- Toxicological evaluation of ionic liquid in a biological functional tissue construct model based on nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/gelatin hybrid scaffolds
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The application of ionic liquid is attracting more attentions as green replacement for volatile organic solvents. However, the toxic effects and risks of ionic liquid in different biological systems for human health and environment are poorly evaluated. Among all ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate ([Emim]DEP-type) ionic liquid is still at the early phase of development, and its toxicity remains unclear. In this study, we fabricated a 3D biological functional tissue construct model based on nano-hydroxyapatite, chitosan and gelatin hybrid scaffold and evaluated its toxic effects of [Emim]DEP-type ionic liquid. As a control group, the examination of ionic liquid's toxic effects on the pre-osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1) was detected in 2D cultures. The MTT assay showed that [Emim]DEP-type ionic liquid inhibited the proliferation of cells on both 2D cultures and 3D tissue constructs. This effect was correlated with culturing time and concentration, while the IC50 on 3D scaffolds (12,566, 9015, 7896 μg/mL, at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively) was found significantly higher compared to 2D cultures (3959, 2226, 1884 μg/mL). Flow cytometry analysis and scanning electron microscope demonstrated that when [Emim]DEP-type ionic liquid acted on MC3T3-E1 cells for 48 h, the shape of 2D cells shrank, together with decreased surface adhesion.
- Zhu, Jingjing,Kong, Qian,Zheng, Shuangshuang,Wang, Yiwei,Jiao, Zeren,Nie, Yi,Liu, Tianqing,Song, Kedong
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- Exothermic and thermal runaway behaviour of some ionic liquids at elevated temperatures
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The exothermic behaviour and intrinsic safety of a number of ionic liquids being considered for battery and solar cell applications have been investigated at elevated temperatures by analysing data from accelerated rate calorimetric (ARC) studies.
- Vijayaraghavan,Surianarayanan,Armel,MacFarlane,Sridhar
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- Universal scaling behavior of entropy and conductivity in ionic liquids
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The density scaling behavior of dynamics and thermodynamics is investigated in ionic liquids. By comparing the scaling exponent of different dynamic quantities (dc-conductivity, viscosity, and diffusion) of a series of homologous ionic liquids, we discover that longer alkyl chain in the cation provides lower scaling value. Additionally, a systematic study on the entropy scaling behavior is carried out based on various samples within different structures and strength of interactions between anions and cations. Interestingly, for all tested samples, a linear relationship between Grüneisen parameter (scaling exponent) and entropy was obtained, and more importantly, the generated slope shows a close relation to the typical interactions (van der Waals and Coulomb forces, and H-bonds). Therefore, we establish a new correlation for this group of compounds.
- Cheng, S.,Jacquemin, J.,Musia?, M.,Ngai, K. L.,Paluch, M.,Wojnarowska, Z.
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- Phosphate and Phosphonate-Based Ionic Liquids as New Additives in Foeniculum vulgare Essential Oil Extraction
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The effect of the addition of four different halide-free ionic liquids (ILs) during the maceration step on Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (EO) extraction by hydrodistillation was investigated. The EO yields and their chemical composition were also evalu
- Pistelli, Luisa,Reidel, Rose Vanessa Bandeira,Margari, Piero,Chiappe, Cinzia
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- METHOD OF PREPARING A HIGH PURITY IMIDAZOLIUM SALT
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The present invention encompasses a novel method for synthesizing highly pure salts of the general formula Q+A?, wherein the starting materials are reacted in the presence of water, and wherein Q+ is and wherein A? is
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Paragraph 0038
(2018/01/13)
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- Superbase ionic liquids for effective cellulose processing from dissolution to carbonisation
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A range of superbase derived ionic liquids (SILs) was synthesised and characterised. Their ability to dissolve cellulose and the characteristics of the produced fibres were correlated to their specific structural and solvent properties. 17 ionic liquids (ILs) (including 9 novel) were analysed and six ILs were selected to produce fibres: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C2C1im][OAc], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate [C2C1im][DEP] and the SILs 1-ethyl-1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-enium diethylphosphate [DBUEt][DEP], 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-enium acetate [DBUH][OAc], 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate [DBNH][OAc] and 1-ethyl-1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium diethylphsophate [DBNEt][DEP]. The mechanical properties of these fibres were investigated. The obtained fibres were then carbonised to explore possible application as carbon fibre precursors. The fibres obtained using a mixture of 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium based SILs with acetate and hexanoate anions (9 : 1), [DBNH][OAc][Hex], showed a promising combination of strength, stiffness and strain at failure values for applications in textiles and fibre reinforcement in renewable composites. Using Raman spectroscopy it is demonstrated that these fibres exhibit a relatively high degree of structural order, with fewer defects than the other materials. On the other hand, analogous fibres based on imidazolium cation with acetate and hexanoate anions (9 : 1), [C2C1im][OAc][Hex] showed a decline in the quality of the produced fibres compared to the fibres produced from [C2C1im][OAc], [C2C1im][DEP] or [DBNH][OAc][Hex].
