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100-00-5 Usage

Chemical Properties

4-Chloronitrobenzene is a light yellow monoclinic prisms crystallizes, which are insoluble in water and very soluble in toluene, ether, acetone, or hot ethanol. It is incompatible with strong oxidizers and alkalis. It is extensively used in different industries as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, and agricultural chemicals.

Physical properties

p-Nitrochlorobenzene is a yellow crystalline solid with a sweet odor.

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 100-00-5 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. 4-Nitrochlorobenzene is an important intermediate in the manufacture of azo dyes and sulfide dyes, the drugs finasteride and paracetamol, the pesticide herbicide, etc. It is also the raw material of rubber antioxidant 4010.
2. p-Nitrochlorobenzene is largely used to produce p-nitrophenol with smaller production of p-nitroaniline.
3. Manufacture of dyes, rubber, and agricultural chemicals

Definition

ChEBI: 4-Chloronitrobenzene is a C-nitro compound.

Production Methods

p-Nitrochlorobenzene is made by the nitration of chlorobenzene.

Synthesis Reference(s)

The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 52, p. 2407, 1987 DOI: 10.1021/jo00388a014Tetrahedron Letters, 19, p. 4519, 1978

General Description

Light yellow crystalline solid. Density 1.520 g / cm3. Melting point 83°C. Sweet odor. Very toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption. p-Chloronitrobenzene is extensively used in different industries as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, and agricultural chemicals. It is incompatible with strong oxidisers and alkalis.

Air & Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

4-Chloronitrobenzene reacts with oxidizing agents. Reacts violently and finally explosively when added to a solution of sodium methoxide in methanol. . Unstable when heated.

Hazard

A questionable carcinogen. Very toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Absorbed via skin. Combustible. Methemoglobinemia.

Health Hazard

Repeated exposure to high levels of p-chloronitrobenzene causes adverse health effects. The symptoms of toxicity include, but are not limited to, anoxia, unpleasant taste, anemia, methemoglobinemia, hematuria (blood in the urine), spleen, kidney, bone marrow changes, and reproductive effects. The target organs of p-chloronitrobenzene poisoning have been identifi ed as the blood, liver, kidneys, cardiovascular system, spleen, bone marrow, and reproductive system.

Fire Hazard

4-Chloronitrobenzene is combustible.

Safety Profile

Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic data. A poison by ingestion. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. Flammable liquid when exposed to heat, sparks, or flame. May explode on heating. Potentially violent reaction with sodium methoxide. When heated to decomDosition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx and Cl-. See also other chloronitrobenzene entries and NITRO COMPOUNDS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.

Potential Exposure

p-Nitrochlorobenzene (PNCB) is used as an intermediate in pesticide (parathion) manufacture, drug (phenacetin and acetaminophen) manufacture; and in dye making; rubber and antioxidant manufacture.

Carcinogenicity

No increase in tumor incidence was seen in rats fed up to 1000 ppm in the diet for 2 years; in mice, results were equivocal, with high-dose animals showing an increase in vascular tumors and low-dose males showing an increase in liver tumors.6 The IARC has determined that there is inadequate evidence in experimental animals and humans for the carcinogenicity of chlorobenzenes.7

