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Cas Database

Name	Monocrotaline	EINECS	628-506-2
CAS No.	315-22-0	Density	1.35 g/cm³
PSA	96.30000	LogP	-0.45470
Solubility	11.86g/L(temperature not stated)	Melting Point	204 °C
Formula	C₁₆H₂₃NO₆	Boiling Point	537.3 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Weight	325.362	Flash Point	278.7 °C
Transport Information	UN 1544 6.1/PG 3	Appearance	white to light tan powder
Safety	36/37/39-45	Risk Codes	25-40
Molecular Structure		Hazard Symbols	T
Synonyms	20-Norcrotalanan-11,15-dione,14,19-dihydro-12,13-dihydroxy-, (13a,14a)-;Monocrotaline (6CI,7CI,8CI);(-)-Monocrotaline;2H-[1,6]Dioxacycloundecino[2,3,4-gh]pyrrolizine-2,6(3H)-dione,4,5,8,10,12,13,13a,13b-octahydro-4,5-dihydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-,[3R-(3R,4R,5R,13aR,13bR*)]-;Monocrotalin;NSC 28693;Monocrotaline;(13-alpha,14-alpha)-14,19-Dihydro-12,13-dihydroxy-20-norcrotalanan-11,15-dione;Crotaline;	Article Data	5

Monocrotaline Synthetic route

: 110121-56-7, 121719-98-0, 121720-00-1
monocrotaline methylene acetal

: 315-22-0
monocrotaline

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With trityl tetrafluoroborate In dichloromethane for 48h; Heating;	86%
With hydrogenchloride; trityl tetrafluoroborate 1.) CH2Cl2, reflux, 48 h, 2.) room temperature, 17.5 h; Yield given. Multistep reaction;

: 110121-56-7, 121719-98-0, 121720-00-1
C17H23NO6

: 315-22-0
monocrotaline

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In ethylene glycol at 110℃; for 2h;	75%

: 35337-98-5
Monocrotaline N-oxide

: 315-22-0
monocrotaline

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With intestinal gut bacteria in a human fecal suspension at 37℃; for 5h; Enzymatic reaction;	38%

: 24583-56-0
grahamine

: 315-22-0
monocrotaline

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride

: 109391-24-4, 121787-06-2
(2R,3R,4R)-2,3,4-trimethyl-2,3-methylenedioxypentanedioic anhydride

: 315-22-0
monocrotaline

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 2: 1) Et3N, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, 2) 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine / 1) THF, r.t., 3.5 h, 2) THF, toluene, reflux, 10 min 3: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps 1: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 2: 64 percent / 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / CHCl3 / 85 h 3: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme

: 109494-78-2, 121787-04-0
(2R,3R,4R)-2,3,4-Trimethyl-2,3-(methylenedioxy)pentanedioic acid

: 315-22-0
monocrotaline

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating 2: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 3: 1) Et3N, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, 2) 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine / 1) THF, r.t., 3.5 h, 2) THF, toluene, reflux, 10 min 4: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating 2: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 3: 64 percent / 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / CHCl3 / 85 h 4: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme

: 121719-94-6
(2'R,3R,4S)-5-<2'-methoxy-2'-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetoxy>-2,3,4-trimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-2-pentene

: 315-22-0
monocrotaline

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 8 steps 1: 1) BH3THF, 2) 3 M NaOH, 30percent H2O2 / 1) THF, 0 deg C, 20 h, 2) THF, r.t., 3 h 2: 1) (COCl)2, DMSO, 2) Et3N / 1) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 2 min, 2) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 1 h 3: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer 4: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature 5: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating 6: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 7: 1) Et3N, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, 2) 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine / 1) THF, r.t., 3.5 h, 2) THF, toluene, reflux, 10 min 8: 86 percent / Ph3CBF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 8 steps 1: 1) BH3THF, 2) 3 M NaOH, 30percent H2O2 / 1) THF, 0 deg C, 20 h, 2) THF, r.t., 3 h 2: 1) (COCl)2, DMSO, 2) Et3N / 1) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 2 min, 2) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 1 h 3: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer 4: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature 5: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating 6: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 7: 64 percent / 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / CHCl3 / 85 h 8: 86 percent / Ph3CBF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme

Yield

Multi-step reaction with 8 steps
1: 1) BH3*THF, 2) 3 M NaOH, 30percent H2O2 / 1) THF, 0 deg C, 20 h, 2) THF, r.t., 3 h
2: 1) (COCl)2, DMSO, 2) Et3N / 1) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 2 min, 2) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 1 h
3: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer
4: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature
5: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating
6: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t.
7: 1) Et3N, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, 2) 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine / 1) THF, r.t., 3.5 h, 2) THF, toluene, reflux, 10 min
8: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating
View Scheme

