6424-77-7Relevant articles and documents
Greener Dye Synthesis: Continuous, Solvent-Free Synthesis of Commodity Perylene Diimides by Twin-Screw Extrusion
Cao, Qun,Crawford, Deborah E.,James, Stuart L.,Shi, Chengcheng
supporting information, p. 4478 - 4483 (2020/02/05)
A continuous, scalable, and solvent-free method for the synthesis of various naphthalic imides and perylene diimides (PDIs) using twin-screw extrusion (TSE) is reported. Using TSE, naphthalic imides were obtained quantitatively without the need for excess amine reactant or product purification. With good functional-group tolerance, alkyl and benzyl amine derived PDIs (incl. commercial dyes) were obtained in 50–99 % yield. Use of K2CO3, enabled synthesis of more difficult aniline-derived PDIs. Furthermore, an automated continuous TSE process for Pigments Black 31 and 32 is demonstrated, with a throughput rate of about 1500 g day?1, corresponding to a space time yield of about 30×103 kg m?3 day?1, which is 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than for solvent-based batch methods. These methods provide substantial waste reductions and improved efficiency compared to conventional solvent-based methods.
A "green" route to perylene dyes: Direct coupling reactions of 1,8-naphthalimide and related compounds under mild conditions using a "new" base complex reagent, t-BuOK/DBN
Sakamoto,Pac
, p. 94 - 98 (2007/10/03)
The direct coupling reactions of 1,8-naphthalimide compounds efficiently occurred at 130 or 170 °C without the intervention of the leuco form dyes in the presence of base complex reagent, t-BuOK/1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), to give the corresponding perylene dyes in good yields with >95% purities. A possible mechanistic speculation for these oxidative coupling reactions is briefly discussed.