- Halogen-substituted anthranilic acid derivatives provide a novel chemical platform for androgen receptor antagonists
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Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists are used for hormone therapy of prostate cancer (PCa). However resistance to the treatment occurs eventually. One possible reason is the occurrence of AR mutations that prevent inhibition of AR-mediated transactivation by antagonists. To offer in future more options to inhibit AR signaling, novel chemical lead structures for new AR antagonists would be beneficial. Here we analyzed structure-activity relationships of a battery of 36 non-steroidal structural variants of methyl anthranilate including 23 synthesized compounds. We identified structural requirements that lead to more potent AR antagonists. Specific compounds inhibit the transactivation of wild-type AR as well as AR mutants that render treatment resistance to hydroxyflutamide, bicalutamide and the second-generation AR antagonist enzalutamide. This suggests a distinct mode of inhibiting the AR compared to the clinically used compounds. Competition assays suggest binding of these compounds to the AR ligand binding domain and inhibit PCa cell proliferation. Moreover, active compounds induce cellular senescence despite inhibition of AR-mediated transactivation indicating a transactivation-independent AR-pathway. In line with this, fluorescence resonance after photobleaching (FRAP) - assays reveal higher mobility of the AR in the cell nuclei. Mechanistically, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) - assays indicate that the amino-carboxy (N/C)-interaction of the AR is not affected, which is in contrast to known AR-antagonists. This suggests a mechanistically novel mode of AR-antagonism. Together, these findings indicate the identification of a novel chemical platform as a new lead structure that extends the diversity of known AR antagonists and possesses a distinct mode of antagonizing AR-function.
- Roell, Daniela,R?sler, Thomas W.,Hessenkemper, Wiebke,Kraft, Florian,Hauschild, Monique,Bartsch, Sophie,Abraham, Tsion E.,Houtsmuller, Adriaan B.,Matusch, Rudolf,van Royen, Martin E.,Baniahmad, Aria
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- Transition-metal-catalyst-free synthesis of anthranilic acid derivatives by transfer hydrogenative coupling of 2-nitroaryl methanols with alcohols/amines
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By using a transfer hydrogenative coupling strategy, we herein describe a new method for the efficient synthesis of anthranilic acid derivatives, a significantly important class of compounds with extensive applications in organic synthesis and the discovery of bioactive molecules, from 2-nitroaryl methanols and readily available alcohols/amines. The synthesis proceeds with the merits of no need for a transition metal catalyst, operational simplicity, broad substrate scope, good functional tolerance, and high step efficiency, which offers a useful alternative to access anthranilic acid derivatives.
- Zhang, Shudi,Tan, Zhenda,Xiong, Biao,Jiang, Huan Feng,Zhang, Min
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supporting information
p. 531 - 535
(2018/02/07)
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- Synthesis of simple analogues of methyllycaconitine - An efficient method for the preparation of the N-substituted anthranilate pharmacophore
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The synthesis of several A and AE ring analogues of the alkaloid methyllycaconitine is reported. The key 2-(2″-methylsuccinimido)benzoate ester pharmacophore is introduced using an efficient two step procedure. Esterification of the alcohol precursors with N-(trifluoroacetyl)anthranilic acid under Steglich conditions followed by sodium borohydride mediated cleavage of the trifluoroacetyl group affords the anthranilate esters. Subsequent fusion with methylsuccinic anhydride affords the N-substituted anthranilate derivatives containing the key pharmacophore present in a range of commonly occurring Delphinium and Aconitum alkaloids.
- Barker, David,Brimble, Margaret A.,McLeod, Malcolm D.
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p. 5953 - 5963
(2007/10/03)
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- A high yielding synthesis of anthranilate esters from sterically hindered alcohols
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A high yielding and operationally simple synthesis of anthranilate esters derived from primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols is reported. Esterification of the alcohol with N-(trifluoroacetyl)anthranilic acid under Steglich conditions, followed by sodium borohydride mediated cleavage of the trifluoroacetyl group affords the anthranilate ester. This new method has application in the synthesis of the ester sidechains of the commonly occurring Delphinium and Aconitum alkaloids and their analogues.
- Barker, David,McLeod, Malcolm D.,Brimble, Margaret A.,Savage, G. Paul
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p. 1785 - 1788
(2007/10/03)
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