Multi-step reaction with 8 steps
1: 1) BH3*THF, 2) 3 M NaOH, 30percent H2O2 / 1) THF, 0 deg C, 20 h, 2) THF, r.t., 3 h
2: 1) (COCl)2, DMSO, 2) Et3N / 1) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 2 min, 2) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 1 h
3: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer
4: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature
5: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating
6: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t.
7: 64 percent / 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / CHCl3 / 85 h
8: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating
View Scheme

: 146070-68-0
(R)-3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-propionic acid (4S,5R)-4,5-dimethyl-5-((R)-1-methyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-[1,3]dioxolan-4-ylmethyl ester

: 315-22-0
monocrotaline

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 6 steps 1: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer 2: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature 3: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating 4: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 5: 1) Et3N, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, 2) 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine / 1) THF, r.t., 3.5 h, 2) THF, toluene, reflux, 10 min 6: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 6 steps 1: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer 2: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature 3: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating 4: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 5: 64 percent / 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / CHCl3 / 85 h 6: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme

Yield

Multi-step reaction with 6 steps
1: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer
2: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature
3: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating
4: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t.
5: 1) Et3N, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, 2) 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine / 1) THF, r.t., 3.5 h, 2) THF, toluene, reflux, 10 min
6: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating
View Scheme

Multi-step reaction with 6 steps
1: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer
2: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature
3: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating
4: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t.
5: 64 percent / 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / CHCl3 / 85 h
6: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating
View Scheme

: 121719-96-8
(2'R,2S,3R,4S)-5-<2'-methoxy-2'-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetoxy>-2,3,4-trimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxypentanoic acid

: 315-22-0
monocrotaline

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 5 steps 1: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature 2: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating 3: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 4: 1) Et3N, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, 2) 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine / 1) THF, r.t., 3.5 h, 2) THF, toluene, reflux, 10 min 5: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 5 steps 1: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature 2: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating 3: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 4: 64 percent / 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / CHCl3 / 85 h 5: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme

Yield

Multi-step reaction with 5 steps
1: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature
2: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating
3: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t.
4: 1) Et3N, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, 2) 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine / 1) THF, r.t., 3.5 h, 2) THF, toluene, reflux, 10 min
5: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating
View Scheme

Multi-step reaction with 5 steps
1: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature
2: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating
3: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t.
4: 64 percent / 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / CHCl3 / 85 h
5: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating
View Scheme

: 121719-93-5, 121787-08-4
(2'R,3R,4S)-5-<2'-methoxy-2'-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetoxy>-2,3,4-trimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-2-pentanol

: 315-22-0
monocrotaline

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 9 steps 1: 83 percent / POCl3, pyridine / 17 h / 85 °C 2: 1) BH3THF, 2) 3 M NaOH, 30percent H2O2 / 1) THF, 0 deg C, 20 h, 2) THF, r.t., 3 h 3: 1) (COCl)2, DMSO, 2) Et3N / 1) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 2 min, 2) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 1 h 4: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer 5: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature 6: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating 7: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 8: 1) Et3N, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, 2) 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine / 1) THF, r.t., 3.5 h, 2) THF, toluene, reflux, 10 min 9: 86 percent / Ph3CBF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 9 steps 1: 83 percent / POCl3, pyridine / 17 h / 85 °C 2: 1) BH3THF, 2) 3 M NaOH, 30percent H2O2 / 1) THF, 0 deg C, 20 h, 2) THF, r.t., 3 h 3: 1) (COCl)2, DMSO, 2) Et3N / 1) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 2 min, 2) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 1 h 4: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer 5: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature 6: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating 7: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t. 8: 64 percent / 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / CHCl3 / 85 h 9: 86 percent / Ph3CBF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating View Scheme

Yield

Multi-step reaction with 9 steps
1: 83 percent / POCl3, pyridine / 17 h / 85 °C
2: 1) BH3*THF, 2) 3 M NaOH, 30percent H2O2 / 1) THF, 0 deg C, 20 h, 2) THF, r.t., 3 h
3: 1) (COCl)2, DMSO, 2) Et3N / 1) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 2 min, 2) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 1 h
4: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer
5: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature
6: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating
7: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t.
8: 1) Et3N, 2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyl chloride, 2) 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine / 1) THF, r.t., 3.5 h, 2) THF, toluene, reflux, 10 min
9: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating
View Scheme

