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have been initiated from different cells, or it could be that the
variation was induced at a later stage. After analyzing maize callus
cultures, Edallo et al. (1981) proposed that any single callus should
be regarded as an assembly of genetically different cells. The
genetic changes in plants derived from tissue and cell cultures may
be induced by changes in chromosome number and structure
(Armstrong and Phillips, 1988; Fourre et al., 1997), transposable
element activation (Brettell and Dennis, 1991; Shimamoto, 1995),
copy number alterations (Deumling and Clermont, 1989), methyl-
ation changes, point mutations (Muller and Brown, 1990; Brown,
1991; Kaeppler, 1992; Smulderms et al., 1995), DNA deletion
(Kawata et al., 1995) and re-arrangements (Levall et al., 1994).
Ziauddin and Kasha (1990) concluded that the possible origins of
variation in haploid cell cultures could be variability in the explant
material, variation induced by callus induction, and the effect of
tissue culture components.
Anther culture is a valuable tool for conventional breeding,
mutation induction, gene transformation, and genetic studies. In
order to get the correctly expressed transferred/mutated gene, the
recipient plants should obviously be identical to control non-tissue
culture-derived plants, to enable their participation in breeding
programs. However, variation induced by anther culture will
influence the results of expression of a transferred/mutated gene.
For genetic map construction, DH are propagated because of the
genetic identity of the material from anther culture. The existing
androclonal variation in DH lines may seriously interfere with
mapping results; especially, silent genetic changes of DH lines
could lead to misinterpretation of gene mapping results obtained
with DH lines.
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Acknowledgments
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1264; 1995.
We thank Drs. C. J. Rigney, H. Bohlmann, G. Gregorio, and C. Bhatia for
helping us in editing this manuscript. We are grateful to Mr. F. Zwiletitsch,
Mr. G. Berthold, and Mr. A. Draganitsch for their technical assistance. The
research of Mr. J. H. Xie and Ms. M. Shen was supported by an IAEA
fellowship.
Subudhi, P. K.; Huang, N. RAPD mapping in a double haploid population of
rice (Oryza sativa L). Hereditas 130:41±49; 1999.
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