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64-18-6 Usage

Chemical Description

Different sources of media describe the Chemical Description of 64-18-6 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Formic acid is used in the reaction to form compound 40.
2. Formic acid is a colorless liquid used in the production of leather, textiles, and other chemicals.
3. Formic acid is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor, commonly used as a preservative and antibacterial agent.

Check Digit Verification of cas no

The CAS Registry Mumber 64-18-6 includes 5 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 2 digits, 6 and 4 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 1 and 8 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 64-18:
(4*6)+(3*4)+(2*1)+(1*8)=46
46 % 10 = 6
So 64-18-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/CH2O2/c2-1-3/h1H,(H,2,3)

64-18-6 Well-known Company Product Price

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  • (Code)Product description
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  • TCI America

  • (F0513)  Formic Acid  

  • 64-18-6

  • 300mL

  • 170.00CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (36617)  Formic acid, ACS, 96+%   

  • 64-18-6

  • 500g

  • 595.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (36617)  Formic acid, ACS, 96+%   

  • 64-18-6

  • 2kg

  • 881.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (36617)  Formic acid, ACS, 96+%   

  • 64-18-6

  • *4x500g

  • 1235.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (36504)  Formic acid, ACS, 88+%   

  • 64-18-6

  • 500ml

  • 560.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (36504)  Formic acid, ACS, 88+%   

  • 64-18-6

  • 2L

  • 1145.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (36504)  Formic acid, ACS, 88+%   

  • 64-18-6

  • *4x500ml

  • 1443.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (L17434)  Formic acid, 85%   

  • 64-18-6

  • 1000g

  • 313.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (L17434)  Formic acid, 85%   

  • 64-18-6

  • 2500g

  • 617.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A13285)  Formic acid, 97%   

  • 64-18-6

  • 500g

  • 288.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A13285)  Formic acid, 97%   

  • 64-18-6

  • 2500g

  • 775.0CNY

  • Detail
  • Alfa Aesar

  • (A13285)  Formic acid, 97%   

  • 64-18-6

  • 10000g

  • 1666.0CNY

  • Detail

64-18-6SDS

SAFETY DATA SHEETS

According to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - Sixth revised edition

Version: 1.0

Creation Date: Aug 12, 2017

Revision Date: Aug 12, 2017

1.Identification

1.1 GHS Product identifier

Product name formic acid

1.2 Other means of identification

Product number -
Other names formic

1.3 Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use

Identified uses For industry use only. Preservatives and Antioxidants;Processing Aids and Additives
Uses advised against no data available

1.4 Supplier's details

1.5 Emergency phone number

Emergency phone number -
Service hours Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm (Standard time zone: UTC/GMT +8 hours).

More Details:64-18-6 SDS

64-18-6Synthetic route

carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With chlorotris(sodium 3-sulfonatophenyldiphenylphosphine)rhodium(I); hydrogen; sodium formate In water at 50℃; under 75007.5 Torr; for 20h; Inert atmosphere;100%
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In water for 18h; Reagent/catalyst; Electrochemical reaction;93.6%
Stage #1: carbon dioxide With phenylsilane In N,N-dimethyl acetamide at 50℃; under 22502.3 Torr; for 4h; pH=Ca. 1.2; Autoclave; Green chemistry;
Stage #2: With water In N,N-dimethyl acetamide at 100℃; for 0.25h; Pressure; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst; Time; Green chemistry;
91%
methanol
67-56-1

methanol

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: methanol With oxygen; nickel dichloride In water at 20℃; for 0.166667h; Flow reactor;
Stage #2: With copper(II) sulfate In water at 55℃; for 0.166667h; Flow reactor;
98%
With sodium hydroxide; potassium hexacyanoferrate(III); iridium(III) chloride at 35℃; Rate constant; Thermodynamic data; ΔE, ΔS(excit.), ΔF(excit.);
With dipotassium peroxodisulfate In water at 45℃; Kinetics; Rate constant; Thermodynamic data; mechanism, concentration, temperature, overall energy of activation;
1-ethenyl-4-methylbenzene
622-97-9

1-ethenyl-4-methylbenzene

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

4-methyl-benzaldehyde
104-87-0

4-methyl-benzaldehyde

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With iron(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate; 2-((4R,5R)-1-((4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazolidin-2-yl)-6-((4R,5R)-1-((4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)sulfonyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazolidin-2-yl)pyridine; oxygen at 70℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 6h; Solvent; Green chemistry;A n/a
B 96%
2-((tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)methyl)-2-methyl-malonaldehyde

2-((tert-butyl-diphenyl-silanyloxy)methyl)-2-methyl-malonaldehyde

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

3-(tert-butyldiphenylsilanyloxy)-2-methylpropionic acid
820963-51-7

3-(tert-butyldiphenylsilanyloxy)-2-methylpropionic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With camphor-10-sulfonic acid; dihydrogen peroxide In chloroform-d1A 50%
B 96%
formic acid 2-formyloxy-1-methylpropyl ester
56153-29-8

formic acid 2-formyloxy-1-methylpropyl ester

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

trans-2-Butene
624-64-6

trans-2-Butene

C

buta-1,3-diene
106-99-0

buta-1,3-diene

D

butanone
78-93-3

butanone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 500℃; for 5h; Mechanism; Inert atmosphere; Flow reactor; Pyrolysis; chemoselective reaction;A 20%
B n/a
C 94%
D n/a
styrene
292638-84-7

styrene

A

formaldehyd
50-00-0

formaldehyd

B

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

C

benzaldehyde
100-52-7

benzaldehyde

D

benzoic acid
65-85-0

benzoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With pyridine; ozone at 20℃; for 1.16667h; Oxidation; ozonolysis;A 2%
B 2.4%
C 2.6%
D 93%
2 HCOOH/NHex3 adduct

2 HCOOH/NHex3 adduct

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

tri-n-hexylamine
102-86-3

tri-n-hexylamine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 160℃; under 99.76 Torr;A 92%
B n/a
cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate

cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate

pentamine methylmalonatocobalt(III)

pentamine methylmalonatocobalt(III)

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

C

cobalt(II)

cobalt(II)

D

cerium(III) ion

cerium(III) ion

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In perchloric acid; water Kinetics; react. at 30 +/- 0.2°C; detection by spectrophotometry;A 90%
B n/a
C >99
D n/a
cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate

cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate

pentamine malonatocobalt(III)

pentamine malonatocobalt(III)

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

C

cobalt(II)

cobalt(II)

