- Structure-activity relationship study of novel necroptosis inhibitors
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Necroptosis is a regulated caspase-independent cell death mechanism that results in morphological features resembling necrosis. It can be induced in a FADD-deficient variant of human Jurkat T cells treated with TNF-α. 5-(1H-Indol-3-ylmethyl)-2-thiohydantoins and 5-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)hydantoins were found to be potent necroptosis inhibitors (called necrostatins). A SAR study revealed that several positions of the indole were intolerant of substitution, while small substituents at the 7-position resulted in increased inhibitory activity. The hydantoin ring was also quite sensitive to structural modifications. A representative member of this compound class demonstrated moderate pharmacokinetic characteristics and readily entered the central nervous system upon intravenous administration.
- Teng, Xin,Degterev, Alexei,Jagtap, Prakash,Xing, Xuechao,Choi, Sungwoon,Denu, Regine,Yuan, Junying,Cuny, Gregory D.
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p. 5039 - 5044
(2007/10/03)
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- Model studies related to the total synthesis of the fumitremorgins; the Pictet-Spengler cyclisation and the formation and intramolecular acylation of a 1,2-dihydro-β-carboline derivative
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The preparations of the tetrahydro-β-carbolines 8, 9b, and 9d are described. The Pictet-Spengler reaction of L-tryptophyl-L-proline methyl ester with 3-methylbutanal gave the tetrahydro-β-carbolines 20 and 21; subsequent acid-catalysed cyclisation afforded the fumitremorgin analogues 22 and 23. The 2-(p-toluenesulphonyl)tetrahydro-β-carboline 27a furnished the unsaturated pentacycle 28a upon treatment with alkali.
- Harrison, David M.,Sharma, Ram Bilas
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p. 3165 - 3184
(2007/10/02)
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- DDQ Oxidations in the Indole Area. Synthesis of 4-Alkoxy-β-carbolines Including the Natural Products Crenatine and 1-Methoxycanthin-6-one
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The seven-step synthesis of the cytotoxic, antileukemic alkaloid 1-methoxycanthin-6-one (2b) is described.The pivotal steps are represented by the oxidation (DDQ, aqueous THF, room temperature) of 1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (10) to provide the 4-oxo-substituted derivative 14 in 78percent yield, and conversion of the 4-oxo analogue 7 into 4-methoxy-1-alkyl-β-carboline (23) via a methoxylation-oxidation process .This four-step, one-pot reaction has been shown to be general; 4-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (18) was converted into the corresponding 4-methoxy-, 4-ethoxy-, 4-(allyloxy)-, and 4-(benzyloxy)-β-carbolines (19a-d, respectively) on heating in the appropriate alcohol in the presence of pTSA and a trialkyl orthoformate (Table II).The proposed mechanism for this intriguing transformation is outlined in Scheme IV.Execution of this process has also resulted in a four-step preparation of crenatine (1a), a 4-methoxy-1-ethyl-β-carboline alkaloid.Finally, steric and electronic parameters have also been successfully manipulated to direct the DDQ oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carbolines to position 1, regiospecifically.The conversion of tetrahydro-β-carboline 25 into 2-acylindole 38 and benzamide 26 into 1-oxotetrahydro-β-carboline 27 (Table I), respectively, is in agreement with the proposed mechanism for this process.
- Hagen, Timothy J.,Narayanan, Krishnaswamy,Names, Jeffrey,Cook, James M.
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p. 2170 - 2178
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis of tryptophans
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The preparation of racemic and optically pure tryptophans is described. The D-enantiomers of the 6-substituted compounds possess a potent sweetening capability. Novel intermediates are also disclosed.
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