Environmental fate

Biological. Under aerobic conditions, the yeast Rhodosporidium sp. metabolized pchloronitrobenzene to 4-chloroacetanilide and 4-chloro-2-hydroxyacetanilide as final major metabolites. Intermediate compounds identified include 4-chloronitrosobenzene, 4-chlorophenylhydroxylamine, and 4-chloroaniline (Corbett and Corbett, 1981). Under continuous flow conditions involving feeding, aeration, settling, and reflux, a mixture of p-chloronitrobenzene and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene was reduced 61–70% after 8–13 d by Arthrobacter simplex, a microorganism isolated from industrial waste. A similar experiment was conducted using two aeration columns. One column contained A. simplex, the other a mixture of A. simplex and microorganisms isolated from soil (Streptomyces coelicolor, Fusarium sp., probably aquaeductum and Trichoderma viride). After 10 d, 89.5–91% of the nitro compounds was reduced. p-Chloronitrobenzene was reduced to 4-chloroaniline and six unidentified compounds (Bielaszczyk et al., 1967). Photolytic. An aqueous solution containing p-chloronitrobenzene and a titanium dioxide (catalyst) suspension was irradiated with UV light (λ >290 nm). 2-Chloro-5-nitrophenol was the only compound identified as a minor degradation product. Continued irradiation caused additional degradation yielding carbon dioxide, water, hydrochloric and nitric acids (Hustert et al., 1987). Irradiation of p-chloronitrobenzene in air and nitrogen produced 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol and 4- chlorophenol, respectively (Kanno and Nojima, 1979). Chemical. Although no products were identified, p-chloronitrobenzene (1.5 x 10-5 M) was reduced by iron metal (33.3 g/L acid washed 18–20 mesh) in a carbonate buffer (1.5 x 10-2 M) at pH 5.9 and 15 °C. Based on the pseudo-first-order disappearance rate of 0.0336/min, the half-life was 20.6 min (Agrawal and Tratnyek, 1996).

Shipping

UN1578 Chloronitrobenzenes, solid or liquid, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.

Purification Methods

Crystallise the nitrobenzene from 95% EtOH (charcoal) and sublime it in vacuo. [Emmons JAm Chem Soc 76 3470 1954, Newman & Forrest J Am Chem Soc 69 1221 1947, Beilstein 5 IV 723.]

Incompatibilities

A strong oxidizer. Reacts violently with oxidizers, combustibles, alkalis, sodium methoxide; and reducing materials.

Waste Disposal

Incineration (816℃, 0.5 second for primary combustion; 1204℃, 1.0 second for secondary combustion). The formation of elemental chlorine can be prevented through injection of steam or methane into the combustion process. nitrogen oxides may be abated through the use of thermal or catalytic devices.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 100-00-5 includes 6 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 3 digits, 1,0 and 0 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 0 and 0 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 100-00:
(5*1)+(4*0)+(3*0)+(2*0)+(1*0)=5
5 % 10 = 5
So 100-00-5 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C6H4ClNO2/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)8(9)10/h1-4H

100-00-5SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 10, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 10, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name 4-Chloronitrobenzene

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only.
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:100-00-5 SDS

100-00-5Related news

Bioaugmentation of a 4-Chloronitrobenzene (cas 100-00-5) contaminated soil with Pseudomonas putida ZWL7307/27/2019

The strain Pseudomonas putida ZWL73, which metabolizes 4-chloronitrobenzene (4CNB) by a partial-reductive pathway, was inoculated into lab-scale 4CNB-contaminated soil for bioaugmentation purposes in this study. The degradation of 4CNB was clearly stimulated, as indicated with the gradual accumu...detailed

Biodegradation of 4-Chloronitrobenzene (cas 100-00-5) by biochemical cooperation between Sphingomonas sp. strain CNB3 and Burkholderia sp. strain CAN6 isolated from activated sludge07/26/2019

Two bacterial strains were isolated from activated sludge by using 4-chloronitrobenzene (4-CB) as the sole source of carbon for enrichment. One of the isolates was identified as Sphingomonas sp. strain CNB3 and the other as Burkholderia sp. strain CAN6, mainly through morphological and physiolog...detailed

Catalytic HDC/HDN of 4-Chloronitrobenzene (cas 100-00-5) in water under ambient-like conditions with Pd supported on pillared clay07/25/2019

Hydrotreatment of 4-chloronitrobenzene in aqueous phase has been carried out under ambient-like operating conditions (25 °C and 1 atm) with H2 using an own-prepared catalyst based on Pd (1 wt%) supported on Al-pillared clay. Nitrobenzene, 4-chloroaniline, aniline and cyclohexanone were identifi...detailed

The reduction of 4-Chloronitrobenzene (cas 100-00-5) by Fe(II)-Fe(III) oxide systems - correlations with reduction potential and inhibition by silicate07/22/2019

