7646-78-8

Basic information

• Product Name: Tin tetrachloride
• Synonyms: STANNIC TETRACHLORIDE;STANNIC CHLORIDE;STANNIC CHLORIDE HYDRATE;TIN CHLORIDE;TIN(+4)CHLORIDE;TIN(+4)CHLORIDE HYDRATE;TIN TETRACHLORIDE;TIN(IV) CHLORIDE
• CAS NO: 7646-78-8
• Molecular Formula: Cl₄Sn
• Molecular Weight: 260.52
• EINECS: 231-588-9
• Product Categories: Inorganics;Classes of Metal Compounds;Sn (Tin) Compounds;Typical Metal Compounds;metal halide;The synthesis of organic tin tin plating industrial mordant and organic synthesis catalyst
• Mol File: 7646-78-8.mol
• Article Data: 33

Chemical Properties

• Melting Point: −33 °C(lit.)
• Boiling Point: 114 °C(lit.)
• Flash Point: 34 °F
• Appearance: Colorless/Solution
• Density: 2.226 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
• Vapor Density: 9 (vs air)
• Vapor Pressure: 10 mm Hg ( 10 °C)
• Refractive Index: 1.512
• Storage Temp.: Store at RT.
• Solubility: Miscible with alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, acetone, ca
• Water Solubility: reacts
• Sensitive: Air Sensitive
• Stability: Stability Stable, but may decompose upon exposure to moist air or water. Incompatible with strong bases, alcohols.
• Merck: 14,8774
• CAS DataBase Reference: Tin tetrachloride(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: Tin tetrachloride(7646-78-8)
• EPA Substance Registry System: Tin tetrachloride(7646-78-8)

Safety Data

• Hazard Codes: C,T,F,N
• Statements: 34-52/53-40-23/24/25-11-67-37-65-50/53
• Safety Statements: 26-45-61-7/8-36/37-24/25-23-36/37/39-16-62
• RIDADR: UN 3264 8/PG 2
• WGK Germany: 2
• RTECS: XP8750000
• F: 10-21
• TSCA: Yes
• HazardClass: 8
• PackingGroup: II
• Hazardous Substances Data: 7646-78-8(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Chemical Properties

Different sources of media describe the Chemical Properties of 7646-78-8 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Tin tetrachloride is a colorless fuming liquid with a pungent odor. Tin tetrachloride is soluble in cold water,alcohol,carbon disulfide, and oil of turpentine, that is decomposed by hot water to form hydrochloric acid with the evolution of heat. Tin tetrachloride is corrosive to metals and tissue.Used as a conductive coating and a sugar bleach,and in drugs, ceramics, soaps,and blue printing.
2. Colorless, fuming, caustic liquid, that water converts into a crystalline solid, SnCl4?5H2O.Keep well stoppered. Soluble in cold water, alcohol, carbon disulfide; decomposed by hot water.
3. Tin tetrachloride is a colorless fuming liquid.

Uses

Different sources of media describe the Uses of 7646-78-8 differently. You can refer to the following data:
1. Tin(IV) chloride is a mordant for dying fabrics; a stabilizer for perfume in soap; used in weighting silk; in ceramic coatings; in manufacturing blue print papers; and to produce fuchsin. Also, tin(IV) chloride is used in preparing many organotin compounds.
2. Tin(IV) chloride is a precursor to prepare organotin compounds such as tetralkyltin and dialkyldichlorotin(IV), which find applications as catalysts and polymer stabilizers. As a Lewis acid catalyst, it is used in Fridel-Crafts reactions for alkylation and cyclization. It is involved in the selective nitration of aromatic compounds in the presence of fuming nitric acid. Furthermore, it is used to prepare tin(IV) oxide coating by sol-gel process.
3. Electroconductive and electroluminescent coatings, mordant in dyeing textiles, perfume stabilization, manufacture of fuchsin, color lakes, ceramic coatings, bleaching agent for sugar, stabilizer for certain resins, manufacture of blueprint and other sensitized papers, other tin salts, bacteria and fungi control in soaps

Description

Tin (IV) chloride appears as white crystals with a strong pungent chlorine odour. On heating, tin (IV) chloride decomposition emits acrid fumes. At room temperature, it is colourless and releases fumes on contact with air, giving a stinging odour. Stannic chloride was used as a chemical weapon during World War I. It is also used in the glass container industry for making an external coating that toughens the glass. Stannic chloride is used in chemical reactions with fuming (90%) nitric acid for the selective nitration of activated aromatic rings in the presence of unactivated ones. Tin (IV) chloride reacts violently with water or moist air to produce corrosive hydrogen chloride. Tin (IV) chloride reacts with turpentine, alcohols, and amines, causing fire and explosion hazard. It attacks many metals, some forms of plastic, rubber, and coatings.

Physical properties

Colorless fuming liquid; corrosive; density 2.234 g/mL; freezes at -33°C; boils at 114.15°C; critical temperature 318.75°C; critical pressure 37.98 atm; critical volume 351 cm3/mol; soluble in cold water, evolving heat; decomposed by hot water; soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, acetone and kerosene The pentahydrate is a yellowish-white crystalline solid or small, fused lumps; faint odor of HCl; density 2.04 g/cm3; decmposes at 56°C; very soluble in water; soluble in ethanol.

Preparation

Tin(II) chloride is prepared by dissolving tin in hydrochloric acid followed by evaporation of the solution and crystallization.

Definition

Often sold in the form of the double salt with sodium chloride: Na2SnCl6?H2O.

General Description

Stannic chloride (SnCl4) is a strong Lewis acid widely used as a promoter or catalyst in organic synthesis. It is soluble in most organic solvents.