D

cerium(III) ion

cerium(III) ion

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In perchloric acid; water Kinetics; react. at 30 +/- 0.2°C; detection by spectrophotometry;A 90%
B n/a
C >99
D n/a
dimethyl(phenyl)silyl formate

dimethyl(phenyl)silyl formate

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water at 20℃; for 0.5h;90%
syringic aldehyde
134-96-3

syringic aldehyde

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-hydroquinone
15233-65-5

2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-hydroquinone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: syringic aldehyde With sodium percarbonate In tetrahydrofuran; water at 25℃; Dakin Phenol Oxidation; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In tetrahydrofuran; water pH=1; Inert atmosphere;
A n/a
B 90%
6-methyl-6-phenyl-3-(1-phenylethyl)-5-(m-toluidino)-1,2,4-trioxan
76182-15-5

6-methyl-6-phenyl-3-(1-phenylethyl)-5-(m-toluidino)-1,2,4-trioxan

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

2-Phenylpropanal
34713-70-7

2-Phenylpropanal

C

acetophenone
98-86-2

acetophenone

D

1-amino-3-methylbenzene
108-44-1

1-amino-3-methylbenzene

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride In ethanol for 0.0833333h; Ambient temperature; Further byproducts given;A 58%
B 69%
C 89%
D 75%
triethylsilyl formate
18296-01-0

triethylsilyl formate

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

Triethylsilanol
597-52-4

Triethylsilanol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water at 20℃; for 0.333333h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; Glovebox;A 88%
B n/a
sodium hydrogencarbonate
144-55-8

sodium hydrogencarbonate

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: sodium hydrogencarbonate With hydrogen In water at 200℃; under 45004.5 Torr; for 4h; Autoclave;
Stage #2: Pressure; Reagent/catalyst;
86.1%
With nickel; hydrazine hydrate In water at 300℃; for 2h; Reagent/catalyst; Green chemistry;50%
With sodium chloride at 40℃; for 2h; Irradiation; Halobacterium halobium MMT22; Yield given;
glycolic Acid
79-14-1

glycolic Acid

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With potassium bromate; ruthenium trichloride; perchloric acid at 39.85℃; Kinetics; Further Variations:; Reagents; Temperatures; Oxidation;86%
With phosphovanadomolybdic acid; oxygen In water at 150℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 3h;73.9%
With aluminium(III) triflate; dihydrogen peroxide In acetonitrile at 70℃; for 12h;63.1%
dihydroxyacetone
96-26-4

dihydroxyacetone

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

glycolic Acid
79-14-1

glycolic Acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide In neat (no solvent) at 25℃; for 24h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst;A n/a
B 86%
With oxygen; vanadia In water at 79.84℃; under 2250.23 Torr; for 1h; Autoclave;A 14 %Chromat.
B 13 %Chromat.
Methyl formate
107-31-3

Methyl formate

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 2,6-dimethylpyridine; water at 120℃; under 9000.9 Torr;85%
With sulfuric acid Hydrolysis;
With water; N-cyclohexyl-cyclohexanamine at 130℃; Equilibrium constant; Reagent/catalyst;
Glyoxal
131543-46-9

Glyoxal

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With phosphovanadomolybdic acid; oxygen In water at 150℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 3h;84.3%
With dihydrogen peroxide; sodium molybdate; mercury(II) diacetate In 1,4-dioxane; water at 25℃; for 0.5h; Yield given;
With TiClO4 at 39.9℃; Rate constant; Kinetics; Thermodynamic data; E(excit.), ΔH(excit.), ΔS(excit.); var. temp.;
With sodium vanadate; sulfuric acid; oxygen In water at 160℃; under 22502.3 Torr; for 0.0166667h; Autoclave;
With H(1+)*Mo11O40PV(4-)*3C7H13N2O3S(1+); oxygen In water at 180℃; under 7500.75 Torr; for 1h; Autoclave;74.2 %Chromat.
potassium hydrogencarbonate
298-14-6

potassium hydrogencarbonate

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogen In water at 200℃; under 45004.5 Torr; for 4h; Autoclave;83.7%
With [{Ir(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(Cl)}2(4,4',6,6'-tetrahydroxybipyrimidine)](Cl2); hydrogen In water at 50℃; under 30003 Torr; for 8h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Pressure; Time; Temperature;
With hydrogen carbonate reductase; hydrogen under 750.075 Torr; Kinetics; Reagent/catalyst; Enzymatic reaction;
dihydroxyacetone
96-26-4

dihydroxyacetone

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

glycolic Acid
79-14-1

glycolic Acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide In neat (no solvent) at 25℃; for 24h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst;A n/a
B 86%
With oxygen; vanadia In water at 79.84℃; under 2250.23 Torr; for 1h; Autoclave;A 14 %Chromat.
B 13 %Chromat.
With iron hydroxide oxide; manganese(IV) oxide; dihydrogen peroxide In water at 25℃; for 24h; Reagent/catalyst; Autoclave;
cellulose

cellulose

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

levulinic acid
123-76-2

levulinic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride; water at 199.84℃; for 0.166667h; Concentration; Temperature; Time;A 83%
B 43%
With water at 185 - 205℃; for 0.420833h; Product distribution / selectivity; Acidic conditions;A 82%
B n/a
With 5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one at 159.84℃; for 16h;A 20%
B 69%
3-methyl-butan-2-one
563-80-4

3-methyl-butan-2-one

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

isobutyric Acid
79-31-2

isobutyric Acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With perchloric acid; bromamine T In water at 35 - 40℃; Kinetics; Mechanism; Thermodynamic data; ΔH and ΔS; var. solv.: D2O;A 82%
B 82%
With perchloric acid; mercury(II) diacetate; N-bromoacetamide In water at 30℃; Kinetics; Mechanism; effect of the concentrations of NBA, MIK, acid and Hg(OAc)2; effect of the ionic strength; D2O isotopic effect; further temperatures;
D-Glucose
2280-44-6

D-Glucose

A

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde
67-47-0

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

B

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With phosphoric acid immobilized anatase TiO2 In tetrahydrofuran; water at 119.84℃; for 2h; Sealed tube; Green chemistry;A 81.2%
B 10.5%
With dihydrogen peroxide In water at 200℃; for 1h; pH=5.4;A 11.55%
B 5.68%
alpha-D-glucopyranose
492-62-6

alpha-D-glucopyranose

A

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde
67-47-0

5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

B

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

C

levulinic acid
123-76-2

levulinic acid

D

levoglucosan
498-07-7

levoglucosan

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With 15 wtpercent phosphate impregnated titania In water; butan-1-ol at 175℃; under 22502.3 Torr; for 3h; Catalytic behavior; Temperature; Inert atmosphere; Autoclave;A 81%
B n/a
C n/a
D n/a
Glycolaldehyde
141-46-8

Glycolaldehyde

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

glycolic Acid
79-14-1

glycolic Acid

C

Glyoxal
131543-46-9

Glyoxal

D

carbon dioxide
124-38-9

carbon dioxide

E

acetic acid
64-19-7

acetic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water; oxygen at 90℃; under 7500.75 Torr; for 8h; Catalytic behavior; Mechanism; Temperature; Pressure; Time; Reagent/catalyst;A 80.5%
B 4.2%
C 6.2%
D 2.6%
E 0.3%
D-Arabinose
10323-20-3

