135062-02-1 Usage
Description
Repaglinide, marketed under the brand name Prandin, is a metaglitinide antidiabetic agent belonging to the meglitinide family. It is an orally active hypoglycemic agent used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Repaglinide works by blocking ATP-dependent potassium (Kir6) channels in pancreatic beta cells, which in turn increases the cytosolic concentration of Ca++ and promotes insulin release. It is characterized by a fast onset, short duration of action, and a reduced risk of hypoglycemia compared to other antidiabetic medications. Repaglinide is a white to off-white solid or crystalline powder, odorless, with specific optical rotation values in methanol. It has an acute toxicity LD50 in rats of more than 1 g/kg when administered orally.
Uses
1. Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Repaglinide is used as an anti-diabetic medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is an oral non-sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that helps lower blood glucose levels in patients when hyperglycemia cannot be controlled by diet, exercise, or metformin alone.
2. Used as a hypoglycemic agent:
Repaglinide is used to control blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. It has a rapid onset of action and a short duration, making it suitable to be taken with meals.
3. Used in combination therapy:
Repaglinide is used in combination with metformin under the brand name Prandimet in the United States. This combination therapy is used when hyperglycemia cannot be controlled by diet, exercise, or metformin alone.
4. Used in antineoplastic applications:
Repaglinide has shown potential in antineoplastic applications, although this use is not as widely recognized as its primary application in diabetes management.
5. Used as a KIR6 (KATP) channel blocker:
Repaglinide is used as a KIR6 channel blocker, which is its primary mechanism of action in promoting insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
Diabetes Treatment
Repaglinide, a type of medicines for treating diabetes, is insulinotropic agent which belongs to the non-sulfonylurea. It was developed by Boehringer Ingelheim from Germany, and won approval by FDA from the United States in December 1997. In 1998, it was successively listed in the United States and European countries, with commodity name as NovoNorm. Mainly used in the clinical treatment of typeⅡdiabetes (non-insulin-dependent) patients whose hyperglycemia can’t be effectively controlled via diet, weight loss and exercise.
In 2008, FDA from the United States approved it going public for Novo Nordisk of replaglinide + metformin HCl, PrandiMet, for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
From the point of chemical structure, repaglinide derives from carbamyl methyl benzoic acid, and is a prandial glucose regulator which promots insulin secretion rapidly within short time. The functional mechanism is mainly by closing the potassium channels on the β cell membrane, causing calcium influx, and then intracellular calcium concentration increases, thereby stimulating insulin secretion. But with different acceptor sites of sulfonylurea reaction, the drug does not enter into the β cells, and it neither inhibits protein synthesis nor directly causes insulin action. With rapid absorption and metabolism, peak and half-life of this drug are approximately 1 hour. After taking the drug, the plasma insulin concentration rapidly increases, resulting in a significant decrease in blood glucose. Therefore, this product should be taken during the meal, not to eat not to take, which is the so-called “prandial glucose regulator ". Each dose is 0.25g and 2g. Flexible medication can reduce hypoglycemia caused by missing meals or delayed meal. After half a year medication, it can reduce postprandial blood sugar 6mmol/L, fasting blood-glucose 4mmol/L and HbAlc2%; when compared with placebo, it can better improve blood glucose control. Repaglinide is as effective as metformin on obese patients with type 2 diabetes blood glucose; effect of combined use with metformin is better than when it is used alone. Safety studies showed no severe hypoglycemia and liver damage, few drug interactions, and patients were well tolerated.
Treatment of diabetic drug repaglinide clinical evaluation, adverse reactions, precautions was edited by Tongtong from lookchem.
Pharmacokinetics
(1) After oral administration, this medicine would be absorbed rapidly; when fed in 2mg to vein at constant speed for 15min, distribution volumes of steady state and clearance phase were respectively 24.37L and 28.89L. Healthy people taking different doses of this product, cmax and AUC showed a dose-dependent increase, but their cmax is similar; a single dose of 2mg, cmax is 15.2~15.5 mg/ml and t1/2 is 0.6 to 0.7h.
98% of this product is metabolized by liver cytochrome P4503A, with 90% of the metabolic products excreted by the bile via feces, and the rest 8% of the metabolites excreted by the kidney. The plasma protein binding rate was 97%, which had no significant accumulation.
(2) In intravenous injection, its clearance half-life is 0.6 (1.4~0.5) h, plasma clearance rate is 33 (57~15) L h-1 and the apparent distribution volume is 28.9L.