Multi-step reaction with 9 steps
1: 83 percent / POCl3, pyridine / 17 h / 85 °C
2: 1) BH3*THF, 2) 3 M NaOH, 30percent H2O2 / 1) THF, 0 deg C, 20 h, 2) THF, r.t., 3 h
3: 1) (COCl)2, DMSO, 2) Et3N / 1) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 2 min, 2) CH2Cl2, -78 deg C, 1 h
4: 1 M KMnO4 / 2-methyl-propan-2-ol / 0.08 h / pH 7 phosphate buffer
5: 86 percent / 1 M NaOH, Na2RuO4 / 0.5 h / Ambient temperature
6: Ac2O / CH2Cl2 / 3.5 h / Heating
7: 1) Bu2SnO / 1) benzene, reflux, 24 h, 2) toluene, a) -40 deg C, 2 h, b) to r.t.
8: 64 percent / 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine hydrochloride, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / CHCl3 / 85 h
9: 86 percent / Ph3C*BF4 / CH2Cl2 / 48 h / Heating
View Scheme

Monocrotaline Consensus Reports

IARC Cancer Review: Group 2B IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 7 ,1987,p. 56.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) ; Animal Limited Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 10 ,1976,p. 291.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) . EPA Genetic Toxicology Program.

Monocrotaline Specification

The systematic name of Monocrotaline is (3R,4R,5R,13aR,13bR)-4,5-dihydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-4,5,8,10,12,13,13a,13b-octahydro-2H-[1,6]dioxacycloundecino[2,3,4-gh]pyrrolizine-2,6(3H)-dione. With the CAS registry number 315-22-0, it is also named as (13-alpha,14-alpha)-14,19-Dihydro-12,13-dihydroxy-20-norcrotalanan-11,15-dione. The product's category is Miscellaneous Natural Products. Besides, it is white to light tan powder, which should be stored in sealed and dry place at 2-8 °C. This chemical is anticarcinoma drug that is used for biochemical research. In addition, its molecular formula is C₁₆H₂₃NO₆ and molecular weight is 325.35692.

Physical properties about Monocrotaline are: (1)ACD/LogP: -4.137; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -4.76; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -4.15; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.00; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.00; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 1.00; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 1.00; (8)#H bond acceptors: 7; (9)#H bond donors: 2; (10)#Freely Rotating Bonds: 2; (11)Index of Refraction: 1.586; (12)Molar Refractivity: 80.3 cm³; (13)Molar Volume: 239.352 cm³; (14)Polarizability: 31.834 10-24cm³; (15)Surface Tension: 59.2760009765625 dyne/cm; (16)Density: 1.359 g/cm³; (17)Flash Point: 278.731 °C; (18)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 93.63 kJ/mol; (19)Boiling Point: 537.27 °C at 760 mmHg

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following: it is toxic if swallowed. Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. You should wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. Moreover, in case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)

You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)InChI=1S/C16H23NO6/c1-9-13(18)23-11-5-7-17-6-4-10(12(11)17)8-22-14(19)16(3,21)15(9,2)20/h4,9,11-12,20-21H,5-8H2,1-3H3/t9-,11+,12+,15+,16-/m0/s1;
(2)InChIKey=QVCMHGGNRFRMAD-XFGHUUIASA-N;
(3)Smiles[C@@H]12[C@H]3CCN1CC=C2COC(=O)[C@]([C@]([C@H](C(=O)O3)C)(C)O)(C)O

The toxicity data is as follows:

Organism	Test Type	Route	Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)	Effect	Source
mammal (species unspecified)	LDLo	unreported	60mg/kg (60mg/kg)		Pharmacological Reviews. Vol. 22, Pg. 429, 1970.
mouse	LD50	intraperitoneal	259mg/kg (259mg/kg)		Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 59, Pg. 424, 1981.
mouse	LD50	intravenous	261mg/kg (261mg/kg)		Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 75, Pg. 78, 1942.
rat	LD50	intravenous	92mg/kg (92mg/kg)		Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 83, Pg. 265, 1945.
rat	LD50	oral	66mg/kg (66mg/kg)	LIVER: "HEPATITIS (HEPATOCELLULAR NECROSIS), DIFFUSE"	Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 18, Pg. 387, 1971.
rat	LD50	subcutaneous	60mg/kg (60mg/kg)		Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 23, Pg. 470, 1972.
rat	LD50	unreported	60mg/kg (60mg/kg)		Cancer Research. Vol. 28, Pg. 2237, 1968.
rat	LDLo	intraperitoneal	130mg/kg (130mg/kg)	LIVER: OTHER CHANGES LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES	Chemico-Biological Interactions. Vol. 12, Pg. 299, 1976.

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