D-Arabinose

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide In ethanol; water at 69.84℃; for 5h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; chemoselective reaction;79.7%
D-xylose
58-86-6

D-xylose

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dihydrogen peroxide In ethanol; water at 69.84℃; for 5h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; chemoselective reaction;79.6%
With phosphovanadomolybdic acid; oxygen In water at 180℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 3h;33.1%
With sodium chloride In water at 189.84℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 2h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere;9.6%
With sodium vanadate; sulfuric acid; oxygen In water at 160℃; under 22502.3 Torr; for 0.0166667h; Autoclave;
With C13H16ClN3O2Pd; dihydrogen peroxide; sodium hydroxide In water at 25℃; for 16h; Catalytic behavior;
sodium formate
141-53-7

sodium formate

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid79%
With water Electrolysis.Mehrkammersystem mit Kammerwaenden aus semipermeablen Ionenaustauschern;
With sulfuric acid; sulfur trioxide
1-octen-3-ol
3391-86-4

1-octen-3-ol

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

hexanoic acid
142-62-1

hexanoic acid

C

valeric acid
109-52-4

valeric acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With tert.-butylhydroperoxide; bis(acetylacetonato)dioxidomolybdenum(VI) In benzene at 70℃; for 48h; Product distribution; other reaction times, other catalysts, other allylic alcohols and olefins as substrates;A n/a
B 79%
C 6%
3β-formyloxy-5αH-cholestane
10437-24-8

3β-formyloxy-5αH-cholestane

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

cholestane
481-21-0

cholestane

C

Cholestanol
80-97-7

Cholestanol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In N,N,N,N,N,N-hexamethylphosphoric triamide; water for 5h; Irradiation;A n/a
B 79%
C 19%
phenylacetylene
536-74-3

phenylacetylene

A

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

B

benzoic acid
65-85-0

benzoic acid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With iodopentafluorobenzene bis(trifluoroacetate); water In benzene Product distribution; Heating; other alkynes or α-hydroxy-p-nitroacetophenone;A n/a
B 79%
piperidine
110-89-4

piperidine

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

N-Formylpiperidine
2591-86-8

N-Formylpiperidine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With cyano-hydroxyimino-acetic acid 2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-ylmethyl ester; sodium hydrogencarbonate; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In water at 20℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent;100%
With aminoproplylated mesoporous SBA-15 silica at 40℃; for 0.25h; Neat (no solvent); chemoselective reaction;95%
With NH2-MIL-53 at 50℃; for 0.333333h;95%
morpholine
110-91-8

morpholine

formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

4-morpholinecarboxaldehyde
4394-85-8

4-morpholinecarboxaldehyde

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With cyano-hydroxyimino-acetic acid 2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-ylmethyl ester; sodium hydrogencarbonate; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In water at 20℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent;100%
In butan-1-ol at 120℃; Solvent; Temperature;99.35%
In ethanol at 140℃; for 24h; Solvent; Autoclave;98%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

n-Octylamine
111-86-4

n-Octylamine

N-octylformamide
6282-06-0

N-octylformamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; ethyl cyanoglyoxylate-2-oxime In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent;100%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

1-dodecyl alcohol
112-53-8

1-dodecyl alcohol

1-dodecanyl formate
28303-42-6

1-dodecanyl formate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
toluene-4-sulfonic acid at 85℃; for 4h; Esterification;100%
With 2-methyl-1-butylimidazolium trifluoroacetate In neat (no solvent) at 70℃; for 1h;96%
Stage #1: formic acid With acetic anhydride at 40℃; for 2h;
Stage #2: 1-dodecyl alcohol at 0 - 20℃; for 15.25h;
94%
With hydrogenchloride
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

dehydroepiandrosterone
53-43-0

dehydroepiandrosterone

3β-formyl-oxy-5-androsten-17-one
29163-23-3

3β-formyl-oxy-5-androsten-17-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water for 19h;100%
at 20 - 25℃; for 4h;100%
for 5h; Reflux;89.3%
for 5h; Reflux;
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

2,3-diaminochlorobenzene
21745-41-5

2,3-diaminochlorobenzene

4-chloro-1H-1,3-benzodiazole
16931-35-4

4-chloro-1H-1,3-benzodiazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water at 100℃; for 3h; Phillips cyclization;100%
In water at 100℃; for 3h;84.1%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

Phenylalanine
150-30-1

Phenylalanine

N-formyl-phenylalanine
4289-95-6

N-formyl-phenylalanine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With acetic anhydride at 20℃; for 1h;100%
With acetic anhydride at 20℃; for 19h;87%
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 0.166667h; Heating;81%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

methanol
67-56-1

methanol

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water In aq. phosphate buffer at 20℃; for 1h; pH=7.4; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Electrolysis; Inert atmosphere; Enzymatic reaction;100%
With cobalt(III) acetylacetonate; hydrogen; bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide; [2-((diphenylphospino)methyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediyl]bis[diphenylphosphine] In tetrahydrofuran; ethanol at 100℃; under 52505.3 Torr; for 24h; Autoclave; Inert atmosphere;59%
With C36H54IrN2P2(1+)*C24H20B(1-); hydrogen; sodium hydride In ethanol; toluene at 180℃; under 7500.75 - 45004.5 Torr; for 18h; Autoclave;31%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

acetic anhydride
108-24-7

acetic anhydride

Acetic formic anhydride
2258-42-6

Acetic formic anhydride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 60℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere;100%
at 0 - 60℃; for 3.5h;78%
at 50℃; Fraktionierung im Vakuum;
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

4-chloro-aniline
106-47-8

4-chloro-aniline

N-(4-chlorophenyl)formamide
2617-79-0

N-(4-chlorophenyl)formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In toluene Reflux;100%
With sodium formate at 20℃; for 2h; Neat (no solvent);98%
With TiO2-SO4(2-) In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 6h;98.3%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

4-methoxy-aniline
104-94-9

4-methoxy-aniline

4-methoxyformanilide
5470-34-8

4-methoxyformanilide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In toluene Reflux;100%
With sodium formate at 20℃; for 3h; Neat (no solvent);99%
With TiO2-SO4(2-) In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 4h;99%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine
120-20-7

