- Combination Therapies for Treating Metabolic Disorders
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This invention is directed to pharmaceutical combinations comprising an antioxidant agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, and optionally at least one other anti-diabetic agent useful for treating metabolic disorders. This invention also encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising an antioxidant agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, optionally at least one other anti-diabetic agent, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The combinations and compositions of this invention are useful as methods for treating metabolic disorders including diabetes, particularly Type I and Type II diabetes, as well as diseases and disorders associated with diabetes, including but not limited to atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, β-cell dysfunction, dyslipidemia, LADA, metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a mammal, particularly a diabetic mammal, and specifically a human patient. This invention is particularly directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an lipoic acid, one or more anti-inflammatories selected from the group consisting of diflunisal, diclofenac, dexibuprofen, dexketoprofen, naproxen, and salicylate, and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The compositions of this invention are useful as methods for treating metabolic disorders including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and hyperglycemia in a patient, particularly a diabetic patient.
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- Pharmaceutically acceprable salts of aporphine compounds of carboxyl group-containing agents and methods for preparing the same
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The present invention discloses novel pharmaceutically acceptable salts of aporphine compounds and carboxyl-group containing agents. Also, the present invention discloses methods for preparing the pharmaceutically acceptable salts. These pharmaceutically acceptable salts are suitable for use in treating and/or preventing hyperglycemic disease and/or several oxidative stress related diseases.
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- Liver function improvement formulation
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A food supplement formulation effective to improve the function of the liver comprises selenium, milk thistle seed, phosphatidyl choline, dandelion root, l-methionine, l-taurine, N-acetyl-cysteine, alpha lipoic arid, artichoke leaf, green tea leaf, turmeric root, belleric myrobalan fruit, boerhavia diffusa, eclipta alba, wedelolactones tinospora cordifolia, andrographis paniculata, and picrorhiza kurroa.
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- Homogeneous polyoxime compositions and their preparation by parallel assembly
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Provided by this invention are essentially homogeneous, defined compositions of matter comprising a baseplate structure having a plurality of oxime bonds, wherein each oxime bond links a specifically active molecule to the baseplate. Also provided are novel baseplates having a plurality of oxime forming complementary reactive groups and novel specifically reactive molecules having an oxime forming complementary reactive group. Also provided by this invention are methods of preparing these novel compositions of matter by chemoselectively ligating via oxime bond formation a complementary orthogonal reactive group on the baseplate to a complementary reactive orthogonal group on a specifically active molecule. Methods of using these defined compositions of matter as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising these defined compositions of matter and methods of their use are also provided by this invention.
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- Reaction of ascorbic acid with S-nitrosothiols: Clear evidence for two distinct reaction pathways
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Ascorbate reacts with S-nitrosothiols generally, in the pH range 3-13 by way of two distinct pathways, (a) at low [ascorbate], typically below ～1 × 10-4 mol dm-3 which leads to the formation of NO and the disulfide, and (b) at higher [ascorbate] when the products are the thiol and NO. Reaction (a) is Cu2+-dependent, and is completely cut out in the presence of EDTA, whereas reaction (b) is totally independent of [Cu2+] and takes place readily whether EDTA is present or not. For S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) the two reactions can be made quite separate, although for some reactants the two reactions overlap. In reaction (a), ascorbate acts as a reducing agent, generating Cu+ from Cu2+, which in turn reacts with RSNO forming initially NO, Cu2+ and RS-. The latter can then play the role of reducing agent for Cu2+, leading to disulfide formation. Ascorbate will initiate reaction when the free thiolate has initially been reduced to a very low level by the synthesis of RSNO from a large excess of nitrous acid over the thiol. Reaction (b) is interpreted in terms of nucleophilic attack by ascorbate at the nitroso-nitrogen atom, leading to thiol and O-nitrosoascorbate which breaks up, by a free-radical pathway, to give dehydroascorbic acid and NO. A similar pathway is the accepted mechanism in the literature for the nitrosation of ascorbate by nitrous acid and alkyl nitrites. The rate constant for the Cu2+-independent pathway increases sharply with pH and analysis of the variation of the rate constant with pH identifies a reaction pathway via both the mono- and di-anion forms of ascorbate, with the latter being the more reactive. As expected the entropy of activation is large and negative. Some aspects of structure-reactivity trends are discussed.