Recent studies have demonstrated that the rate at which Fe(II)-Fe(III) oxyhydroxide systems catalyze the reduction of reducible contaminants, such as 4-chloronitrobenzene, is well correlated to their thermodynamic reduction potential. Here we confirm this effect in the presence of Fe(III) oxyhyd...detailed

Reduction of 4-Chloronitrobenzene (cas 100-00-5) in a bioelectrochemical reactor with biocathode at ambient temperature for a long-term operation07/20/2019

In this study, the enhancement on 4-chloronitrobenzene (4-CNB) reduction was investigated in a dual-bioelectrochemical system with the cathode seeded by enriched 4-CNB degradation inoculums. We demonstrated that the biocathode had the ability to promote 4-CNB reduction and avoid more reluctant b...detailed

Catalytic ozonation of 4-Chloronitrobenzene (cas 100-00-5) by goethite and Fe2+-modified goethite with low defects: A comparative study07/21/2019

In this study, Fe2+-modified goethite with low defects (α-Fe(Fe2+)OOH) was synthesized and characterized. Results revealed that α-Fe(Fe2+)OOH is a nano magnetic material with goethite (α-FeOOH) -type structures and has fewer Lewis acid of Fe3+ on its surface. Moreover, α-Fe(Fe2+)OOH was effe...detailed

100-00-5Relevant articles and documents

Natural bentonite clay/dilute HNO3 (40%) - A mild, efficient, and reusable catalyst/reagent system for selective mono nitration and benzylic oxidations

Bahulayan, Damodaran,Narayan, Gopinathan,Sreekumar, Vellalath,Lalithambika, Malathy

, p. 3565 - 3574 (2002)

Selective mono nitration of Aromatic hydrocarbons and benzylic oxidations can be achieved in high yield using reusable catalyst/reagent system consisting of bentonite clay and dilute HNO3 under relatively mild experimental conditions. The dual behavior of the catalyst reagent system is utilized for the regioselective synthesis of a variety of industrially important compounds.

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Russell,Metcalfe

, p. 2359,2360 (1979)

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Paradigm confirmed: The first use of ionic liquids to dramatically influence the outcome of chemical reactions

Earle, Martyn J.,Katdare, Suhas P.,Seddon, Kenneth R.

, p. 707 - 710 (2004)

It has been an unproven paradigm that the choice of which ionic liquid to use in a chemical reaction can have a dramatic effect on the outcome of that chemical reaction. We demonstrate, for the first time, that the reaction of toluene and nitric acid in three different ionic liquids gives rise to three completely different products in high yield. Furthermore, ionic liquids can catalyze these reactions with the only byproduct being water.

Preparation of heteropoly acid based amphiphilic salts supported by nano oxides and their catalytic performance in the nitration of aromatics

Wang, Peng-Cheng,Yao, Kai,Lu, Ming

, p. 2197 - 2202 (2013)

A series of Keggin heteropoly acid anion based amphiphilic salts supported by nano oxides were synthesized and used as catalysts in the nitration of aromatic compounds with HNO3. The reaction conditions in the nitration of toluene were optimized and both 92.6% conversion and good para selectivity (ortho:para = 1.09) were obtained.

STIMULATION BY Sn(2+) OR ASCORBIC ACID ON DIAZONIUM SALTS REACTIONS

Galli, Carlo

, p. 4515 - 4516 (1980)

Use of a mild reducing agent and ligand transfer for the transformation of diazonium salts into aryl halides provides an alternative to the Sandmeyer procedure.

Reactions of Aryl Diazonium Salts and Arylazo Alkyl Ethers. 7. Kinetic Studies of the Decomposition of Z Ethers Derived from Some Substituted 2-Nitrobenzene Diazonium Salts

Broxton, Trevor J.,McLeish, Michael J.