Oral administration of repaglinide has a rapid and complete absorption, either in fasting or eating, it would be well absorbed. Plasma peak achieved after 30~60min, and the half-life was approximately 1h. It would be almost metabolized and eliminated in 4h, and the apparent distribution volume of the steady-state is 0.4L?kg-1. The absolute bioavailability is 63%. The main metabolites are dicarboxylic acid derivative (M1) and glycuronic acid (M7), both are non-hypoglycemic activity. Studies have shown that healthy subjects at different ages (18 to 40 year old adults and elderly people over the age of 65) taking 2.0mg single dose repaglinide or repeatedly after medication, the AUC, cmax, tmax and t1/2 would have no significant difference. Its incidence of tolerance and hypoglycemia are the same, and its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are quite similar. Amount-effect relationship of single or multiple medication for healthy subjects and patients with typeⅡdiabetes shows that repaglinide plasma cmax is dose dependent.
After single or multiple dosing, for patients with typeⅡdiabetes and healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetic parameters are consistent. No significant difference between different ethnic groups.
For patients with severe renal impairment, after 7d taking 2.0 mg single dose repaglinide, the clearance rate constant decreases. But compared with healthy subjects, after administration of a single dose or multiple doses of repaglinide, the AUC significantly increased, without significant difference to Cmax and Tmax. Hemodialysis has no significant effect on clearance of repaglinide.
Production method
Convert the compounds (Ⅰ) to their N-acetyl derivatives, with L-glutamate to get salt and then get (S) shaped optical isomer; react with the compounds (Ⅱ) to form amide (Ⅲ) and then hydrolyzed to obtain the product.
Dosage and administration
Tablet: 0.5mg, 1.0mg and 2.0mg. Repaglinide (trade name: NovoNorm) should be taken before main meals (i.e. medicine taken before meals). It would start to promote insulin secretion after 30 minutes of oral administration. Generally speaking the medicine should be taken within 15 minutes before the meal, and the time can also be mastered within 0 to 30 minutes before the meal. Please take repaglinide as directed. Doses vary from person to person and depend on their blood glucose. The recommended starting dose is 0.5mg, which can be adjusted every week or every two weeks as necessary. Patients under treatment of other oral hypoglycemic medicines can be directly transferred to repaglinide treatment, and the recommended starting dose is 1mg. The maximum recommended dose for a single dose is 4mg, taking with meals. But the maximum daily dose should not exceed 16mg. For patients with debilitating and malnutrition, the dose should be carefully adjusted. If combined with metformin, repaglinide dose should be reduced. Although repaglinide is mainly by biliary excretion, renal insufficiency patients still should use with caution.
Clinical assessment
By detecting the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PPBG), it was confirmed that the blood glucose control in patients with typeⅡdiabetes can be significantly better improved compared with placebo. Several clinical trials are outlined below: studies show that for patients with type II diabetes, compared with placebo, it can reduce FBG and PPBG respectively 4mmol/L and 6mmol/L, and also reduce 2% of HbAlc. Control experiments with glibenclamide showed that repaglinide can significantly reduce PPBG, FBG and fasting C peptide level (P < 0.05), while glibenclamide only significantly reduced FBG (P < 0.01), with no effect on PPBG and a significant increase in C peptide levels (P < 0.05). The change of C peptide level showed that the product had protective effect on the function of islet β cell.
Test with 048/DK/N/S/SF was conducted to compare 1 year treatment between this product and sulfonylurea drug.The results showed that HbAlc and FBG level changes of the treatment group are 0.19% and 0.5 mmol/L respectively, while glipizide group were 0.78% and 1.3mmol/L respectively, and plasma insulin levels in the patients decreased significantly; 053/AUS clinical trials showed when this product was used with metformin in the treatment of type II diabetes, it had a synergistic effect in glycemic control, and HbAlc and FBG were also significantly improved. After 3 month treatment, about 20% of the patients received good glycemic control with the single use of the product and the single use of metformin, while 25% of them had poor control of the blood glucose. In the combined treatment group, 60% patients obtained good blood sugar control, and not any of those patients was in poor blood glucose control. The product was well tolerated, and the risk of hypoglycemia was lower than that of the application of sulfonylureas, and there was no severe hypoglycemia. This product is also applicable to the special patient population such as the elderly or patients with mild liver and kidney damage.
Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients was conducted in a period of 12 weeks, among which 68 cases in treatment group, orally taking 0.5mg or 1mg repaglinide 15min before meals, 52 cases in the control group, orally taking 1.25mg glipizide before breakfas. The results showed that the two dose groups in the treatment group can reduce fasting blood glucose (FBG) 2.1mmol/L and 3.6 mmol/L respectively; glycosylated hemoglobin Alc(HbG) were reduced by 1.6% and 1.9% respectively, and postprandial 2h plasma glucose (PPG) were reduced by 3.6 and 5.1 mmol/L respectively.
In the control group, FPG was decreased by 0.8mmol/L, and HbG was decreased by 1%. There were significant differences between the 2 groups.
Adverse reaction
Same as other hypoglycemic drugs, taking repaglinide may occur following adverse reactions:
1. Hypoglycemia: these reactions are usually mild, and to be easily corrected by giving sugar. If it is more severe, glucose can be transfused.
2. Anomalopia: It has been known that changes in blood glucose levels can lead to transient anomalopia, especially at the beginning of treatment. Only a few cases reported above mentioned anomalopia occured at the beginning treatment of repaglinide, but in clinical trials there is no case stopped using repaglinide due to this reason.
3. Gastrointestinal tract: clinical trials have reported gastrointestinal reactions, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and constipation. Compared with other oral hypoglycemic agents, the frequency and severity of these symptoms were not different.
4. Liver enzyme system: there were rare cases reported elevated liver enzyme index during repaglinide treatment. Most cases were mild and transient, and very few patients discontinued repaglinide treatment due to increased liver enzyme index.
5. Anaphylactic reaction: can occur in the skin allergic reactions, such as itching, redness, urticaria, etc. Because of the different chemical structure, there is no reason to suspect the possibility of cross allergic reaction with sulfonylureas.??
Studies have not been carried out in pregnant or lactating women, so the pregnancy and lactation women are prohibited to use this product.
Attentions
1. Like most other oral hypoglycemic drugs promoting insulin secretion, repaglinide can cause hypoglycemia. When used in combination with metformin, it may increase the risk of hypoglycemia. If after the treatment of combined medication it still sustained high blood glucose, oral hypoglycemic drugs can no longer be used to control blood sugar, and insulin treatment is needed. In the event of stress reaction, such as having a fever, trauma, infection or surgery, it may appear hyperglycemia.
2. As with other oral hypoglycemic agents, patients must use it with caution, to avoid hypoglycemia while driving.
3. Medication overdose may cause hypoglycemia, such as dizziness, sweating, tremor, headache, etc. In response to these reactions, effective measures should be taken to correct hypoglycemia, such as oral sugars. More severe hypoglycemia associated with epilepsy, loss of consciousness or coma, should be intravenous infusion of glucose.
4. Hypoglycemic effect of repaglinide will due to enhanced when in combined use with monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), non-selective β blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, salicylate, octreotide, ethanol and hormones that promote the synthesis of metabolism.
5. It will weaken the hypoglycemic effect when in combination use of oral contraceptives, thiazide drug, corticosteroids, danazol, thyroid hormone and sympathomimetic drug.
6. CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole), erythromycin and M Bifadier may elevate plasma levels of this product.
7. For drugs able to induce CYP3A4, such as rifampicin or phenytoin, it may reduce the plasma level of this product.
Originator
Boehringer Ingelheim (Germany)
Biological Activity
K ATP channel blocker that binds with high affinity for SUR1 when co-expressed with Kir6.2 (K d = 0.42 nM). Antidiabetic glucose regulator with hypoglycaemic effect in vivo .
Biochem/physiol Actions
Repaglinide is a potent short-acting insulin secretagogue that acts by closing ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in the plasma membrane of the pancreatic beta cell. It represents a new class of insulin secretagogues, structurally unrelated to sulphonylureas, which were developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Clinical Use
Repaglinide is a nonsulfonylurea insulin secretagogue that was introduced in the United States in 1998 for type 2 diabetes.
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Antibacterials: effects enhanced by clarithromycin
and possibly trimethoprim - avoid with
trimethoprim; hypoglycaemic effect antagonised by
rifampicin.
Antifungals: effect possibly enhanced by itraconazole.
Ciclosporin: may increase repaglinide concentration,
possibly enhanced hypoglycaemic effect.
