108-96-3Relevant articles and documents
Chemistry of ketoacetals: II. β,β′-Ketodiacetal and β,β′-hydroxydiacetals in reactions with amminia and amines
Kharitonova,Panin,Belova
, p. 1113 - 1115 (2005)
β,β′-Ketodiacetal and β,β′-hydroxydiacetals react with ammonium acetate in acetic acid to afford substituted pyridine, and with aromatic amines in the presence of hydrochloric acid form substituted pentamethine salts. 2005 Pleiades Publishing, Inc.
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Bunton et al.
, p. 3267,3272,3275 (1974)
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Equilibration of N-(2-cyanoethyl)pyridinium cations with substituted pyridines and acrylonitrile. A change in rate-determining step in an E1cb reaction
Bunting, John W.,Toth, Andrea,Heo, Christina K. M.,Moors, Rodney G.
, p. 8878 - 8885 (2007/10/02)
The rates of equilibration of N-(2-cyanoethyl)pyridinium cations (1) with the corresponding pyridines and acrylonitrile have been measured in aqueous solutions of ionic strength 0.1 at 25 °C. Second-order rate constants (kOH) have been obtained for the hydroxide ion catalyzed elimination reactions of 16 ring-substituted 1 having pyridine leaving groups of pKBH in the range 1.5-9.7. Bronsted plots of log kOH vs pKBH are "concave down" with two distinct linear regions having β1g = -0.30 (for pKBH 1g = -0.93 (for pKBH > 5.8). This observation is consistent with a change in rate-determining step within an E1cb reaction mechanism from rate-determining deprotonation of 1 (i.e., (E1cb)irrev) for pKBH rev) for pKBH > 5.8. This interpretation is supported by 1H NMR spectral observations in basic D2O, which show no incorporation of deuterium into the acrylonitrile product for pKBH BH > 5.8. Rates of nucleophilic attack of pyridines and pyridinone anions (pKBH > 6) upon acrylonitrile have also been measured. These display a linear Br?nsted plot of βnuc = 0.20. Combination of β1g and βnuc gives βeq = 0.13 for the Michael-type addition of pyridinium cations to acrylonitrile to produce 1. Although the rates of the addition of pyridines of pKBH nuc = 0.20 for pyridines of pKBH > 5.8 to rate-determining protonation of the carbanionic intermediate with βnuc = 0.83 for pyridine nucleophiles of pKBH irrev region but is extremely weak under the current experimental conditions.
The Photo-initiated Substitution Reaction of 4-Chloropyridine and the Related 1-(4'-Pyridyl)-4-pyridone with Benzophenone in Aqueous 2-Propanol
Cosgrove, John P.,Vittimberga, Bruno M.
, p. 1277 - 1280 (2007/10/02)
4-Chloropyridine (1) converts to 1-(4'-pyridyl)-4-pyridone (4) in aqueous 2-propanol.The photo-initiated reaction of both of these compounds in acidic and non-acidic 4:1 2-propanol/water with and without benzophenone is reported.