2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine

N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]formamide
14301-36-1

N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With acetic anhydride 1.) 60 deg C, 30 min, 2.) 20 deg C, overnight;100%
With 4-methyl-morpholine; dmap; 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1 ,3,5-triazine In dichloromethane at 35℃; for 0.05h; microwave irradiation;98%
In dichloromethane at 80℃; for 8h;95%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

phenethylamine
64-04-0

phenethylamine

N-(2-phenylethyl)formamide
23069-99-0

N-(2-phenylethyl)formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: formic acid With acetic acid at 25℃; for 1h;
Stage #2: phenethylamine at 0 - 25℃;
100%
With sulfated tungstate at 70℃; for 0.166667h; Neat (no solvent);98%
With pyridine; diisopropyl-carbodiimide at 20℃; for 72h;15%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

4-Chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine
95-83-0

4-Chloro-1,2-phenylenediamine

5-chloro-1H-benzimidazole
4887-82-5

5-chloro-1H-benzimidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride In water for 3h; Reflux;100%
at 110℃; for 4h;95%
With tetrabutyl-ammonium chloride In water; toluene at 160℃; for 0.25h; Microwave irradiation;89%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

aniline
62-53-3

aniline

Formanilid
103-70-8

Formanilid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; ethyl cyanoglyoxylate-2-oxime In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent;100%
With zinc(II) oxide at 70℃; for 0.166667h;99%
Stage #1: formic acid With silica gel at 20℃; for 0.0166667h;
Stage #2: aniline With silica gel at 110℃; for 0.05h;
99%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

4-Nitrophenylene-1,2-diamine
99-56-9

4-Nitrophenylene-1,2-diamine

5-nitrobenzimidazole
94-52-0

5-nitrobenzimidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With hydrogenchloride In water for 8h; Reflux;100%
With tetrabutyl-ammonium chloride In water; toluene at 160℃; for 0.2h; Microwave irradiation;90%
With chloro-trimethyl-silane In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 0.2h; Microwave irradiation;90%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

glycine
56-40-6

glycine

formylglycine
2491-15-8

formylglycine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 110℃; for 0.666667h;100%
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 153℃; for 0.333333h; futher solvents, further temperatures, further reaction times;97%
Stage #1: formic acid With acetic anhydride at 45℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: glycine at 20℃; for 72h; Inert atmosphere;
93%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

2,6-dimethylaniline
87-62-7

2,6-dimethylaniline

2,6-dimethylformanilide
607-92-1

2,6-dimethylformanilide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In toluene Reflux;100%
In toluene Reflux;100%
In toluene Reflux;100%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol
105-13-5

4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol

4-methoxy-, benzenemethanol, formate
122-91-8

4-methoxy-, benzenemethanol, formate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: formic acid With silica gel at 20℃; for 0.0166667h;
Stage #2: 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol With silica gel at 110℃; for 0.0166667h;
100%
With aminopropylated mesoporous SBA-15 silica at 40℃; for 0.0833333h; Neat (no solvent); chemoselective reaction;95%
With iodine at 20℃; for 0.116667h; neat (no solvent);94%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

benzylamine
100-46-9

benzylamine

N-benzylformamide
6343-54-0

N-benzylformamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; ethyl cyanoglyoxylate-2-oxime In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent;100%
With 4-methyl-morpholine; dmap; 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1 ,3,5-triazine In dichloromethane at 35℃; for 0.1h; microwave irradiation;99%
With sulfated tungstate at 70℃; for 0.166667h; Neat (no solvent);99%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

4-bromo-aniline
106-40-1

4-bromo-aniline

N-(4-bromophenyl)formamide
2617-78-9

N-(4-bromophenyl)formamide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In toluene Reflux;100%
With sodium formate at 20℃; for 2.75h; Neat (no solvent);99%
With zinc(II) oxide at 70℃; for 0.333333h;98%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

4-Bromo-benzene-1,2-diamine
1575-37-7

4-Bromo-benzene-1,2-diamine

5-bromo-1H-benzo[d]imidazole
4887-88-1

5-bromo-1H-benzo[d]imidazole

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 100℃;100%
With hydrogenchloride In water for 3h; Reflux;97.5%
for 2h; Reflux;85%
With hydrogenchloride
Stage #1: formic acid; 4-Bromo-benzene-1,2-diamine for 2h; Reflux;
Stage #2: With sodium hydroxide In water at 20℃;
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

methyl α-chloro-α-phenylbenzeneacetate
54311-64-7

methyl α-chloro-α-phenylbenzeneacetate

methyl (formyloxy)diphenylacetate
133217-21-7

methyl (formyloxy)diphenylacetate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium formate for 4h; Ambient temperature;100%
With sodium formate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 3h; Ambient temperature;96%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

2-iodophenylamine
615-43-0

2-iodophenylamine

N-formyl-2-iodoaniline
10113-39-0

N-formyl-2-iodoaniline

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: formic acid With acetic anhydride In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 0.166667h;
Stage #2: 2-iodophenylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃;
100%
In water; toluene at 110℃; for 4h;99%
Stage #1: formic acid With acetic anhydride at 20℃; for 0.166667h; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: 2-iodophenylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere;
98%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

tetra(n-butyl)ammonium hydroxide
2052-49-5

tetra(n-butyl)ammonium hydroxide

tetra(n-butyl)ammonium formate
35733-58-5

tetra(n-butyl)ammonium formate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In water pH=Ca. 8.45; Glovebox;100%
In methanol; water at 20 - 60℃;99%
In methanol at 20℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere;85%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

4-(2-aminoethyl)-1-(phenylmethyl)piperidine
86945-25-7

4-(2-aminoethyl)-1-(phenylmethyl)piperidine

1-benzyl-4-<2-(N-formylamino)ethyl>piperidine
144319-70-0

1-benzyl-4-<2-(N-formylamino)ethyl>piperidine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With acetic anhydride100%
at 100℃; for 6h;38%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-piperazine dihydrobromide
38869-37-3

1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-piperazine dihydrobromide

1-Formyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine
112190-13-3

1-Formyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium carbonate In water; toluene for 18h; Heating;100%
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

1-(2,2-dimethyl-3-but-enyl)-5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolid-one
84665-97-4

1-(2,2-dimethyl-3-but-enyl)-5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolid-one

rel-(6R,7aS)-6-<2-(formyloxy)prop-2-yl>hexahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-3-one
84665-98-5, 94162-37-5

rel-(6R,7aS)-6-<2-(formyloxy)prop-2-yl>hexahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-3-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 0.0833333h; Ambient temperature;100%
at 40℃; for 0.0833333h;0.462 g
formic acid
64-18-6

formic acid

shinjulactone C
82470-74-4, 130195-55-0

shinjulactone C

20-O-formylshinjulactone

20-O-formylshinjulactone

Conditions
ConditionsYield
for 2h; Ambient temperature;100%

64-18-6Relevant articles and documents

Synergistic activating effect of promoter and oxidant in single step conversion of methane into methanol over a tailored polymer-Ag coordination complex

Shavi, Raghavendra,Hiremath, Vishwanath,Sharma, Aditya,Won, Sung Ok,Seo, Jeong Gil

