Reference

Mutagenicity testing of certified food colors and related azo, xanthene and triphenylmethane dyes with the Salmonella/microsome system

Mutagenicity testing of certified food colors and related azo, xanthene and triphenylmethane dyes with the Salmonella/microsome system. Brown, Joseph P.; Roehm, Gerald W.; Brown, Ronald J. (Dynapol, Palo Alto, Calif., USA). Mutat. Res., 56(3), 249-71 (English) 1978. CODEN: MUREAV. ISSN: 0027-5107. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal CA Section: 17 (Foods) Section cross-reference(s): 4 Thirty-seven azo, xanthene, and triphenylmethane dyes, including FD and C colors currently approved for use in the U.S.A. and a no. of delisted food colors, were tested in the Salmonella/microsome system. In addn. to direct plate tests with 5 tester strains (TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538, TA98), the azo dyes were also assayed after chem. redn. to their component amines. Also, a selected group of azo dyes was subjected to liq. tests (both aerobic with microsomes and anaerobic) and to plate tests involving initial 16 h anaerobic incubations to facilitate microbial redn. of the azo bond. None of the presently listed FD and C colors was mutagenic in any of the test modifications. Among formerly listed colors only Butter Yellow (p-dimethylaminoazobenzene) [60-11-7], a recognized animal carcinogen, was mutagenic in the aerobic liq. test. Several other azo dyes were either directly mutagenic, viz. Acid Alizarin Yellow R [2243-76-7] and Alizarin Yellow GG [584-42-9]; required microsomal activation, viz. Acid Alizarin Red B [1836-22-2] and Methyl Red [493-52-7]; or required chem. redn. and microsomal activation, viz. Acid Alizarin Violet N [2092-55-9] and Sudan IV [85-83-6]. Of the non-azo dyes tested only 2 xanthene dyes appeared to be mutagenic, viz. 9-(2-sulfophenyl)-6-hydroxy-3-isoxanthenone [4424-03-7] and its 2,4,5,7-tetrabromo deriv. [42522-72-5].

Coloring of zinc aluminum alloys

Coloring of zinc aluminum alloys. Kasahara, Masayoshi; Nonomura, Kotaro (Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co., Ltd., Japan). Japan. Kokai JP 52115750 28 Sep 1977 Showa, 3 pp. (Japanese). (Japan). CODEN: JKXXAF. CLASS: IC: C23F007-26. APPLICATION: JP 76-31991 25 Mar 1976. DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent CA Section: 56 (Nonferrous Metals and Alloys) Zn-Al alloys are treated with an acidic soln. contg. Cr6+, then dyed with an org. dye soln. Thus, Zn-22% Al alloy [12607-17-9] was treated 1 min at 80° in a Na2CO3-NaOH-CrO3 soln., rinsed, treated 20 s at 18° in a CrO3-K alum soln., and immersed 3 min at 50° in an Alizarine Yellow GG [584-42-9].