, p. 3673 - 3679 (1982)

Rate constans for the decomposition of (Z)-syn ethers derived from some 4- or 5-substituted 2-nitrobenzenediazonium salts have been measured in both basic ethanol.For some compounds the rate of decomposition is independent of the base concetration while for others the rate is first order in base concetration.Solvent and substituent effects poit to the base-independent mechanism occuring on the free diazonium salt formed by ionization of the Z ether while the base-dependent mechanism occurs on the Z ether itself.Mechanisms are proposed for each of these reactions.

Electrophilic Aromatic Nitration Using a Mixed Catalyst of Lithium, Molybdenum, Ytterbium on Silica Gel

Shi, Min,Cui, Shi-Cong

, p. 1329 - 1333 (2003)

A novel mixed catalyst of LiClO4 (15% w/w), Yb(OPf)3 (15% w/w, Pf = perfluorooctanesulfonyl), MoO3 (15% w/w) on silica gel for electrophilic aromatic nitration reaction has been explored. The nitration reactions were accomplished by this mixed catalyst and nitric acid under solvent-free conditions. Moreover, the mixed catalyst can be easily recovered from the aqueous layer by heating in an oven and reused for the next nitration reaction.

Ipso-nitration of arylboronic acids with bismuth nitrate and perdisulfate

Manna, Srimanta,Maity, Soham,Rana, Sujoy,Agasti, Soumitra,Maiti, Debabrata

, p. 1736 - 1739 (2012)

An efficient and one pot synthetic method of ipso-nitration of arylboronic acids has been developed. The high efficiency, general applicability, and broader substrate scope including heterocycles and functional groups make this method advantageous. Due to its simplicity, we expect to find application of this method in synthesis.

AI203/MeS03H (AMA) as a novel heterogeneous system for the nitration of aromatic compounds by magnesium nitrate hexahydrate

Hosseini-Sarvari, Mona,Tavakolian, Mina

, p. 722 - 724 (2008)

Mg(NO3)2-6H2O was an efficient nitrating agent in the presence of a mixture of AI2O3/MeSO 3H (AMA) as a novel heterogeneous system for the nitration of aromatic compounds without use of any organic solvents and with high selectivity. The reaction proceeds at room temperature for the nitration of highly reactive aromatic compounds such as phenols and anilines.

-

Newman,Fones

, p. 1221 (1947)

-

Oxidation of aromatic amines into nitroarenes with m-CPBA

Liu, Jia,Li, Jue,Ren, Jiangmeng,Zeng, Bu-Bing

, p. 1581 - 1584 (2014)

A versatile and highly efficient approach for the synthesis of nitroarenes from aromatic amine using m-CPBA has been developed. This oxidation reaction was operationally straightforward and proceeded to afford products in good isolated yields.

A convenient room temperature ipso-nitration of arylboronic acid catalysed by molecular iodine using zirconium oxynitrate as nitrating species: An experimental and theoretical investigation

Mahanta, Abhijit,Gour, Nanda Kishor,Sarma, Plaban Jyoti,Borah, Raju Kumar,Raul, Prasanta Kumar,Deka, Ramesh Chandra,Thakur, Ashim Jyoti,Bora, Utpal

, (2019)

A simple and convenient protocol has been developed for ipso-nitration of arylboronic acid catalysed by molecular iodine at room temperature, using zirconium oxynitrate as the nitrating species. The protocol is applicable to electronically diverse aryl- and heteroarylboronic acid moieties under mild reaction conditions with good to excellent isolated yields. Furthermore, a theoretical investigation has been performed for the same reaction, and reaction profiles are modelled using modern density functional theory (DFT). DFT-based results support the experimentally observed results.

