63631-40-3Relevant articles and documents
Coumarinic acid-based cyclic prodrugs of opioid peptides that exhibit metabolic stability to peptidases and excellent cellular permeability
Gudmundsson, Olafur S.,Pauletti, Giovanni M.,Wang, Wei,Shan, Daxian,Zhang, Huijuan,Wang, Binghe,Borchardt, Ronald T.
, p. 7 - 15 (2007/10/03)
Purpose. To evaluate the cellular permeation characteristics and the chemical and enzymatic stability of coumarinic acid-based cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 of the opioid peptides [Leu5]-enkephalin (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) and DADLE (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), respectively. Methods. The rates of conversion of the cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 to [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively, in HBSS, pH 7.4 (Caco-2 cell transport buffer) and in various biological media having measurable esterase activity were determined by HPLC. The cell permeation characteristics of [Leu5]-enkephalin, DADLE and cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 were measured using Caco-2 cell monolayers grown onto micropores membranes and monitored by HPLC. Results. In HBSS, pH 7.4, cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 degraded chemically to intermediates that further degraded to [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively, in stoichiometric amounts. In 90% human plasma and rat liver homogenate, the disappearance of cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 was significantly faster than in HBSS, pH 7.4. The half- lives in 90% human plasma and in rat liver homogenate were substantially longer after pretreatment with paraoxon, a known inhibitor of serine- dependent esterases. When applied to the AP side of a Caco-2 cell monolayer, cyclic prodrug 1 exhibited significantly greater stability against peptidase metabolism than did [Leu5]-enkephalin. Cyclic prodrug 2 and DADLE exhibited similar stability when applied to the AP side of the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Prodrug 1 was 665-fold more able to permeate the Caco-2 cell monolayers than was [Leu5]-enkephalin, in part because of its increased enzymatic stability. Prodrug 2 was shown to be approximately 31 fold more able to permeate a Caco- 2 cell monolayer than was DADLE. Conclusions. Cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2, prepared with the coumarinic acid promoiety, were substantially more able to permeate Caco-2 cell monolayers than were the corresponding opioid peptides. Prodrug 1 exhibited increased stability to peptidase metabolism compared to [Leu5]-enkephalin. In various biological media, the opioid peptides were released from the prodrugs by an esterase-catalyzed reaction, which is sensitive to paraoxon inhibition.
Phenylpropionic acid-based cyclic prodrugs of opioid peptides that exhibit metabolic stability to peptidases and excellent cellular permeation
Gudmundsson, Olafur S.,Nimkar, Kalpana,Gangwar, Sanjeev,Siahaan, Teruna,Borchardt, Ronald T.
, p. 16 - 23 (2007/10/03)
Purpose. To evaluate the cellular permeation characteristics and the chemical and enzymatic stability of phenylpropionic acid-based cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 of opioid peptides [Leu5]-enkephalin (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe- Leu-OH) and DADLE (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu-OH), respectively. Methods. The rates of conversion of cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 to [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively, in HBSS, pH 7.4 (Caco-2 cell transport buffer) and in various biological media having measurable esterase activity were determined by HPLC. The cell permeation characteristics of [Leu5]-enkephalin, DADLE, and cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 were measured using Caco-2 cell monolayers grown onto microporus membranes and monitored by HPLC. Results. In HBSS, pH 7.4, cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 degraded to [Leu5]-enkephalin and DADLE, respectively, in stoichiometric amounts. In 90% human plasma, the rates of disappearance of cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 were slightly faster than in HBSS, pH 7.4. These accelerated rates of disappearance in 90% human plasma could be reduced to the rates observed in HBSS, pH 7.4, by pretreatment of the plasma with paraoxon, a known inhibitor of serine-dependent esterases. In homogenates of Caco-2 cells and rat liver, accelerated rates of disappearance of cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2 were not observed. When applied to the AP side of a Caco-2 cell monolayer, cyclic prodrug 1 exhibited significantly greater stability against peptidase metabolism than did [Leu5]-enkephalin. Cyclic prodrug 2 find DADLE exhibited stability similar to prodrug 1 when applied to the AP side of the Caco-2 cell monolayers. Prodrug 1 was 1680 fold more able to permeate the Caco-2 cell monolayers than was [Leu5]-enkephalin, in part because of its increased enzymatic stability. Prodrug 2 was shown to be approximately 77 fold more able to permeate a Caco-2 cell monolayer than was DADLE. Conclusions. Cyclic prodrugs 1 and 2, prepared with the phenylpropionic acid promoiety, were substantially more able to permeate Caco-2 cell monolayers than were the corresponding opioid peptides. Prodrug 1 exhibited increased stability to peptidase metabolism compared to [Leu5]- enkephalin. In 90% human plasma but not in Caco-2 cell and rat liver homogenates, the opioid peptides were released from the cyclic prodrugs by an esterase-catalyzed reaction that is sensitive to paraoxon inhibition. However, the rate of this bioconversion appears to be extremely slow.
Coumarin-based prodrugs 2. Synthesis and bioreversibility studies of an esterase-sensitive cyclic prodrug of DADLE, an opioid peptide
Wang, Binghe,Wang, Wei,Zhang, Huijuan,Shan, Daxian,Smith, Terrill D.
, p. 2823 - 2826 (2007/10/03)
A coumarin-based esterase-sensitive cyclic prodrug of an opioid peptide, DADLE, was prepared. The cyclic prodrug quickly released (t( 1/4 ) = 761 min) its original peptide, DADLE, upon esterase catalyzed hydrolysis. Such a system can be used for the preparation of cyclic prodrugs of other biologically active peptides aimed at improving their bioavailability.