, p. 24168 - 24176 (2017)

Single-step conversion of methane to its oxygenated derivatives, such as methanol, is a challenging topic in C1 chemistry. The presence of Br?nsted-acidic sites, N- and O-type chelating ligands, and noble metals are demonstrated to be essential criteria for effective catalysis of this reaction. Considering these criteria, a catalytic complex was tailored herein. Poly-d-glucosamine (Ch) was used as chelating ligand for Ag, to incorporate the robust redox properties of Ag(i). The prepared AgCh complex was characterized by techniques including solid-state 1H-NMR, FE-TEM, XANES, and XPS. Besides highlighting the utility of chelate complexation for providing new materials, this study elucidates the effects of the oxidant and promoters on the methane oxidation. The catalytic activity was tested for different oxidant combinations, including hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Of all of them, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen showed the highest selectivity for oxidation of methane to methanol. Further, it was observed that the addition of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM]+Cl- as a promoter to the hydrogen peroxide and oxygen-containing AgCh system could enhance methanol production. The methanol yield reached up to 3166 μmol, representing an 18-fold yield increase and an 8-fold methane conversion increase when compared to the results (175 μmol) without a promoter.

Mechanism of the Photooxidation of Formaldehyde Studied by Flash Photolysis of CH2O-O2-NO Mixtures

Veyret, Bernard,Rayez, Jean-Claude,Lesclaux, Robert

, p. 3424 - 3430 (1982)

The mechanism of the chain process leading to formic acid in the photooxidation of CH2O has been studied with the flash photolysis technique.Mixtures of CH2O, O2, and NO were photolyzed and the rate of appearance and yield of NO2 were monitored.Kinetic simulations of both sets of data allowed the determination of the rate constants for the main reactions HO2 + CH2O -> O2CH2OH (6), OCH2OH + O2 -> HO2 + HCO2H (8), OCH2OH + NO -> products (9) (k6=(7.5 +/-3.5)E-14; k8=(3.5 +/-1.6)E-14; k9=(4.0 +/-1.9)E-11 cm3molecule-1s-1).Quantum calculations provided estimates of the heats of formation for the radicals involved.The effect of temperature was investigated, suggesting the importance of the decomposition of the radical HOCH2O into H atom and formic acid.The validity of the global scheme is discussed along with its importance for the removal of CH2O and the production of formic acid in the athmosphere.

Drastically enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation of colorless aromatic pollutants over TiO2 via a charge-transfer-complex path: A correlation between chemical structure and degradation rate of the pollutants

Wang, Nan,Zhu, Lihua,Huang, Yingping,She, Yuanbin,Yu, Yanmin,Tang, Heqing

, p. 199 - 206 (2009)

Photocatalytic degradation of colorless aniline and phenolic pollutants was investigated over TiO2 under visible-light irradiation, which was confirmed to proceed via a charge-transfer-complex (CTC)-mediated pathway. The correlation between the chemical structure and the degradation rate of these pollutants was established experimentally and theoretically. It was found that an electron-donating substituent in benzene ring, which raises the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowers the ionization potential of the organic compound, is favorable to the CTC-mediated photodegradation of the pollutant, but an electron- withdrawing substituent has a reversed effect. The addition of sacrificial electron acceptors was adopted to enhance the degradation and mineralization of the aromatic pollutants. The increased degradation rate by 3 to 10 times suggests that the CTC-mediated photocatalytic technique has promising applications in the removal of colorless organic pollutants in the presence of sacrificial electron acceptors.

MnO2 Electrocatalysts Coordinating Alcohol Oxidation for Ultra-Durable Hydrogen and Chemical Productions in Acidic Solutions

Chen, Lisong,Han, Shuhe,Li, Yan,Shi, Jianlin,Wei, Xinfa

, p. 21464 - 21472 (2021)

Electrocatalytic hydrogen production under acidic conditions is of great importance for industrialization in comparison to that in alkaline media, which, unfortunately, still remains challenging due to the lack of earth-abundant, cost-effective and highly active anodic electrocatalysts that can be used durably under strongly acidic conditions. Here we report an unexpected finding that manganese oxide, a kind of common non-noble catalysts easily soluble in acidic solutions, can be applied as a highly efficient and extremely durable anodic electrocatalyst for hydrogen production from an acidic aqueous solution of alcohols. Particularly in a glycerol solution, a potential of as low as 1.36 V (vs. RHE) is needed at 10 mA cm?2, which is 270 mV lower than that of oxygen evolution reaction (OER), to oxidize glycerol into value-added chemicals such as formic acid, without oxygen production. To our surprise, the manganese oxide exhibits extremely high stability for electrocatalytic hydrogen production in coupling with glycerol oxidation for longer than 865 hours compared to shorter than 10 h for OER. Moreover, the effect of the addition of glycerol on the electrochemical durability has been probed via in situ Raman spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work demonstrates that acid-unstable metal oxide electrocatalysts can be used robustly in acidic media under the presence of certain substances for electrochemical purposes, such as hydrogen production.

SYNTHESIS OF D-RIBO-C-NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES BY DEHYDRATION OF NEW D-ALLO-PENTITOL-1-YL HETEROCYCLES

Perez, Juan A. Galbis,Caballero, Reyes Babiano,Ventula, Arturo Cert

, p. 129 - 142 (1985)

The reaction of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glycero-D-altro-heptose hydrochloride with acyclic and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds gives, respectively, (D-allo-pentitol-1-yl)-pyrroles and -tetrahydroindoles that can be dehydrated to yield D-ribo-C-glycosyl heterocycles having furanoid or pyranoid structures, depending on the reaction conditions.Thus, when the reactions were kinetically controlled, α- and β-D-ribofuranosyl heterocycles were obtained, but α- and β-D-ribopyranosyl heterocycles were formed under conditions of thermodynamic control.A criterion is proposed to differentiate between both structures on the basis of the mass spectra of their triacetates.

Formate ester Norrish Type II elimination: Diode laser probing of gas-phase yields

Niu, Yuping,Christophy, Elizabeth,Pisano, Patrick J.,Zhang, Ying,Hossenlopp, Jeanne M.

, p. 4181 - 4187 (1996)

Time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy was utilized to monitor the production of HCOOH, CO2, and CO following ultraviolet laser excitation of gas-phase formate esters. Excitation of ethyl formate at 227.5 nm resulted in formation of HCOOH and CO2. The CO2 quantum yield was estimated to be 0.5 ± 0.1. No evidence for CO formation was obtained at this wavelength. Relative quantum yields for the Norrish Type II elimination of HCOOH from ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl formate were obtained at 227.5 and 222 nm. Normalization of the observed HCOOH yields with respect to the number of γ-hydrogen atoms resulted in reactivity trends at 227.5 nm of 1:3:9 for the abstraction of primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogen atoms, respectively. At 222 nm, a similar reactivity trend was observed with yields per available γ-hydrogen of 1:3:7 for abstraction of primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogen atoms. Yields were found to be independent of ester pressure over the range 100-550 mTorr. Semiempirical and ab initio calculations of the excited state hydrogen abstraction step were performed and enthalpies of activation of 8-12 kcal/mol were obtained using AM1 with configuration interaction.

