343-43-1Relevant articles and documents
Further lead optimization on Bax activators: Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 2-fluoro-fluorene derivatives for the treatment of breast cancer
Liu, Gang,Kim, Hyejin,Wang, Pingyuan,Fricke, Doerte R.,Chen, Haiying,Wang, Tianzhi,Shen, Qiang,Zhou, Jia
, (2021/04/19)
To further pursue potent Bax activators with better safety profiles for the treatment of breast cancer, structural optimization was conducted based on lead compound CYD-4-61 through several strategies, including scaffold hopping on the 2-nitro-fluorene ring, replacement of the nitro group with bioisosteres to avoid potential toxicity, and further optimization on the upper pyridine by exploring diverse alkylamine linkers as a tail or replacing the pyridine with bioisosteric heterocycles. F-containing compound 22d (GL0388) exhibited a good balance between the activity and toxicity, displaying submicromolar activities against a variety of cancer cell lines with 5.8–10.7-fold selectivity of decreased activity to MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cell line. Compound 22d dose-dependently blocked colony formation of breast cancer cells and prevented the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. Mechanism of action studies indicate that 22d activated Bax, rendering its insertion into mitochondrial membrane, thereby leading to cytochrome c release from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, subsequently inducing release of apoptotic biomarkers. Further in vivo efficacy studies of 22d in human breast cancer xenografts arisen from MDA-MB-231 cells demonstrated that this drug candidate significantly suppressed tumor growth, indicating the therapeutic promise of this class of compounds for the treatment of breast cancer as well as the potential for developing F-radiolabeled imaging ligands as anticancer chemical probes.
A comprehensive study of substituent effects on poly(dibenzofulvene)s
Wong, Michael Y.,Leung, Louis M.
, p. 512 - 520 (2017/02/05)
We herein report the first cross comparison of 14 poly(dibenzofulvene) derivatives (13 novel examples and the parent poly(dibenzofulvene)) in order to understand how the choice of substituent affects the physical properties of this interesting class of semiconducting polymers. Electron withdrawing substituents decreased the polymerization reactivity and resulted in very low molecular-weight products. Di-substituted poly(dibenzofulvene)s were found to be much less soluble than the mono-analogues which can be explained by the Hansen solubility parameter system. Analysis based on absorption, emission and electrochemistry profiles suggests that polymer solubility is a very important factor that controls the degree of stacking present in the polymer due to synthetic issues. For the first time, the thermal analysis of the parent poly(dibenzofulvene) and its derivatives is reported and it was believed that depolymerization occurred much earlier than the melting transition. We have also demonstrated the orthogonal synthesis of dibenzofulvene monomers using three distinct routes (lithiation, oxidation and Wittig) to cope with functional group compatibility.
Au-catalyzed biaryl coupling to generate 5- to 9-membered rings: Turnover-limiting reductive elimination versus π-complexation
Corrie, Tom J. A.,Ball, Liam T.,Russell, Christopher A.,Lloyd-Jones, Guy C.
, p. 245 - 254 (2017/05/29)
The intramolecular gold-catalyzed arylation of arenes by aryl-trimethylsilanes has been investigated from both mechanistic and preparative aspects. The reaction generates 5- to 9-membered rings, and of the 44 examples studied, 10 include a heteroatom (N, O). Tethering of the arene to the arylsilane provides not only a tool to probe the impact of the conformational flexibility of Ar-Au-Ar intermediates, via systematic modulation of the length of aryl-aryl linkage, but also the ability to arylate neutral and electron-poor arenes-substrates that do not react at all in the intermolecular process. Rendering the arylation intramolecular also results in phenomenologically simpler reaction kinetics, and overall these features have facilitated a detailed study of linear free energy relationships, kinetic isotope effects, and the first quantitative experimental data on the effects of aryl electron demand and conformational freedom on the rate of reductive elimination from diaryl-gold(III) species. The turnover-limiting step for the formation of a series of fluorene derivatives is sensitive to the reactivity of the arene and changes from reductive elimination to π-complexation for arenes bearing strongly electron-withdrawing substituents (σ > 0.43). Reductive elimination is accelerated by electron-donating substituents (ρ = -2.0) on one or both rings, with the individual σ-values being additive in nature. Longer and more flexible tethers between the two aryl rings result in faster reductive elimination from Ar-Au(X)-Ar and lead to the π-complexation of the arene by Ar-AuX2 becoming the turnover-limiting step.
