Nickel
Nickel General
| Name:Nickel | Symbol:Ni |
| Type:Transition Metal | Atomic weight:58.69 |
| Density @ 293 K:8.91 g/cm3 | Atomic volume: 6.59 cm3/mol |
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Discovered:
Nickel has been used since ancient times. Pure nickel was extracted by Axel Cronstedt from the ore niccolite (nickel arsenide, NiAs) in 1751. The element name comes from comes from the German word 'kupfernickel' meaning Devil's copper. |
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Nickel States
| State (s, l, g):solid | |
| Melting point: 1728 K (1455 °C) | Boiling point:3263 K (2990 °C) |
Nickel Energies
| Specific heat capacity:0.44 J g-1 K-1 | Heat of atomization:430 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of fusion:17.48 kJ mol-1 | Heat of vaporization :377.5 kJ mol-1 |
| 1st ionization energy:736.7 kJ mol-1 | 2nd ionization energy:1752.9 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd ionization energy:3393.4 kJ mol-1 | Electron affinity:111.5 kJ mol-1 |
Nickel Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells:2,8,16,2 | Electron configuration:[Ar] 3d8 4s2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: -1 | Maximum oxidation number:4 |
| Min. common oxidation no.:0 | Max. common oxidation no.:2 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling Scale):1.91 | Polarizability volume: 6.8 Å3 |
Nickel Appearance & Characteristics
| Structure:fcc: face-centered cubic | Color:silvery-white |
| Hardness:4.0 mohs | |
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Harmful effects:
Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic. Approximately 10 to 20 percent of people are sensitive to nickel. Repeated contact with it leads to skin complaints (dermatitis). Such people should avoid contact with nickel, which can be found in jewelry. Workers who have breathed very large amounts of nickel compounds have developed chronic bronchitis and lung and nasal cancers. Nickel carbonyl is a very toxic gas. |
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Characteristics:
Nickel is a hard, silvery-white metal, which is malleable and ductile. The metal can take on a high polish and it resists tarnishing in air. Uses: Nickel is used in corrosion-resistant alloys, such as stainless steel. (Stainless steel is the application in which most nickel is used.) |
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Nickel Reactions
| Reaction with air:mild, w/ht ⇒ NiO | Reaction with 6 M HCl:mild, ⇒ H2, NiCl2 |
| Reaction with 15 M HNO3:passivated | Reaction with 6 M NaOH:none |
Nickel Compounds
| Oxide(s):NiO, Ni2O3 | Chloride(s): NiCl2 |
| Hydride(s):NiH |
Nickel Radius
| Atomic radius:135 pm | Ionic radius (1+ ion):pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion):83 pm | Ionic radius (3+ ion):72 pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion):pm | Ionic radius (1- ion):pm |
Nickel Conductivity
| Thermal conductivity:90.9 W m-1 K-1 | Electrical conductivity: 0.146 x 106 S cm-1 |
Nickel Abundance & Isotopes
| Abundance earth's crust:84 parts per million by weight, 30 parts per million by moles | |
| Abundance solar system:80 parts per million by weight, 2 parts per million by moles | |
| Cost, pure: $7.7 per 100g | |
| Cost, bulk:$1.9 per 100g | |
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Source:
Nickel occurs occasionally free in nature but is mainly found in ores. Its chief ores are pentlandite and pyrrhotite (nickel-iron sulfides), garnierite (nickel-magnesium silicate), millerite (nickel sulfide) and niccolite (nickel arsenic). Nickel is taken from its ores by roasting and reduction processes which produce a metal of over 75% purity. The Mond process is then used to purify the nickel further. | |
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Isotopes:
Nickel has 23 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 52 to 76. Of these, five are stable, 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni. The most abundant isotope is 58Ni at 68.1% . |
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Nickel Other
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Other:
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