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PARAQUAT (1910-42-5)

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Table of contents:
 Chemistry
Molecular formula:C12H14Cl2N2
EINECS: 217-615-7
PARAQUAT,is the trade name for N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride,it's melting point is abouve 300 °C(lit.).soluble inwater.Following is the molecular structure of PARAQUAT:
 History

   Paraquat was first produced for commercial purposes in 1961 by Syngenta,and is today among the most commonly used herbicides.
   The European Union allowed paraquat in 2004. Sweden, supported by Austria, Denmark, and Finland, brought the European Union commission to court. On 11 July 2007 the court annulled the directive authorising Paraquat as an active plant protection substance.

 Uses
   PARAQUAT is  used as a quaternary ammonium herbicide,it is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world.
   Paraquat is also often used in science to catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Paraquat will under go redox cycling in vivo, being reduced by an electron donor such NADPH, before being oxidized by an electron receptor such as dioxygen to produce superoxide, a major ROS.
 Production
   Pyridine is coupled with sodium in anhydrous ammonia to give 4,4'-bipyridine, which is then methylated with chloromethane to give the desired compound PARAQUAT:
 Toxicity Data With Reference
1.    

mmo-omi 20 ppm

    MUREAV    Mutation Research. 138 (1984),39.
2.    

orl-rat LD50:150 mg/kg

    FMCHA2    Farm Chemicals Handbook .(Meister Publishing,Willoughy, OH.: )1983,C118.
3.    

orl-man LDLo:171 mg/kg:PUL,GIT

    JTCTDW    Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. 26 (1988),35.
4.    

orl-man LDLo:1690 mg/kg:PUL,GIT

    JTCTDW    Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. 26 (1988),35.
5.    

orl-man LDLo:343 mg/kg :GIT,SYS

    JTCTDW    Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. 26 (1988),35.
6.    

orl-rat LD50: 100 mg/kg

    IYKEDH    Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. 10 (1979),520.
7.    

ipr-rat LD50:14,800 µg/kg

    VHTODE    Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 22 (1980),395.
8.    

orl-mus LD50:120 mg/kg

    GEPHDP    General Pharmacology. 14 (1983),541.
9.    

orl-gpg LD50:40 mg/kg

    GEPHDP    General Pharmacology. 14 (1983),541.
RTECS : DW2275000
 Consensus Reports
EPA Genetic Toxicology Program.
 Safety Profile
Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Mutation data reported. Human systemic effects: changes in structure or function of esophagus, diarrhea, edema, fibrosis of lung, fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis), hemorrhage, jaundice, renal damage, renal function tests depressed, respiratory depression, ulceration or bleeding from stomach, vomiting. Death from anoxia may result. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. See also PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE.

    Pure paraquat ingested is highly toxic to mammals and humans potentially leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and there are no specific antidotes.
Even a single swig, immediately spat out, can cause death from fibrous tissue developing in the lungs leading to asphyxiation.
Hazard Codes  T+,N
Risk Statements  24/25-26-36/37/38-48/25-50/53
Safety Statements  22-28-36/37/39-45-60-61-28A
RIDADR  UN 2811 6.1/PG 1

 Standards and Recommendations
OSHA PEL: Respirable Dust: TWA 0.1 mg/m3 (skin)
ACGIH TLV: TWA 0.1 mg/m3
 Analytical Methods
For occupational chemical analysis use NIOSH: Paraquat 5003.

  • PARAQUAT Basic information

  • Product Name:PARAQUAT
  • CAS No:1910-42-5
  • Formula:C12H14N2•2Cl
  • Molecular Structure of (<span class=bigs><a href=/cas-191/1910-42-5.html />1910-42-5</a></span>) (Paraquat Dichloride)