Cerium Doped Pt/TiO2 for Catalytic Oxidation of Low Concentration Formaldehyde at Room Temperature

Shi, Yuanyuan,Qiao, Zhiwei,Liu, Zili,Zuo, Jianliang

, p. 1319 - 1325 (2019)

Abstract: Formaldehyde is a carcinogenic and teratogenic toxic gas. With the extensive use of a variety of building materials, indoor formaldehyde has seriously threatened human health and environment. The catalytic oxidation is considered the most promising method for the removal of formaldehyde from air. In this work, we report a Pt/TiO2 catalyst with Ce modification, and investigate its activity of catalytic oxidation of low concentration formaldehyde at room temperature. The experimental results show that the trace formaldehyde (20?mg/m3) could be completely degraded at 55?min by using Pt–Ce/TiO2 catalyst. In view of multiple characterizations, such as BET, XRD, TEM, STEM, XPS and CO adsorption, it is indicated that the modification of Ce can effectively improve the dispersion of Pt particles in the surface and reduction of Pt particle size from 2.9 to 2.2?nm. Moreover, XPS results show that the Ce in the catalyst could enhance the binding energies of Pt, provide abundant oxygen vacancies, and could increase the ratio of adsorbed oxygen atoms to lattice oxygen atoms, which is conducive to the adsorption of oxygen, leading to the improvement of catalytic activity. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

Micellar effect on the reaction of chromium(VI) oxidation of L-sorbose in the presence and absence of picolinic acid in aqueous acid media: A kinetic study

Saha, Bidyut,Das, Mahua,Mohanty, Rajani K.,Das, Asim K.

, p. 399 - 408 (2014)

The kinetics and mechanism of chromic acid oxidation of L-sorbose in the presence and absence of picolinic acid (PA) have been studied under the conditions, [L-sorbose]T >> [PA]T >> [Cr(VI)]T, at different temperatures. In the absence of PA, the monomeric

Oxidation of aldehydes with permanganate in acidic and alkaline media

Jaky,Szammer

, p. 420 - 426 (1997)

The oxidation mechanism of aldehydes with permanganate was studied in acidic and alkaline media on acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, pivalaldehyde (2,2′-dimethylpropanal) and chloral substrates. On addition of water to acetaldehyde dissolved in organic solvents the rate increased, and therefore it may be stated that the hydrate form is more reactive than the aldehyde form. Acid-catalysed nucleophilic addition of permanganate is suggested. In alkaline medium a mechanism based on electron abstraction from the alkoxy anion of the hydrate is proposed. Deprotonation constants of hydrate could be calculated..

Photocatalytic degradation of chlorinated ethanes in the gas phase on the porous TiO2 pellets: Effect of surface acidity

Yamazaki, Suzuko,Ichikawa, Keiko,Saeki, Atsue,Tanimura, Toshifumi,Adachi, Kenta

, p. 5092 - 5098 (2010)

The photocatalytic degradation of chlorinated ethanes was studied in a tubular photoreactor packed with TiO2 pellets prepared by sol-gel method. The steady-state condition was not obtained, but the deterioration in the photocatalytic activity was observed during the irradiation. Effects of mole fractions of water vapor, O2, and C2H5Cl or C2H4Cl2 and reaction temperature on the photodegradation of C2H5Cl or C2H 4Cl2 were examined, and these data were compared with those obtained by the photodegradation of chlorinated ethylenes. On the basis of the products detected with and without oxygen in the reactant's gas stream, we proposed the degradation mechanism. Measurement of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy of pyridine adsorbed on the catalysts showed that decrease in the conversion for the photodegradation of C2H 5Cl was attributable to the formation of Bronsted acid sites. Comparison of the data obtained with the TiO2 and the sulfated TiO2 (SO42-/TiO2) pellets indicated that the photodegradation of C2H5Cl was suppressed by the presence of the Bronsted sites, but that of trichloroethylene was not affected. Such a difference is attributable to the adsorption process of these reactants on the acid sites on the catalyst surface.

-

Neuberg,Kobel

, p. 298,301 (1935)

-

WET OXIDATION OF MODEL CARBOHYDRATE COMPOUNDS

McGinnis, Gary D.,Prince, Shawn E.,Biermann, Chris J.,Lowrimore, James T.

, p. 51 - 60 (1984)

The major product formed by wet oxidation of a series of model compounds: D-xylose, D-glucose, D-glucitol, cellulose, and dextran, was formic acid.Its yield varied according to the structure of the carbohydrate, oxygen pressure, temperature, and the presence or absence of ferric sulfate.Acetic acid was also formed; its yield was much less dependent on the structure of carbohydrate.Other products formed include methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, and a series of hydroxylated acids.

Efficient Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Acetate on Nitrogen-Doped Nanodiamond

Liu, Yanming,Chen, Shuo,Quan, Xie,Yu, Hongtao

, p. 11631 - 11636 (2015)

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 is an attractive technique for reducing CO2 emission and converting it into useful chemicals, but it suffers from high overpotential, low efficiency or poor product selectivity. Here, N-doped nanodiam

Mechanism of C-C bond formation in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to acetic acid. A challenging reaction to use renewable energy with chemistry

Genovese, Chiara,Ampelli, Claudio,Perathoner, Siglinda,Centi, Gabriele

, p. 2406 - 2415 (2017)

Copper nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes are used in the reduction of CO2 to acetic acid (with simultaneous water electrolysis) in a flow electrocatalytic reactor operating at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. A turnover frequency of about 7000 h-1 and a carbon-based Faradaic selectivity to acetic acid of about 56% were observed, indicating potential interest in this approach for using renewable energy. The only other products of reaction detected were formic acid and methanol (the latter in some cases), besides H2. The reaction mechanism, particularly the critical step of C-C bond formation, was studied by comparing the reactivity in tests with CO2 or CO, where formic acid or formaldehyde where initially added. The results indicate the need for having dissolved CO2 to form acetic acid, likely via the reaction of CO2?- with surface adsorbed -CH3 like species. The pathway towards formic acid is instead different from the route of the formation of acetic acid.