- Kuzmina, Olga,Bhardwaj, Jyoti,Vincent, Sheril Rizal,Wanasekara, Nandula Dasitha,Kalossaka, Livia Mariadaria,Griffith, Jeraime,Potthast, Antje,Rahatekar, Sameer,Eichhorn, Stephen James,Welton, Tom
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supporting information
p. 5949 - 5957
(2017/12/26)
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- Probing the Physical Properties, Synthesis and Cellulose Dissolution Ability of Dialkyl Phosphate Ionic Liquids
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We report the synthesis, characterization and cellulose dissolution properties of a series of ionic liquids bearing alkyl and hydroxyl-functionalized imidazolium and pyrrolidinium cations, and dialkyl phosphate anions. Ionic liquids that dissolve cellulose have anions that are excellent hydrogen bond acceptors. Based on this study, it is clear that the cation also plays a role. Cellulose dissolution was achieved in the imidazolium ionic liquids but not in the pyrrolidinium ionic liquids. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that most of the ILs are thermally stable up to 240 °C and thus are more suitable solvents for high temperature applications than most organic solvents. Imidazolium ILs are less viscous and slightly more thermally stable than the pyrrolidinium ILs of the same chain length.
- Lall-Ramnarine, Sharon I.,Thomas, Marie F.,Jalees, Mariyam,Payen, Firmause,Boursiquot, Samanta,Ramati, Sharon,Ewko, Damian,Zmich, Nicole V.,Wishart, James F.
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p. 891 - 895
(2016/01/15)
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- Enhancement of enzymatic in situ saccharification of cellulose in aqueous-ionic liquid media by ultrasonic intensification
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A new approach for in situ enzymatic saccharification of cellulose in ionic liquids (ILs)-aqueous media is presented in which ultrasonic pretreatment was used to enhance the conversion of cellulose. For this purpose, the solubility of cellulose and the activity of cellulase were investigated in six alkylphosphate ILs. 1-Methyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([Mmim][DMP]) giving favorable solubility and biocompatibility was selected to establish aqueous-ILs system for enzymatic in situ saccharification of cellulose. After further optimization of reaction parameters concerning cellulase concentration, temperature and IL concentration, higher conversion (95.48%) of cellulose was obtained in the media of aqueous-[Mmim][DMP] by conducting the pretreatment of cellulose with ultrasonic heating, whereas the conversion of cellulose untreated was 42.77%. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and viscosity analysis indicated that IL-treated cellulose under ultrasonic condition was subjected to depolymerization, which led to more efficient saccharification. The findings of this study would have great implications for developing a continuous process for transformation of biomass such as straw cellulose to ethanol or other hydrocarbons.
- Yang, Fang,Li, Liangzhi,Li, Qiang,Tan, Weiqiang,Liu, Wei,Xian, Mo
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experimental part
p. 311 - 316
(2011/11/30)
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- METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF ACETYLENES FROM OLEFINS USING IONIC LIQUID-BASED SOLUTION
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The present invention relates to a process for removing acetylenes from olefins by using an ionic liquid-based solution, and particularly to a process for removing a small amount of acetylenes contained in olefins by using an ionic liquid-based solution where copper halide (CuX, X=halogen atom) is dissolved. In an ionic liquid-based solution used in the present invention, copper halide (CuX) is stabilized by ionic liquid, thus preventing monovalent copper ion (Cu+) from being oxidized into divalent copper ion (Cu2+), maintaining the superior activity of monovalent copper ion (Cu+) in removing acetylene for a long period of time, and remarkably increasing the selective removal of acetylene-based compounds. Moreover, an ionic liquid-based solution used in the present invention may serve as an extracting solution as well as an absorbent, thereby facilitating the operation and reducing equipment cost in comparison to the conventional extracting agent used in a slurry phase.
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Page/Page column 3
(2010/03/02)
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