An efficient and eco-friendly MoO3-SiO2 solid acid catalyst for electrophilic aromatic nitration with N2O5

Ma, Xiaoming,Li, Bindong,Lv, Chunxu,Lu, Ming,Wu, Jian,Liang, Linjie

, p. 1814 - 1820 (2011)

Electrophilic aromatic nitration using N2O5 as a green nitrating agent catalyzed by MoO3-SiO2 under mild conditions has been described. A series of MoO3-SiO2 catalysts with varying MoO3 loadings (5-20 mol%) were prepared by sol-gel technique and characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, BET and NH 3-TPD to study its surface properties. MoO3-SiO 2 shows good catalytic activity and reusability for the nitration of alkyl and halogen aromatics giving high conversions, but less efficiency for the deactivated aromatics. Reactions conducted under non-acidic conditions using N2O5 makes the process safe and environmentally friendly. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Selective nitration of aromatic compounds by solid acid catalysts

Choudary,Sateesh,Lakshmi Kantam,Koteswara Rao,Ram Prasad,Raghavan,Sarma

, p. 25 - 26 (2000)

High activity and para-selectivity in the nitration of aromatic compounds is achieved by a high density of acidic sites and ready formation of the para-isomer in the pores of zeolite beta with low Si/Al ratio as revealed by molecular modeling studies.

para-Selective nitration of halogenobenzenes using a nitrogen dioxide-oxygen-zeolite system

Smith,Almeer,Black

, p. 1571 - 1572 (2000)

The nitration of halogenobenzenes using zeolite Hβ or zeolite HY as a solid inorganic catalyst and a combination of liquid nitrogen dioxide and gaseous oxygen as the nitrating reagent leads to high yields and significant para-selectivities in a relatively clean process for aromatic nitration.

Synthesis, structure, and synthetic potential of arenediazonium trifluoromethanesulfonates as stable and safe diazonium salts

Filimonov, Victor D.,Krasnokutskaya, Elena A.,Kassanova, Assia Zh.,Fedorova, Valentina A.,Stankevich, Ksenia S.,Naumov, Nikolay G.,Bondarev, Alexander A.,Kataeva, Veronika A.

, p. 665 - 674 (2019)

Aromatic diazonium salts are valuable building blocks for organic synthesis; however, in most cases, they are unstable, unsafe, poorly soluble, and/or expensive. In this paper, we have shown that a variety of stable and safe arenediazonium triflates ArN2+ TfO– can be obtained easily and in high yields by diazotization of anilines with tert-butyl nitrite in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. Arenediazonium triflates are relatively shelf-stable in the dry state. They dissolve well in water, as well as polar and even nonpolar organic solvents. Less than 800 J/g of energy is released during the thermal decomposition of these salts, which indicates their explosion safety. Arenediazonium triflates have a high reactivity in the known reactions of diazonium chemistry, and undergo an unusual metal-free chlorodediazonization reaction with chloroform and CCl4.

Iron(III)-mediated photocatalytic selective substitution of aryl bromine by chlorine with high chloride utilization efficiency

Wang, Ying,Li, Lina,Ji, Hongwei,Ma, Wanhong,Chen, Chuncheng,Zhao, Jincai

, p. 2344 - 2346 (2014)

An iron(III)-mediated photocatalytic method for the conversion of aryl, heteroaryl and polycyclic aromatic bromides to the corresponding chlorides with high selectivity has been achieved successfully. The mild reaction conditions and high chloride utilization efficiency promise a bright future for chlorination reactions. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014.

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Roberts et al.

, p. 4525,4533 (1954)

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Regioselective mononitration of aromatic compounds with N2O5 by acidic ionic liquids via continuous flow microreactor

Liu, Jianhua,Li, Bindong,Wang, Huan

, p. 513 - 516 (2016)

We employed N2O5 as highly active nitrating reagents and a host of acidic ionic liquid as catalysts in these reactions which were conducted in a continuous flow microreactor. When we utilized PEG400-DAIL as catalysts, the conversion of toluene was increased to 95.5 % and the yield of mononitration product (o/p ratio reached 1.10) significantly improved to 99 %, meanwhile the reaction time was drastically shortened to 1/120 of the conventional reactor. Nitration in ionic liquids was surveyed using a host of aromatic substrates with similar reactivity. The ionic liquid recycling procedures had also been devised.

ipso-nitration of arylboronic acids with chlorotrimethylsilane-nitrate salts

Surya Prakash,Panja, Chiradeep,Mathew, Thomas,Surampudi, Vijayalakshmi,Petasis, Nicos A.,Olah, George A.