Mechanism of methylphosphonic acid photo-degradation based on phosphate oxygen isotopes and density functional theory

Xia, Congcong,Geng, Huanhuan,Li, Xiaobao,Zhang, Yiyue,Wang, Fei,Tang, Xiaowen,Blake,Li, Hui,Chang, Sae Jung,Yu, Chan

, p. 31325 - 31332 (2019)

Methylphosphonic acid (MPn) is an intermediate in the synthesis of the phosphorus-containing nerve agents, such as sarin and VX, and a biosynthesis product of marine microbes with ramifications to global climate change and eutrophication. Here, we applied the multi-labeled water isotope probing (MLWIP) approach to investigate the C-P bond cleavage mechanism of MPn under UV irradiation and density functional theory (DFT) to simulate the photo-oxidation reaction process involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results contrasted with those of the addition of the ROS-quenching compounds, 2-propanol and NaN3. The degradation kinetics results indicated that the extent of MPn degradation was more under alkaline conditions and that the degradation process was more rapid at the initial stage of the reaction. The phosphate oxygen isotope data confirmed that one exogenous oxygen atom was incorporated into the product orthophosphate (PO4) following the C-P bond cleavage, and the oxygen isotopic composition of this free PO4 was found to vary with pH. The combined results of the ROS-quenching experiments and DFT indicate that the C-P bond was cleaved by OH-/OH and not by other reactive oxygen species. Based on these results, we have established a mechanistic model for the photolysis of MPn, which provides new insights into the fate of MPn and other phosphonate/organophosphate compounds in the environment.

Kinetics of the Ru(III) Catalyzed Oxidation of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde by Alkaline Hexacyanoferrate(III)

Awasthi, Anil K.,Upadhyay, Santosh K.

, p. 729 - 736 (1985)

The kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde by alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III) has been studied spectrophotometrically.The rate of oxidation of formaldehyde is directly proportional to while that of acetaldehyde is proportional to k/>, where k, k' and k" are rate constants.The order of reaction in acetylaldehyde is unity while that in formaldehyde falls from 1 to 0.The rate of reaction is proportional to T in each case.A suitable mechanism is proposed are discussed. -Keywords: Kinetics; Mechanism; Oxidation; Ru(III) catalyzed

Grundmann,Kreutzberger

, (1954)

Conversion of saccharides into formic acid using hydrogen peroxide and a recyclable palladium(ii) catalyst in aqueous alkaline media at ambient temperatures

Zargari,Kim,Jung

, p. 2736 - 2740 (2015)

We have developed an effective method that converts a variety of mono- and disaccharides into formic acid predominantly. Our recyclable NHC-amidate palladium(ii) catalyst facilitated oxidative degradation of carbohydrates without using excess oxidant. Stoichiometric amounts of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide were employed at ambient temperatures.

In situ infrared study of photoreaction of ethanol on Au and Ag/TiO2

Rismanchian, Azadeh,Chen, Yu-Wen,Chuang, Steven S.C.

, p. 16 - 22 (2016)

An in situ IR technique was used to study the role of Au and Ag additives on photocatalytic reaction of ethanol on TiO2 at 300 K. Au and Ag additives increased water/ethanol coverage and decreased the rate of ethanol's C-H scission, a step involving in scavenging photogenerated holes. Au and Ag promoted adsorption of ethanol as monodentate ethoxy, accelerated its conversion to formate (HCOO-ad) and acetate (CH3COO-ad). In contrast, adsorbed ethanol on TiO2 did not produce IR-observable products and exhibited a Stark effect with a decreased C-H intensity upon accumulation of photogenerated electrons.

KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF OXIDATION OF SOME ALCOHOLS BY OSMIUM TETROXIDE

Singh, Bharat,Singh, A. K.,Singh, M. B.,Singh, A. P.

, p. 715 - 718 (1986)

Spectrophotometric studies of the kinetics of oxidation of 2-methylpropan-1-ol and 2-butanol by an alkaline solution of osmium tetroxide have been reported.A first-order dependence to osmium tetroxide was observed.A first-order dependence to both 2-methylpropan-1-ol and alkali at low concentration tends to zero order at higher concentrations.In the case of 2-butanol, first-order kinetics is exhibited with respect to 2-butanol but first-order kinetics observed at lower concentrations of alkali decrease at higher concentrations.A negligible ionic strength effect of the medium was observed.Activation parameters have been computed.A suitable mechanism in conformity with our kinetic observations has been suggested.

Multiple isotope effect study of the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of formamide

Marlier, John F.,Campbell, Erica,Lai, Catherine,Weber, Michael,Reinhardt, Laurie A.,Cleland

, p. 3829 - 3836 (2006)

Multiple isotope effects were measured at the reactive center of formamide during acid-catalyzed hydrolysis in water at 25 °C. The mechanism involves a rapid pre-equilibrium protonation of the carbonyl oxygen, followed by the formation of at least one tetrahedral intermediate, which does not appreciably exchange its carbonyl oxygen with the solvent (kh/kcx = 55). The pKa for formamide was determined by 15N NMR and found to be about -2.0. The formyl-hydrogen kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is indicative of a transition state that is highly tetrahedral (Dk obs = 0.79); the carbonyl-carbon KIE (13kobs = 1.031) is in agreement with this conclusion. The small leaving-nitrogen KIE (15kobs = 1.0050) is consistent with some step prior to breaking the C-N bond as rate-determining. The carbonyl-oxygen KIE ( 18kobs = 0.996) points to attack of water as the rate-determining step. On the basis of these results, a mechanism is proposed in which attachment of the nucleophile to a protonated formamide molecule is rate determining.

Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of heteropoly acids for their optimized application in selective biomass oxidation to formic acid

Albert, Jakob,Lueders, Daniela,Boesmann, Andreas,Guldi, Dirk M.,Wasserscheid, Peter

, p. 226 - 237 (2014)

Different Keggin-type polyoxometalates have been synthesized and characterized in order to identify optimized homogeneous catalysts for the selective oxidation of biomass to formic acid (FA) using oxygen as an oxidant and p-toluenesulfonic acid as an additive. Applying the optimized polyoxometalate catalyst system H8[PV5Mo7O 40] (HPA-5), a total FA-yield (with respect to carbon in the biogenic feedstock) of 60% for glucose within 8 h reaction time and 28% for cellulose within 24 h reaction time could be achieved. The transformation is characterized by its mild reaction temperature, its excellent selectivity to FA in the liquid product phase and its applicability to a very wide range of biogenic raw materials including non-edible biopolymers and complex biogenic mixtures.

