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| CAS No.: | 1406-05-9 |
|---|---|
| Name: | Penicillin |
| Molecular Structure: | |
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| Formula: | C16H20N2O3S |
| Molecular Weight: | 320.411 |
| Synonyms: | Mykoin BF510; Penicillins |
| Density: | 1.5g/cm3 |
| Boiling Point: | 739.2°C at 760 mmHg |
| Flash Point: | 400.9°C |
| Hazard Symbols: | Strong allergen, reaction may be severe in susceptible people. |
| Safety: | Poison by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. Moderately toxic by intravenous route. Human reproductive effects by ingestion: abortion. Human systemic effects by intramuscular route: dermatitis. Experimental reproductive effects. Has been implicated in aplastic anemia. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx and SOx. |
| PSA: | 94.94000 |
| LogP: | 1.66300 |
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Chemistry
Systematic Name: 6-[(5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
Molecular Formula: C14H21N3O6S
Molecular Weight: 359.398 g/mol
SMILES: O=C(O)C1N2C(=O)C(NC(=O)CCCC(C(=O)O)N)C2SC1(C)C Copy
InChI: InChI=1/C14H21N3O6S/c1-14(2)9(13(22)23)17-10(19)8(11(17)24-14)16-7(18)5-3-4-6(15)12(20)21/h6,8-9,11H,3-5,15H2,1-2H3,(H,16,18)(H,20,21)(H,22,23)
EINECS: 215-794-6
Classification Code: Human Data; Mutation data; Reproductive Effect
Index of Refraction: 1.632
Molar Refractivity: 85.4 cm3
Molar Volume: 239.3 cm3
Surface Tension: 78 dyne/cm
Density: 1.5 g/cm3
Flash Point: 400.9 °C
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 117.36 kJ/mol
Boiling Point: 739.2 °C at 760 mmHg
Vapour Pressure of Penicillin (CAS NO.1406-05-9): 6.59E-24 mmHg at 25 °C
History
The discovery of Penicillin (CAS NO.1406-05-9) is attributed to Scottish scientist and Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming in 1928.
In 1930 Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae–eruptions in beard follicles–but was unsuccessful, probably because the drug did not penetrate the skin deeply enough.
In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey (later Baron Florey) and a team of researchers at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford made significant progress in showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin.
On March 14, 1942, John Bumstead and Orvan Hess saved a dying patient's life using penicillin.
The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in the early 1940s. Penicillin has since become the most widely used antibiotic to date, and is still used for many Gram-positive bacterial infections.
Chemist John C. Sheehan at MIT completed the first total synthesis of penicillin and some of its analogs in the early 1950s, but his methods were not efficient for mass production.
On May 25, 1948, Andrew J Moyer was granted a patent for a method of the mass production of penicillin.
Uses
Penicillin (CAS NO.1406-05-9) are widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are Beta-lactam antibiotics and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms.
Production
The current viable process for the production of Penicillin (CAS NO.1406-05-9) is large-scale fermentation. Large tanks of 5000 to 30,000-gal capacity are used. The penicillin is separated by solvent extraction. The mold grows best at 23 to 25 °C, pH 4.5 to 5.0. The fermentation broth is made from com steep liquor with lactose and inorganic materials added. Sterile air permits growth of the mold over a 50- to 90-hour period.
Toxicity Data With Reference
| Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| guinea pig | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 30mg/kg (30mg/kg) | "Antibiotics: Origin, Nature, and Properties," Korzyoski, T., et al., eds., Washington, DC, American Soc. for Microbiology, 1978Vol. 3, Pg. 1663, 1978. | |
| guinea pig | LD50 | subcutaneous | 30mg/kg (30mg/kg) | "Antibiotics: Origin, Nature, and Properties," Korzyoski, T., et al., eds., Washington, DC, American Soc. for Microbiology, 1978Vol. 3, Pg. 1663, 1978. | |
| man | TDLo | intramuscular | 12385ug/kg/16 (12.385mg/kg) | SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): "DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC: AFTER SYSTEMIC EXPOSURE" | Medical Journal of Australia. Vol. 1, Pg. 305, 1947. |
| mouse | LD50 | oral | > 2gm/kg (2000mg/kg) | Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. Vol. 5, Pg. 1, 1955. | |
| mouse | LDLo | intravenous | 1gm/kg (1000mg/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: LACRIMATION: EYE BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 77, Pg. 70, 1943. |
| mouse | LDLo | subcutaneous | 3200mg/kg (3200mg/kg) | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 77, Pg. 70, 1943. |
Consensus Reports
EPA Genetic Toxicology Program.
Safety Profile
Poison by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. Moderately toxic by intravenous route. Human reproductive effects by ingestion: abortion. Human systemic effects by intramuscular route: dermatitis. Experimental reproductive effects. Has been implicated in aplastic anemia. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx and SOx.
Specification
Penicillin (CAS NO.1406-05-9), its Synonyms are Abbocillin VK ; Anapenil ; Apo-Pen-VK ; ApsinVK ; Asillin ; Beapen ; Calciopen ; Cilacil ; Cilicaine VK ; Compocillin VK ; Darocillin ; Deltacillin ; DuraPenicillin ; Eropen ; Fenocin ; Fenoxcillin .