, p. 2205 - 2207 (2004)

A mixture of nitrate salt and chlorotrimethylsilane is found to be an efficient regioselective nitrating agent for the ipso-nitration of arylboronic acids to produce the corresponding nitroarenes in moderate to excellent yields. High selectivity, simplicity, and convenience are the key features of the reaction.

Nitration of aromatics with dinitrogen pentoxide in a liquefied 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane medium

Fauziev, Ruslan V.,Kharchenko, Alexandr K.,Kuchurov, Ilya V.,Zharkov, Mikhail N.,Zlotin, Sergei G.

, p. 25841 - 25847 (2021)

Regardless of the sustainable development path, today, there are highly demanded chemical productions still operating that bear environmental and technological risks inherited from the previous century. The fabrication of nitro compounds, and nitroarenes in particular, is traditionally associated with acidic wastes formed in nitration reactions exploiting mixed acids. However, nitroarenes are indispensable for industrial and military applications. We faced the challenge and developed a greener, safer, and yet effective method for the production of nitroaromatics. The proposed approach comprises the application of an eco-friendly nitrating agent, namely dinitrogen pentoxide (DNP), in the medium of liquefied 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (TFE) - one of the most non-hazardous Freons. Importantly, the used TFE is not emitted into the atmosphere but is effortlessly recondensed and returned into the process. DNP is obtainedviathe oxidation of dinitrogen tetroxide with ozone. The elaborated method is characterized by high yields of the targeted nitro arenes, mild reaction conditions, and minimal amount of easy-to-utilize wastes.

Electrophilic Aromatic Nitration in the Gas Phase

Attina, Marina,Cacace, Fulvio,Yanez, Manuel

, p. 5092 - 5097 (1987)

Aromatic nitration by MeO+(H)NO2, in essence nitronium ion solvated by one methanol molecule, has been studied in the gas phase by using an integrated approach, based on the coordinate application of ICR, Cl, and CID mass spetrometric methods with a highly complementary radiolytic technique.The latter can be used in gases at atmospheric pressure and allows direct evaluation of key mechanistic features, in particular of substrate and positional selectivity.The results resolve early discrepancies between gas-phase and liquid-phase studies, characterizing the reaction as a typical, well-behaved electrophilic substitution of moderate selectivity.The date from the gas-phase nitration of ten monosubstituted benzenes fit a Hammett's type linear plot, characterized by a ρ value of -3.87.The correlation does not extend to highly activated substrates, such as anisole and mesitylene, since the nitration rate tends to a limiting value that cannot be increased by further enhancing the activation of the substrate, exactly as in "encounter-rate" nitrations occurring in solution.The mechanism and the energetics of the gas-phase nitration have been investigated, and the relative stability of the charged intermediates involved, in particular of the isomeric protonated nitrobenzenes, has been estimated by theoretical approaches at two different levels, using STO-3G minimal basis and 4-31G split-valence basis sets.

PALLADIUM CATALYZED DECARBONYLATION OF AROMATIC ACYL CHLORIDES

Verbicky, John W.,Dellacoletta, Brent A.,Williams, Louella

, p. 371 - 372 (1982)

A variety of palladium catalysts have been found to effectively promote the decarbonylation of aromatic acyl chlorides at elevated temperatures.

Aromatic nitration with bismuth nitrate in ionic liquids and in molecular solvents: A comparative study of Bi(NO3)3·5H 2O/[bmim][PF6] and Bi(NO3)3· 5H2O/1,2-DCE systems

Jacoway, Jonathan,Kumar, G. G. K. S. Narayana,Laali, Kenneth K.