- Holmes, Anthony J.,Williams, D. Lyn H.
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p. 1639 - 1644
(2007/10/03)
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- Reactivity of sulfur nucleophiles towards S-nitrosothiols
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Rate constants have been measured for the reactions of a range of S-nitrosothiols with the following sulfur-centred nucleophiles: sulfite ion, thiourea, thiocyanate ion, thiosulfate ion, thiomethoxide ion and sulfide ion. Many of the reactions were very fast and were followed in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. For the sulfite reaction the reactive species over the pH range 4-8 was shown to be exclusively SO32-. For two RSNO species the reactivity sequence was established as: SO32- > MeS- > S2O32- ? SC(NH2)2 SCN-. The reaction with sulfide ion was also rapid and generated a fairly stable yellow species (λmax 410 nm), which was probably the nitrosodisulfide ion ONSS-, but the absorbance-time data were too complex for a simple kinetic analysis. This reaction could have some potential as an analytical procedure for the determination of RSNO species. The kinetic results are discussed in terms of the factors affecting nucleophilicity and are compared with the corresponding reactions of other nitrosating species.
- Munro, Andrew P.,Williams, D. Lyn H.
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p. 1794 - 1797
(2007/10/03)
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- Hetero-polyoxime compounds and their preparation by parallel assembly
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Provided by this invention are defined compositions of hetero-polyoximes of defined structure comprising a baseplate structure having a plurality of oxime bonds, wherein each oxime bond links a specifically active molecule to the baseplate. Also provided are novel baseplates having a plurality of oxime forming complementary reactive groups and novel specifically reactive molecules having an oxime forming complementary reactive group. Also provided by this invention are methods of preparing these novel compositions of matter by chemoselectively ligating via oxime bond formation a complementary orthogonal reactive group on the baseplate to a complementary reactive orthogonal group on a specifically active molecule. Methods of using these defined compositions of matter as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising these defined compositions of matter and methods of their use are also provided by this invention.
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- Chemical Reactions of Omeprazole and Omeprazole Analogues. IV. Reactions of Compounds of the Omeprazole System with 2-Mercaptoethanol
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When omeprazole, 5-methoxy-2-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyridinylmethylsulfinyl)-1H-benzimidazole, is dissolved in dilute HCl various reaction products are obtained.The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol greatly simplifies the complexity of these reactions.The reactions between 2-mercaptoethanol and some of the degradation products have been studied in detail.
- Braendstroem, Arne,Lindberg, Per,Bergman, Nils-Ake,Tekenbergs-Hjelte, Lija,Ohlson, Kristina
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p. 577 - 586
(2007/10/02)
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- Formation of Thiocarbonyl Compounds in the Reaction of Ebselen Oxide with Thiols
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Reaction of α-toluenethiol with Ebselen oxide, 2, affords dibenzyl disulfide and seleno sulfide 5, R = PhCH2.In the course of this reaction, thiobenzaldehyde is formed and can be trapped with cyclopentadiene in 90percent yield.Reaction of 2-propene-1-thiol with 2 afforded thioacrolein dimer in 69percent yield and seleno sulfide 5, R = CH2-CH=CH2.Trapping, stereochemical, and isotopic exchange studies were used to determine if in the reaction of 2 with 1-heptanethiol, cyclohexanethiol, and N-acetyl-D,L-cysteine thiocarbonyl compounds heptanethial, cyclohexanethione, and 2-acetamino-3-thioxopropanoic acid (α-thioformyl-N-acetylglycine), respectively, are also formed.These studies showed that free thiocarbonyl compounds are not formed in these reactions.
- Glass, Richard S.,Farooqui, Firdous,Sabahi, Mahmood,Ehler, Kenneth W.
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p. 1092 - 1097
(2007/10/02)
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