Nonuniform Electric Field-Enhanced In-Source Declustering in High-Pressure Photoionization/Photoionization-Induced Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Operando Catalytic Reaction Monitoring

Wan, Ningbo,Jiang, Jichun,Hu, Fan,Chen, Ping,Zhu, Kaixin,Deng, Dehui,Xie, Yuanyuan,Wu, Chenxin,Hua, Lei,Li, Haiyang

, p. 2207 - 2214 (2021)

Photoionization mass spectrometry (PI-MS) is a powerful and highly sensitive analytical technique for online monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, due to the large difference of PI cross sections for different compounds and the limitation of photon energy, the ability of lamp-based PI-MS for detection of compounds with low PI cross sections and high ionization energies (IEs) is insufficient. Although the ion production rate can be improved by elevating the ion source pressure, the problem of generating plenty of cluster ions, such as [MH]+·(H2O)n (n = 1 and 2) and [M2]+, needs be solved. In this work, we developed a new nonuniform electric field high-pressure photoionization/photoionization-induced chemical ionization (NEF-HPPI/PICI) source with the abilities of both HPPI and PICI, which was accomplished through ion-molecule reactions with high-intensity H3O+ reactant ions generated by photoelectron ionization (PEI) of water molecules. By establishing a nonuniform electric field in a three-zone ionization region to enhance in-source declustering and using 99.999% helium as the carrier gas, not only the formation of cluster ions was significantly diminished, but the ion transmission efficiency was also improved. Consequently, the main characteristic ion for each analyte both in HPPI and PICI occupied more than 80%, especially [HCOOH·H]+ with a yield ratio of 99.2% for formic acid. The analytical capacity of this system was demonstrated by operando monitoring the hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOC products during the methanol-to-olefins and methane conversion catalytic reaction processes, exhibiting wide potential applications in process monitoring, reaction mechanism research, and online quality control.

The Promotion Effect of NaCl on the Conversion of Xylose to Furfural?

Fang, Qianying,Hu, Changwei,Jiang, Zhicheng,Li, Zheng,Luo, Yiping

, p. 178 - 184 (2020)

In this work, the promotion effect of NaCl on the conversion of xylose to furfural in H2O was studied. It was found that xylose conversion and furfural yield increased with NaCl concentration. NaCl decreased the pH of the solution providing H+ for the acid catalytic dehydration of xylose. The formation of oligomers was determined by GPC and ESI-MS in the initial stage of reaction, especially at low temperature. Excess NaCl promoted the formation of humins in the late stage of the reaction. NaCl could also change the decomposition route of formic acid. Meanwhile, NaCl had the ability of phase separation. Combining these effects with organic solvent during the reaction could inhibit the formation of humins and increase the yield of furfural. In NaCl-H2O-THF biphasic system without other catalyst, the optimal furfural yield of 76.7% and selectivity of 77.6% were achieved at 463 K in 2 h.

Crystal structure of an S-formylglutathione hydrolase from pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125

Alterio, Vincenzo,Aurilia, Vincenzo,Romanelli, Alessandra,Parracino, Antonietta,Saviano, Michele,D'Auria, Sabato,de Simone, Giuseppina

, p. 669 - 677 (2010)

S-formylglutathione hydrolases (FGHs) constitute a family of ubiquitous enzymes which play a key role in formaldehyde detoxification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, catalyzing the hydrolysis of S-formylglutathione to formic acid and glutathione. While a large number of functional studies have been reported on these enzymes, few structural studies have so far been carried out. In this article we report on the functional and structural characterization of PhEst, a FGH isolated from the psychrophilic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis. According to our functional studies, this enzyme is able to efficiently hydrolyze several thioester substrates with very small acyl moieties. By contrast, the enzyme shows no activity toward substrates with bulky acyl groups. These data are in line with structural studies which highlight for this enzyme a very narrow acyl-binding pocket in a typical α/β-hydrolase fold. PhEst represents the first cold-adapted FGH structurally characterized to date; comparison with its mesophilic counterparts of known three-dimensional structure allowed to obtain useful insights into molecular determinants responsible for the ability of this psychrophilic enzyme to work at low temperature.

Manganese oxide as an alternative to vanadium-based catalysts for effective conversion of glucose to formic acid in water

Li, Jialu,Smith, Richard Lee,Xu, Siyu,Li, De,Yang, Jirui,Zhang, Keqiang,Shen, Feng

, p. 315 - 324 (2022/01/19)

MnOx catalysts were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions for conversion of glucose into formic acid (FA) in water with the objective to develop vanadium-free reaction systems. An FA yield of 81.1% was obtained with a MnOx catalyst and glucose substrate in water at 160 °C and is almost twice the value obtained with vanadium-based heterogeneous catalysts. MnOx materials prepared hydrothermally at 100 °C had higher Mn2+/Mn3+ ratios and adsorbed oxygen species than those prepared at higher temperatures and gave the highest FA yields among the catalysts evaluated. Mechanistic studies of glucose–MnOx–water reaction systems revealed that two parallel reactions existed with arabinose being the intermediate in the α-scission route and glyoxylic acid being the intermediate in the β-scission route where CO2 co-forms with FA. Small water-soluble carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, cellobiose, maltose, xylose) afforded FA yields greater than 50%, while starch afforded FA yields greater than 20%, thus demonstrating the potential of MnOx catalysts for converting biomass into FA.

Electrochemical Strategy for the Simultaneous Production of Cyclohexanone and Benzoquinone by the Reaction of Phenol and Water

Wu, Ruizhi,Meng, Qinglei,Yan, Jiang,Liu, Huizhen,Zhu, Qinggong,Zheng, Lirong,Zhang, Jing,Han, Buxing

, p. 1556 - 1571 (2022/02/01)

Cyclohexanone and benzoquinone are important chemicals in chemical and manufacturing industries. The simultaneous production of cyclohexanone and benzoquinone by the reaction of phenol and water is an ideal route for the economical production of the two c

Photothermal strategy for the highly efficient conversion of glucose into lactic acid at low temperatures over a hybrid multifunctional multi-walled carbon nanotube/layered double hydroxide catalyst

Duo, Jia,Jin, Binbin,Jin, Fangming,Shi, Xiaoyu,Wang, Tianfu,Ye, Xin,Zhong, Heng

, p. 813 - 822 (2022/02/09)

The conversion of carbohydrates into lactic acid has attracted increasing attention owing to the broad applications of lactic acid. However, the current methods of thermochemical conversion commonly suffer from limited selectivity or the need for harsh conditions. Herein, a light-driven system of highly selective conversion of glucose into lactic acid at low temperatures was developed. By constructing a hybrid multifunctional multi-walled carbon nanotube/layered double hydroxide composite catalyst (CNT/LDHs), the highest lactic acid yield of 88.6% with 90.0% selectivity was achieved. The performance of CNT/LDHs for lactic acid production from glucose is attributed to the following factors: (i) CNTs generate a strong heating center under irradiation, providing heat for converting glucose into lactic acid; (ii) LDHs catalyze glucose isomerization, in which the photoinduced OVs (Lewis acid) in LDHs under irradiation further improve the catalytic activity; and (iii) in a heterogeneous-homogeneous synergistically catalytic system (LDHs-OH-), OH- ions are concentrated in LDHs, forming strong base sites to catalyze subsequent cascade reactions.

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