- IONIZABLE CATIONIC LIPID FOR RNA DELIVERY
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What is described is a compound of formula I consisting of a compound in which R1 is a branched chain alkyl consisting of 10 to 31 carbons; R2 is a linear alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl consisting of 2 to 20 carbons; L1 and L2 are the same or different, each a linear alkylene of 1 to 20 carbons or a linear alkenylene of 2 to 20 carbons; X1 is S or O; R3 is a linear or branched alkylene consisting of 1 to 6 carbons; and R4 and R5 are the same or different, each a hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl consisting of 1 to 6 carbons; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
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- IONIZABLE CATIONIC LIPID FOR RNA DELIVERY
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What is described is a compound of formula I consisting of a compound in which R1 is a branched chain alkyl consisting of 10 to 31 carbons;R2 is a linear alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl consisting of 2 to 20 carbons, or a branched chain alkyl consisting of 10 to 31 carbons;L1 and L2 are the same or different, each a linear alkane of 1 to 20 carbons or a linear alkene of 2 to 20 carbons;X1 is S or O;R3 is a linear or branched alkylene consisting of 1 to 6 carbons; andR4 and R5 are the same or different, each a hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl consisting of 1 to 6 carbons; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
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- HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS METHODS, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEMS
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Embodiments of the invention include apparatus and systems for hydrocarbon synthesis and methods regarding the same. In an embodiment, the invention includes a process for creating a hydrocarbon product stream comprising reacting a reaction mixture in the presence of a catalyst inside of a reaction vessel to form a product mixture, the reaction mixture comprising a carbon source and water. The temperature inside the reaction vessel can be between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius and the pressure inside the reaction vessel can be above supercritical pressure for water. In an embodiment, the invention includes an extrusion reactor system for creating a hydrocarbon product stream. The temperature inside the extrusion reactor housing between 450 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius. Pressure inside the reaction vessel can be above supercritical pressure for water. Other embodiments are also included herein.
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Page/Page column 32
(2014/01/18)
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- Deoxygenation of methylesters over CsNaX
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The deoxygenation of methyl octanoate over a CsNaX zeolite catalyst has been investigated as a model reaction for the production of de-oxygenated liquid hydrocarbons from biodiesel. Several operating parameters were investigated, such as the type of basic catalyst used, the co-reactant incorporated in the reactor as a solvent of the liquid feed, and the reaction temperature. The CsNaX zeolite used in the study was prepared by ion exchange of NaX with CsNO3/CsOH solution. A significant role of the solvent (co-reactant) was found on the activity, selectivity, and stability of the catalyst. That is, when methanol was co-fed enhanced stability and decarbonylation activity were observed. By contrast, when nonane was used, the catalyst deactivated rapidly and the selectivity to coupling products was enhanced. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of methyl octanoate and methanol, as well as flow catalytic studies suggest that methyl octanoate first decomposes to an octanoate-like species. The decomposition of such species leads to the formation of heptenes and hexenes as major products. Octenes and other hydrogenated products are formed in lower amounts via hydrogenation by hydrogen produced on the surface by methanol decomposition, but not from gas phase H2, followed by dehydration. When the polarizable Cs cation is not present in the catalyst, reduced activity and formation of undesired products, such as aromatics and pentadecanone, occur. Similarly, non-zeolitic basic catalysts, such as MgO, exhibit low activity and low selectivity to de-oxygenated liquid hydrocarbons.
- Sooknoi, Tawan,Danuthai, Tanate,Lobban, Lance L.,Mallinson, Richard G.,Resasco, Daniel E.
