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FURFURAL (98-01-1)

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 Chemistry

   MF: C5H4O2
   MW: 96.08
   EINECS: 202-627-7
   FURFURAL,it's melting point is about -36 °C(lit.),and bp is 54-56 °C at 11 mm Hg,density is 1.16 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.). it is a colorless oily liquid with the odor of almonds if pure , but it quickly becomes yellow when upon exposure to air .
   Furfural dissolves readily in most polar organic solvents, but is only slightly soluble in either water or alkanes. When heated above 250 °C, furfural decomposes into furan and carbon monoxide, sometimes explosively.When heated in the presence of acids, furfural irreversibly solidifies into a hard thermosetting resin.

 History

   In 1832, the German chemist Johann Wolfgang D?bereiner ,first isolated furfural ,he formed a very small quantity of it as a byproduct of formic acid synthesis.
   In 1840, the Scottish chemist John Stenhouse found that the same chemical could be produced by distilling a wide variety of crop materials, including bran, corn, oats, and sawdust, with aqueous sulfuric acid, and he determined that this chemical had an empirical formula of C5H4O2.
  In 1901, the German chemist Carl Harries deduced furfural's structure.

 Uses

   Furfural is used as a solvent in petrochemical refining to extract dienes ( used to make synthetic rubber) from other hydrocarbons.
   Furfural, also can be used either by themselves or in together with phenol, acetone, or urea to make solid resins. 
   Furfural is also used as a chemical intermediate in the production of the solvents furan and tetrahydrofuran.

 Production

    In the laboratory, synthesis of furfural from corn cobs takes place by reflux with dilute sulfuric acid.
   China is the biggest supplier of furfural, and accounts for around half of global capacity.The total global production capacity is about 450,000 tons. 
 

 Toxicity Data With Reference
1.    

skn-rbt 20 mg/24H MOD

    85JCAE    Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky Marhold, J.,Prague, Czechoslovakia.: Avicenum1986,788.
2.    

eye-rbt 100 mg/24H MOD

    85JCAE    Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie; Organicke Latky Marhold, J.,Prague, Czechoslovakia.: Avicenum1986,788.
3.    

skn-rbt 500 mg/24H MLD

    FCTXAV    Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. 16 (1978),759.
4.    

eye-rbt 20 mg/24H MOD

    28ZPAK    Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku Marhold, J.V.,Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha,Czechoslovakia.: 1972,139.
5.    

eye-rbt 50 mg MLD

    34ZIAG    Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals ,Deichmann, W.B.,New York, NY.: Academic Press, Inc.,1969,279.
6.    

sln-dmg-par 100 ppm

    ENMUDM    Environmental Mutagenesis. 7 (1985),677.
7.    

sce-hmn:lym 70 µmol/L

    MUREAV    Mutation Research. 156 (1985),233.
8.    

ihl-hmn TCLo:310 µg/m3

    GISAAA    Gigiena i Sanitariya. 26 (6)(1961),3.
9.    

orl-rat LD50:65 mg/kg

    BCTKAG    Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna. 13 (1980),371.
10.    

ihl-rat LCLo:153 pp


RTECS : LT7000000 
  In toxicity studies, furfural has led to tumors, mutations, and liver and kidney damage in animals.
 Consensus Reports
NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage); Clear Evidence: mouse NCITR*    National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series. (Bethesda, MD 20014) No. NTP-TR-382,90, . , Some Evidence: rat NCITR*    National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series. (Bethesda, MD 20014) No. NTP-TR-382 ,1990. . EPA Genetic Toxicology Program. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.
 Safety Profile
Confirmed carcinogen. Poison by ingestion, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular routes. Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin contact. Human mutation data reported. A skin and eye irritant. Mutation data reported. The liquid is dangerous to the eyes. The vapor is irritating to mucous membranes and is a central nervous system poison. However, its low volatility reduces its toxicity effect. Ingestion of furfural has produced cirrhosis of the liver in rats. In industry there is a tendency to minimize the danger of acute effects resulting from exposure to it. This is particularly true because of its low volatility.

Flammable liquid when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials. Moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame or by chemical reaction. An exothermic polymerization of almost explosive violence can occur upon contact with strong mineral acids or alkalies. Keep away from heat and open flames. Mixture with sodium hydrogen carbonate ignites spontaneously. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Hazard Codes : T,Xi
Risk Statements : 21-23/25-36/37-40
Safety Statements : 26-36/37/39-45-1/2
RIDADR  :UN 1199 6.1/PG 2 
   Contact with furfural irritates the skin and respiratory tract and can cause the lungs to fill with fluid.When ingested or inhaled, furfural can cause intoxication, including euphoria, nausea, headache, dizziness, and eventual unconsciousness and death due to respiratory failure. 
   Chronic skin exposure can lead to a skin allergy to the substance, as well as an unusual susceptibility to sunburn. 
  

 Standards and Recommendations
OSHA PEL: TWA 2 ppm (skin)
ACGIH TLV: TWA 2 ppm (skin); Animal Carcinogen: BEI: 200 mg/g creatinine of total furoic acid in urine at end of shift
DFG MAK: Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Relevance to Humans
DOT Classification:  3; Label: Flammable Liquid
 Analytical Methods
For occupational chemical analysis use OSHA: #ID-72 or NIOSH: Furfural, 2529.
  • FURFURAL Basic information

  • Product Name:FURFURAL
  • CAS No:98-01-1
  • Formula:C5H4O2
  • Molecular Structure of (<span class=bigs><a href=/cas-98/98-01-1.html />98-01-1</a></span>) (FURFURAL			)