Clopidogrel: avoid concomitant use if possible due to
increased repaglinide exposure.
Cytotoxics: avoid with lapatinib.
Lipid-lowering agents: increased risk of severe
hypoglycaemia with gemfibrozil - avoid.
Metabolism
Repaglinide appears to be a substrate for active hepatic
uptake by the organic anion transporting protein
OATP1B1, and undergoes almost complete hepatic
metabolism involving the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes
CYP2C8 and CYP3A4. The glucuronidation of
repaglinide is thought to involve uridine diphosphate
glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, particularly
UGT1A1.
The metabolites, which are inactive, are excreted in the
bile.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 135062-02-1 includes 9 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 6 digits, 1,3,5,0,6 and 2 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 0 and 2 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 135062-02:
(8*1)+(7*3)+(6*5)+(5*0)+(4*6)+(3*2)+(2*0)+(1*2)=91
91 % 10 = 1
So 135062-02-1 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C27H36N2O4/c1-4-33-25-17-20(12-13-22(25)27(31)32)18-26(30)28-23(16-19(2)3)21-10-6-7-11-24(21)29-14-8-5-9-15-29/h6-7,10-13,17,19,23H,4-5,8-9,14-16,18H2,1-3H3,(H,28,30)(H,31,32)/t23-/m0/s1
135062-02-1Relevant articles and documents
A validated chiral LC method for the enantiomeric separation of repaglinide on immobilized amylose based stationary phase
Patil, Kiran,Rane, Vipul,Yeole, Ravindra,Shinde, Devanand
, p. 1048 - 1053 (2012)
A simple, rapid, isocratic, normal phase chiral HPLC method was developed and validated for the enantiomeric separation of repaglinide, (S)-(+)-2-ethoxy-4-N [1-(2-piperidinophenyl)-3-methyl-1-butyl] aminocarbonylmethyl] benzoic acid, an antidiabetic drug substance. The enantiomers of repaglinide were resolved on a Chiralpak IA (immobilized amylose based stationary phase) column using a mobile phase consisting of n-hexane: ethanol: trifluoroacetic acid (80:20:0.2, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. The resolution between both enantiomers was greater than 2 in the optimized method. The developed method was extensively validated and proved to be robust, enantioselective, accurate, precise, and suitable for quantitative determination of (R)-enantiomer in bulk drug substance and product.
Synthesis method of repaglinide
-
Paragraph 0043; 0053; 0054, (2019/07/16)
The invention discloses a synthesis method of repaglinide, and belongs to the technical field of medicine synthesis. The method comprises the following steps that ortho-halogenated benzaldehyde is taken as a raw material, a 2-piperidine-1-benzaldehyde compound 1 is obtained through piperidine substitution and reacts with (R)-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide to obtain an imine compound 2, then the iminecompound 2 reacts with a 2-methyl-1-propylene Grignard reagent lithium chloride, and through reduction, an S-(+)-1-(2-piperidine phenyl)-3-methyl n-butylamine compound 3 is obtained; then the S-(+)-1-(2-piperidine phenyl)-3-methyl n-butylamine compound 3 and 4-carboxyl methyl-2-ethoxy benzoate are condensed to obtain an S-(+)-2-oxethyl-4-[N-{1-(2-piperidine phenyl)-3-methyl-1-butyl}amine carbonylmethyl]benzoate compound 4; finally, the repaglinide 5 is obtained through hydrolysis. Compared with other technologies, the synthesis method has the advantages that operation is simple, the raw materials are easy to obtain, the yield is high, the cost is low, and the method is environmentally friendly; the product repaglinide has very high optical purity and is suitable for industrial production.
Repaglinide Substantially Free of Dimer Impurity
-
Page/Page column 13-14, (2010/08/08)
The present invention provides highly pure repaglinide substantially free of dimer impurity, and process for the preparation thereof. The present invention also relates to 2-ethoxy-N-[(1S)-3-methyl-1-[2-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl]butyl]-4-[2-[[(1S)-3-methyl-1-[2-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl]butyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]benzamide, an impurity of repaglinide, and a process for preparing and isolating thereof. The present invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising solid particles of pure repaglinide substantially free of dimer impurity or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein 90 volume-percent of the particles (D90) have a size of less than about 400 microns. The present invention also provides an optical resolution method of racemic 3-methyl-1-(2-piperidino-phenyl)-1-butylamine and use thereof for the preparation of repaglinide.