of 2,2'-Bis(1'',2'',4''-triazol-1''-yl)azoxybenzene
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The reactions of some representative N-(nitrophenyl)azoles with boiling aqueous ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution gave the corresponding bis(azolyl)azoxybenzenes.It is deduced that, in these reactions, the N-attached azolyl groups concerned are acting as weak electron-withdrawing groups.The structure of 2,2'-bis(1'',2'',4''-triazol-1''-yl)azoxybenzene was determined in the solid state by X-ray crystallography.The monoclinic crystals belong to the space group P21/c with a 8.815(1), b 7.863(1), c 11.836(1) Angstroem, β 109.96(1) deg and Z 2.The structure was refined to an R index of 0.041 for 1172 observed terms.The midpoint of the exocyclic N=N bond lies on an inversion centre so that the azoxy oxygen is statistically distributed between two sites.The benzene ring atoms are coplanar to within experimental error, as are the triazole ring atoms, and the dihedral angle between the perpendiculars to the two rings is 35.3(3) deg.
- Mackay, Maureen F.,Trantino, Giuseppe J.,Wilshire, John F. K.
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p. 417 - 425
(2007/10/02)
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