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experimental part
p. 199 - 209
(2009/02/08)
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- Catalytic ketonisation over oxide catalysts. Part XI*. Cross-ketonisation of esters of aliphatic and aromatic acids
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The cross-ketonisation of a mixture of ethyl acetate and ethyl benzoate under flow conditions has been studied over 20wt%MO2/Al 2O3 (M = Mn, Ce or Zr) catalysts, at 673-723 K. High conversions of aromatic ester up to 98% and moderate yields of acetophenone (2/Al2O3 catalyst was the least selective. In its presence, the yield of styrene (34%) exceeded that of acetophenone (31%). Unexpectedly, pure Al2O3 support exhibited the highest selectivity and moderate activity, at 723 K the yield as high as 51% of acetophenone was noted. The transformations of mixtures of various ethyl alkanoates with ethyl benzoate over alumina have been studied. In the case of straight-chain aliphatic esters, the yields of the corresponding 1-phenyl-1-alkanones were in the range of 41-51%. The presence of a methyl group in the α position of the ester (isobutyrate) reduced the yield of ketone strongly (11%); two methyl groups (pivalate) completely inhibited the reaction. The reactivity of a series of alkyl acetates was also studied in the cross-ketonisation reaction with ethyl benzoate over alumina. It has been found that secondary and tertiary alkyl acetates were slightly more selective than their primary counterparts due to the absence of products of transesterification. For these esters at 723 K the yields of acetophenone were in the range of 64-67%. The cross-ketonisation of a mixture of ethyl acetate with substituted ethyl benzoates led to the corresponding derivatives of acetophenone. It has been found that the position of the substituent in the benzene ring plays a crucial role in the reactivity of the ester and determines the extent of yield of the product. The highest yield of ketone (62%) was observed at 723 K for 3-methylacetophenone. 2-Methylacetophenone was formed with low yields (10%) in the whole range of reaction temperatures, probably due to steric effect in the ortho position. At 698 K the maximum yield of 4-methylacetophenone (27%) was attained. The ketonisation of ethyl acetate with ethyl esters of 4-t-butyl- and 4-chlorobenzoic acids led to moderate yields (24-27%) of 4-t-butyl- and 4-chloroacetophenone, respectively.
- Glinski,Koscik,Jerzak,Synoradzki
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p. 995 - 1001
(2007/10/03)
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- γ,δ- and δ,ε-unsaturated aldehydes from γ- and δ-lactones in one step: Preliminary communication
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A one-step transformation of δ- and δ-(spiro)lactones into δ,δ- and δ,ε-unsaturated aldehydes with an excess of formic acid in the vapor phase over a supported manganese catalyst is described for the first time. The scope and limitations of this new reaction are shown with different lactones as substrate, and a mechanistic rationale is proposed.
- Giersch, Wolfgang,Naef, Ferdinand
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p. 1697 - 1703
(2007/10/03)
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- Kinetics of liquid-phase decarbonylation of aldehydes
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Kinetic features were studied for decarbonylation of caprylic and anisic aldehydes in an argon atmosphere at 85-120°C. Carbon monoxide was found to form by both radical and molecular mechanisms.
- Borisov,Gerchikov
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- ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS OF ALIPHATIC ESTERS TO THE CORRESPONDING ALIPHATIC KETONES BY LITHIUM 4,4'-DI-T-BUTYLBIPHENYL RADICAL ANION
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Sonication of some representative aliphatic esters with lithium in the presence of catalytic amounts of 4,4'-di-t-butylbiphenyl (DBB) in dry THF under N2 afforded the corresponding aliphatic ketones in good yields.Monitoring studies by GC/MS and 1H-NMR spectroscopy after quenching indicate the intermediacy of the corresponding β-ketoesters.
- Karaman, Rafik,Fry, James L.
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p. 4935 - 4938
(2007/10/02)
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- Characterization of uranyl soaps by spectroscopic and thermal measurements
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The infrared and visible spectrophotometric data of uranyl soaps showed that metal-oxygen bonds in uranyl soaps are not purely ionic but are partially covalent in character.The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the double-layer structure with molecular
- Mehrotra, K. N.,Sharma, Meera,Gahlaut, A. S.
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p. 310 - 312
(2007/10/02)
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- A SIMPLE WAY TO SOME KETONE HOMOENOLATES
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Under basic conditions 1-alkene-3-ols were converted into ketone homoenolates which led to β-alkylated ketones.
