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Iridium

Iridium General

Name:Iridium Symbol:Ir
Type:Transition Metal Atomic weight:192.22
Density @ 293 K:22.56 g/cm3 Atomic volume:8.54 cm3/mol
Discovered:

Iridium was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum was dissolved by aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid). Smithson Tennant also discovered osmium at the same time. Iridium's name comes from the Latin word 'iris', meaning rainbow, because many of its salts are highly colored.

Abnormally high amounts of iridium have been found in rocks dating to the K-T boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods (65 million years ago). This has led to a widely held view that an iridium-containing comet struck the Earth at that time, which led to the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other forms of life.

Iridium States

State (s, l, g): solid
Melting point:2720 K (2447 °C) Boiling point:4703 K (4430 °C)

Iridium Energies

Specific heat capacity: 0.13 J g-1 K-1 Heat of atomization:671 kJ mol-1
Heat of fusion:26.10 kJ mol-1 Heat of vaporization :563 kJ mol-1
1st ionization energy:880 kJ mol-1 2nd ionization energy:1600 kJ mol-1
3rd ionization energy:kJ mol-1 Electron affinity:151 kJ mol-1

Iridium Oxidation & Electrons

Shells: 2,8,18,32,15,2 Electron configuration:[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2
Minimum oxidation number:-1 Maximum oxidation number:6
Min. common oxidation no.:-1 Max. common oxidation no.:4
Electronegativity (Pauling Scale): 2.2 Polarizability volume:7.6 Å3

Iridium Appearance & Characteristics

Structure:fcc: face-centered cubic Color:white
Hardness:6.5 mohs
Harmful effects:

Iridium is considered to be of low toxicity. Iridium in powder form is a known irrtitant and is a fire hazard.

Characteristics:

Iridium is a rare, hard, lustrous, brittle, very dense platinum-like metal. Chemically it is very unreactive. It is the most corrosion-resistant metal known and it resists attack by any acid. Iridium is attacked by molten salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium cyanide (NaCn). Iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium) based on measured density, although calculations involving the space lattices of the elements show that iridium is denser.


Uses:

The main use of iridium is as a hardening agent for platinum alloys. With osmium, it forms an alloy that is used for tipping pens, and compass bearings. Iridium is used in making crucibles and other equipment that is used at high temperatures. It is also used to make heavy-duty electrical contacts. Iridium was used in making the international standard kilogram, which is an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. Radioactive isotopes of iridium are used in radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer.

Iridium Reactions

Reaction with air:none Reaction with 6 M HCl:none
Reaction with 15 M HNO3:none Reaction with 6 M NaOH:none

Iridium Compounds

Oxide(s):IrO2, Ir2O3 Chloride(s):IrCl2, IrCl3, IrCl4
Hydride(s):none

Iridium Radius

Atomic radius:136 pm Ionic radius (1+ ion):pm
Ionic radius (2+ ion):pm Ionic radius (3+ ion):82 pm
Ionic radius (2- ion):pm Ionic radius (1- ion):pm

Iridium Conductivity

Thermal conductivity:147 W m-1 K-1 Electrical conductivity:21.3 x 106 S m-1

Iridium Abundance & Isotopes

Abundance earth's crust: 0.4 parts per billion by weight, 0.05 parts per billion by moles
Abundance solar system: 2 parts per billion by weight, 0.01 parts per billion by moles
Cost, pure:$4200 per 100g
Cost, bulk: $2300 per 100g
Source:

Iridium is found in natural alloys with platinum and osmium in alluvial deposits. Commercially, iridium is recovered as a by-product from the nickel mining industry.

Isotopes:

Iridium has 34 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers from 165 to 198. Of these, two are stable: 191Ir and 193Ir. Naturally the most common isotope is 193Ir, with an abundance of 62.8%.

Iridium Other

Other:

 


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