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Behavioral effects of volatile anesthetics in Caenorhabditis elegans

Behavioral effects of volatile anesthetics in Caenorhabditis elegans. Crowder, C. Michael; Shebester, Laynie D.; Schedi, Tim (School Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MD, USA). Anesthesiology, 85(4), 901-912 (English) 1996 Lippincott-Raven. CODEN: ANESAV. ISSN: 0003-3022. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 1 (Pharmacology) The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers many advantages as a model organism for studying volatile anesthetic action: It has a simple, well-understood nervous system; it allows the researcher to do forward genetics; and its genome will soon be completely sequenced. C. elegans is immobilized by volatile anesthetics only at high concns. and with an unusually slow time course. Here other behavioral dysfunctions are considered as anesthetic endpoints in C. elegans. The potency of halothane for disrupting eight different behaviors was detd. by logistic regression of concn. and response data. Other volatile anesthetics were also tested for some behaviors. Established protocols were used for behavioral endpoints that, except for pharyngeal pumping, were set as complete disruption of the behavior. Time courses were measured for rapid behaviors. Recovery from exposure to 1 or 4 vol% halothane was detd. for mating, chemotaxis, and gross movement. All expts. were performed at 20 to 22°C. The median effective concn. values for halothane inhibition of mating (0.30 vol% - 0.21 mM), chemotaxis (0.34 vol% - 0.24 mM), and coordinated movement (0. 57041-67-5 and 151-67-7 are cas registry numbers of chemicals which are used as reagents here.32 vol% - 0.23 mM) were similar to the human min. alveolar concn. (MAC; 0.21 mM). In contrast, halothane produced immobility with a median effective concn. of 3.65 vol% (2.6 mM). Other behaviors had intermediate sensitivities. Halothane's effects reached steady-state in 10 min for all behaviors tested except immobility, which required 2 h. Recovery was complete after exposure to 1 vol% halothane but was significantly reduced after exposure to immobilizing concns. In conclusion, volatile anesthetics selectively disrupt C, elegans behavior. The potency, time course, and recovery characteristics of halothane's effects on three behaviors are similar to its anesthetic properties in vertebrates. The affected nervous system mols. may express structural motifs similar to those on vertebrate anesthetic targets. .

Characteristics of anesthetic agents used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia

Characteristics of anesthetic agents used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Eger, Edmond I., II (Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0464, USA). American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 61(Suppl. 4), S3-S10 (English) 2004 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. CODEN: AHSPEK. ISSN: 1079-2082. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal; General Review CA Section: 1 (Pharmacology) A review. The characteristics of ideal i.v. (i.v.) and inhaled anesthetic agents; the rationale for inducing anesthesia with i.v. anesthetics (particularly propofol); the rationale for inducing and maintaining anesthesia with inhaled anesthetics; and the advantages and disadvantages of specific inhaled anesthetics, namely, nitrous oxide, desflurane, halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, are discussed. Propofol has many characteristics of the ideal i.v. anesthetic, including a rapid, smooth induction of anesthesia and rapid clearance from the body. The use of an i.v. anesthetic such as propofol avoids the claustrophobia assocd. with the inhaled route. Inhaled anesthetics are preferred for maintenance of anesthesia because they allow a more precise control of the anesthetic state and do so at low cost. The ideal inhaled anesthetic agent has ample potency and a low soly. in blood and tissues (rapid recovery from anesthesia), resists phys. and metabolic degrdn., and protects and does not injure vital tissues. It also does not cause seizures, respiratory irritation, or circulatory stimulation or deplete the ozone layer. It has a low acquisition cost. Nitrous oxide potency is too small to produce anesthesia by itself. Halothane is too sol. and poses a risk of severe hepatotoxicity. Desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane are preferred because they have an adequate potency, appropriate soly., and minimal to no risk for hepatotoxicity. The utilization choice among desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane is made by weighing specific advantages and disadvantages of each agent. The primary detg. factors for use are anesthetic potency and control, rate of anesthesia induction, clearance from the body, and adverse effects.Except for chemicals metioned above, 26675-46-7 and 57041-67-5 are also used. .