33414-81-2Relevant articles and documents
Specific nucleophile-electrophile interactions in nucleophilic aromatic substitutions
Ormazábal-Toledo, Rodrigo,Contreras, Renato,Tapia, Ricardo A.,Campodónico, Paola R.
supporting information, p. 2302 - 2309 (2013/04/10)
We herein report results obtained from an integrated experimental and theoretical study on aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) reactions of a series of amines towards 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in water. Specific nucleophile-electrophile interactions in the title reactions have been kinetically evaluated. The whole series undergoes SNAr reactions where the formation of the Meisenheimer complex is rate determining. Theoretical studies concerning specific interactions are discussed in detail. It is found that H-bonding effects along the intrinsic reaction coordinate profile promote the activation of both the electrophile and the nucleophile. Using these results, it is possible to establish a hierarchy of reactivity that is in agreement with the experimental data. Second order energy perturbation energy analysis highlights the strong interaction between the ortho-nitro group and the acidic hydrogen atom of the amine. The present study strongly suggests that any theoretical analysis must be performed at the activated transition state structure, because the static model developed around the reactant states hides most of the relevant specific interactions that characterize the aromatic substitution process.
Effect of substituent on regioselectivity and reaction mechanism in aminolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl X-substituted benzenesulfonates
Um, Ik-Hwan,Hong, Jin-Young,Seok, Jin-Ah
, p. 1438 - 1444 (2007/10/03)
(Chemical Equation Presented) We report on a kinetic study for the nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2,4-dinitrophenyl X-substituted benzensulfonates (X = 4-MeO, 1a, and X = 4-NO2, 1c) with a series of primary amines in 80 mol % H2O/20 mol % DMSO at 25.0 °C. The reactions proceed through S-O and C-O bond fission pathways competitively. The fraction of the S-O bond fission increases as the attaching amine becomes more basic and the substituent X changes from 4-MeO to 4-NO2, indicating that the regioselectivity is governed by the electronic nature of the substituent X as well as the basicity of amines. The S-O bond fission has been suggested to proceed through an addition intermediate with a change in the rate-determining step (RDS) at pK°a = 8.9 ± 0.1. The electronic nature of the substituent X influences kNS-O and k1 values, but not the k2/k-1 ratios and the pK°a value significantly. Stabilization of the ground state (GS) through resonance interaction between the electron-donating substituent and the electrophilic center has been suggested to be responsible for the decreased reactivity of 1a compared to 1c. The second-order rate constants for the C-O bond fission exhibit no correlation with the electronic nature of the substituent X. The distance effect and the nature of the reaction mechanism have been suggested to be responsible for the absence of the correlation.
Regioselectivity and the nature of the reaction mechanism in nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2,4-dinitrophenyl X-substituted benzenesulfonates with primary amines
Um, Ik-Hwan,Hong, Jin-Young,Kim, Jung-Joo,Chae, Ok-Mi,Bae, Sun-Kun
, p. 5180 - 5185 (2007/10/03)
Second-order rate constants have been measured for the reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenyl X-substituted benzenesulfonates with a series of primary amines. The nucleophilic substitution reaction proceeds through competitive S-O and C-O bond fission pathways. The S-O bond fission occurs dominantly for reactions with highly basic amines or with substrates having a strong electron-withdrawing group in the sulfonyl moiety. On the other hand, the C-O bond fission occurs considerably for the reactions with low basic amines or with substrates having a strong electron-donating group in the sulfonyl moiety, emphasizing that the regioselectivity is governed by both the amine basicity and the electronic effect of the sulfonyl substituent X. The apparent second-order rate constants for the S-O bond fission have resulted in a nonlinear Bronsted-type plot for the reaction of 2,4-dinitrophenyl benzenesulfonate with 10 different primary amines, suggesting that a change in the rate-determining step occurs upon changing the amine basicity. The microscopic rate constants (k1 and k2/k-1 ratio) associated with the S-O bond fission pathway support the proposed mechanism. The second-order rate constants for the S-O bond fission result in good linear Yukawa-Tsuno plots for the aminolyses of 2,4-dinitrophenyl X-substituted benzenesulfonates. However, the second-order rate constants for the C-O bond fission show no correlation with the electronic nature of the sulfonyl substituent X, indicating that the C-O bond fission proceeds through an SNAR mechanism in which the leaving group departure occurs rapidly after the rate-determining step.