, p. 6782 - 6785,4 (2012)

A suspension of bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (BN) in [bmim][PF6] or [bmim][BF4] imidazolium ionic liquid (IL) is an effective reagent for ring nitration of activated aromatics under mild conditions without the need for external promoters. Nitration can also be effected in 1,2-DCE, MeCN, or MeNO2 without additives. Nitration of activated arenes (anisole, toluene, ethylbenzene, cumene, p-xylene, mesitylene, durene, and 1,3-dimethoxybenzene) is considerably faster (time to completion) in BN/[bmim][PF6] relative to BN/1,2-DCE and there are also differences in isomer distributions (for anisole, toluene, and ethylbenzene). With introduction of strongly deactivating substituents (-CHO; -MeCO; -NO 2) the BN/IL system is no longer active but reactions still proceed with BN/1,2-DCE in reasonable yields. The ready availability and low cost of BN, simple operation, and absence of promoters, coupled to recycling and reuse of the IL, provide an attractive alternative to classical nitration methods for activated arenes. Switching from Bi(NO3)3·5H 2O/[bmim][PF6] to Bi(NO3)3· 5H2O/1,2-DCE increases the scope of the substrates that can be nitrated.

Relative Electron Affinities of Substituted Nitrobenzenes in the Gas Phase

Fukuda, Elaine K.,McIver, Robert T.

, p. 2993 - 2995 (1983)

Using pulsed ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we have determined the relative electron affinities of 12 substituted nitrobenzenes in the gas phase by measuring equilibrium constants for electron transfer reactions of the type C6H5NO2- + X-C6H4NO2 = X-C6H4NO2- + C6H5NO2, where X is a substituent group.An excellent correlation is found between the relative electron affinities of the substituted nitrobenzenes and the relative gas-phase acidities of substituted anilines and phenols.

The graphite-catalyzed: ipso -functionalization of arylboronic acids in an aqueous medium: metal-free access to phenols, anilines, nitroarenes, and haloarenes

Badgoti, Ranveer Singh,Dandia, Anshu,Parewa, Vijay,Rathore, Kuldeep S.,Saini, Pratibha,Sharma, Ruchi

, p. 18040 - 18049 (2021/05/29)

An efficient, metal-free, and sustainable strategy has been described for the ipso-functionalization of phenylboronic acids using air as an oxidant in an aqueous medium. A range of carbon materials has been tested as carbocatalysts. To our surprise, graphite was found to be the best catalyst in terms of the turnover frequency. A broad range of valuable substituted aromatic compounds, i.e., phenols, anilines, nitroarenes, and haloarenes, has been prepared via the functionalization of the C-B bond into C-N, C-O, and many other C-X bonds. The vital role of the aromatic π-conjugation system of graphite in this protocol has been established and was observed via numerous analytic techniques. The heterogeneous nature of graphite facilitates the high recyclability of the carbocatalyst. This effective and easy system provides a multipurpose approach for the production of valuable substituted aromatic compounds without using any metals, ligands, bases, or harsh oxidants.

Synthesis method of metolachlor intermediate

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Paragraph 0078-0084; 0097-0103, (2021/09/21)

The synthesis method comprises the following steps: S1) nitration reaction of chlorobenzene in a nitration reagent to obtain a mixture of o-chloronitrobenzene and p-chloronitrobenzene without separation. S2) The mixture of o-chloronitrobenzene and p-chloronitrobenzene is subjected to catalytic hydrogenation reaction to obtain the mixture of o-chloroaniline and p-chloroaniline, and the product does not need to be separated. S3) The mixture of o-chloroaniline and chloroaniline is subjected to diazotization reaction to obtain the mixture of o-chlorophenylhydrazine and p-chlorophenylhydrazine, and the product does not need to be separated. S4) The mixture of o-chlorophenylhydrazine and p-chlorophenylhydrazine and aldehyde are subjected to a condensation reaction to obtain a triazole ring mixture of Formulae I through a and I through b. S5) The triazole ring mixture is subjected to chlorination reaction to obtain the metolachlor intermediate shown in the formula I. 2, 4 - Dichloroaniline is used as a raw material, the production cost of the metolachlor is reduced, and the supply limitation of the raw material is avoided.