- Cuvigny, Therese,Julia, Marc,Jullien, Ludovic,Rolando, Christian
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p. 2587 - 2590
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis of Some New Polynuclear Compounds by Cycloaddition Reaction
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A large number of 7,9-disubstituted derivatives (I) of cyclopentacenaphthylene-8(H)-one and 2,5-disubstituted derivatives (II) of 3,4-diphenylcyclopentadienone have been synthesized by condensing acenaphthaquinone and benzil separately with suitable 1,3-disubstituted propan-2-ones.The 3-(o- and p-methoxytolyl)cyclopentadienones (IX) have been synthesized by Friedel-Crafts reaction of appropriate methyl cresyl ethers and phenacyl chloride.These dienones have been subjected to Diels-Alder reaction with acenaphthylene and a new acetylenic dienophile (V) (whose synthesis is also described in this paper) to yield a large number of polynuclear aromatic compounds having fluoranthene and p-quaterphenyl nuclei, which have been finally characterised by elemental analyses, IR and PMR spectral data.
- Samanta, S. R.,Mukherjee, A. K.
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- A HIGHLY EFFICIENT SYNTHETIC ROUTE TO KETONES THROUGH SEQUENTIAL COUPLING REACTIONS OF GRIGNARD REAGENTS WITH S-PHENYL CARBONOCHLORODITHIOATE IN THE PRESENCE OF NICKEL OR IRON CATALYSTS
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The sequential coupling reactions of Grignard reagents with S-phenyl carbonochloridothioate in the presence of nickel(II) or iron(III) catalysts provides a very mild and straightforward route to symmetrical and unsymmetrical aliphatic and aromatic ketones.
- Cardellicchio, C.,Fiandanese, V.,Marchese, G.,Ronzini, L.
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p. 3595 - 3598
(2007/10/02)
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- LITHIUM TRIS(PHENYLTHIO)METHANE FOR THE HOMOLOGATION OF TRIALKYLBORANES: CONVENIENT SYNTHESES OF KETONES AND t-CARBINOLS
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Lithium tris(phenylthio)methane is a readily available, cheap reagent for the production of ketones and t-carbinols from trialkylboranes.The scope and limitations of the reactions are indicated as are some of its unique features.
- Pelter, Andrew,Rao, J. Madhusudhana
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- Epoxyannulation. 5. Reactions of 1-Butadienylsulfonium Salts
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Treatment of the lithium enolate from three aldehydes, cycloheptanone, and four unhindered cyclohexanones with (1,3-butadien-1-yl)dimethylsulfonium fluoborate (1) provides a 7-oxabicyclohept-4-ene stereoselectively in 30-58percent yield.These epoxides are accompanied by 2--3-butenyl>ketones.This alkylated ketone is the sole product from the enolates of three hindered cyclic ketones and three acyclic ketones.Five related sulfonium salts, 2, 21, 46, 50, and 63, and the enolate from cyclohexanone gave these alkylated ketones accompanied by 5-40percent yield of the epoxyannulated product.
- Garst, Michael E.,Arrhenius, Peter
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- Synthesis of Ketones and Tertiary Alcohols from Trialkylboranes. Use of Lithium Tris(phenylthio)methanide
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The interaction of lithium tris(phenylthio)methanide with trialkylboranes followed by oxidation allows the production of ketones or tertiary alcohols in good yields under mild conditions.
- Pelter, Andrew,Rao, J. Madhusudhana
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p. 1149 - 1150
(2007/10/02)
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- Lithiation of Alkoxyalkyl Phenyl Sulfones. New Approach to Acyl Anion Synthesis
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(1-Ethoxyethoxy)methyl and (1-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl phenyl sulfones undergo metalation with LDA in THF in the presence of HMPA.The resulting lithium salts were easily alkylated with various alkyl halides and hydrolyzed under mild conditions to give the corresponding carbonyl compounds.The new synthetic method for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones employing these carbanions has been developed.
- Tanaka, Kazuhiko,Matsui, Syuichi,Kaji, Aritsune
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p. 3619 - 3622
(2007/10/02)
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