Air & Water Reactions

Fumes in moist air. Reacts with water to form Hydrochloric Acid in dense white fumes [Merck 11th ed. 1989].

Reactivity Profile

Acidic salts, such as STANNIC CHLORIDE, are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydrogen ions and have pH's of less than 7.0. They react as acids to neutralize bases. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of inorganic acids, inorganic oxoacids, and carboxylic acid. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible. Many of these compounds catalyze organic reactions (ethylene oxide polymerization). Combination of the chloride with turpentine is strongly exothermic, and may lead to ignition, [Mellor, 1941, Vol. 7, 446].

Hazard

Evolves heat on contact with moisture. Corrosive liquid

Health Hazard

CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

Fire Hazard

EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

Safety Profile

Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by inhalation. A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Combustible by chemical reaction. Upon contact with moisture, considerable heat is generated. Violent reaction with K, Na, turpentine, ethylene oxide, alkyl nitrates. Dangerous; hydrochloric acid is liberated on contact with moisture or heat. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-. See also HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

Potential Exposure

Tin tetrachloride is used in the production of blueprints and electroconductive readings, as a bleaching agent for sugar and resin stabilizer.

Purification Methods

SnCl4 fumes in moist air due to formation of a hydrate. Fractionate it in a ground glass still and store it in the absence of air. Possible impurities are SO2 and HCl [Baudler in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 729 1963]. It forms a solid pentahydrate [10026-06-9] which smells of HCl and is obtained when the anhydrous salt is dissolved in a small volume of H2O. Also reflux it with clean mercury or P2O5 for several hours, then distil it under (reduced) N2 pressure into a receiver containing P2O5. Finally redistil it. Alternatively, distil it from Sn metal under vacuum in an all-glass system and seal off in large ampoules. SnCl4 is available commercially as 1M solutions in CH2Cl2 or hexane. HARMFUL VAPOURS.

Incompatibilities

Slowly forms hydrochloric acid in cold water; fast reaction in hot water and steam. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, water, turpentine, potassium, sodium, ethylene oxide; nitrates, alcohols, amines, chlorine, strong acids; strong bases. Attacks metals, rubbers and some plastics in the resence of moisture.

Waste Disposal

SnCl4: Pour onto sodium bicarbonate; spray with ammonium hydroxide while adding crushed ice; when reaction subsides, flush down drain.

InChI:InChI=1/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4

Synthetic route

Marshall's acid (13445-49-3) + tin(ll) chloride → sulfuric acid (7664-93-9) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride room temp.; 10-15 min.;	A n/a B 99%
In hydrogenchloride room temp.; 10-15 min.;	A n/a B 99%

tin(IV) oxide + iron(II) chloride → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) byproducts: FeO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of FeCl2 forms 98.97 % SnCl4 at 800°C in presence of C;;	98.97%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: FeO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of FeCl2 forms 76.10 % SnCl4 at 800°C;;	76.1%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: FeO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of FeCl2 forms 27.20 % SnCl4 at 700°C; equilibrium reaction discussed;;	27.2%

tin(IV) oxide + magnesium chloride (7786-30-3) → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) byproducts: MgO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of MgCl2 forms 98.3 % SnCl4 at 800°C in presence of C;;	98.3%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: MgO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of MgCl2 forms 74.60 % SnCl4 at 800°C;;	74.6%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: MgO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of MgCl2 forms 58.79 % SnCl4 at 700°C; equilibrium reaction examinated;;	58.79%

tin(IV) oxide + zinc(II) chloride (7646-85-7) → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) byproducts: ZnO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of ZnCl2 forms 97.87 % SnCl4 at 800°C in presence of C;;	97.87%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: ZnO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of ZnCl2 forms 5.2 % SnCl4 at 800°C;;	5.2%
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: ZnO; heating of a mixture of SnO2 with double excess of ZnCl2 forms 4.3 % SnCl4 at 600°C;;	4.3%

tetrakis-biphenyl-(2)-tin(IV) (117440-15-0) → biphenyl-(2)-mercury(II) chloride (10271-66-6) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With mercury dichloride In ethanol 20h heating in sealed tube to 120°C; absol. ethanol;;	A 90.5% B n/a
With HgCl2 In ethanol 20h heating in sealed tube to 120°C; absol. ethanol;;	A 90.5% B n/a

ethyl nitrate (625-58-1) + tin(ll) chloride → hydroxylamine hydrochloride (5470-11-1) + ammonia (7664-41-7) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In hydrogenchloride byproducts: C2H5OH, H2O; in concd. HCl soln.; evapn. of the alcohol,diluting with water,pptg. of the Sn with H2S,evapn. and crystn. from alcohol;	A 90% B <1 C n/a

tetrachloromethane (56-23-5) + tetraphenyltin(IV) (595-90-4) + dibenzoyl peroxide (94-36-0) → hexachloroethane (67-72-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + chlorobenzene (108-90-7) + benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (88-99-3) + benzoic acid (65-85-0)

Conditions	Yield
50h boiling;	A n/a B 84.1% C n/a D n/a E n/a

Tc(dimethylglyoxime)3(μ-OH)SnCl3*H2O → TcCl(dimethylglyoxime)3 + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With HCl In acetonitrile room temp., 30 min. (crystn.); cooling (-20°C), decantation, washing (cold MeCN, cold 1 M HCl), drying (vac., 6 h), recrystn. (EtOH/HCl); elem. anal.;	A 82% B n/a

(R,R,S,S)-2,2',6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-spirobis(8-sila-4-stannatetrahydro-s-indacene) + zirconium(IV) chloride (10026-11-6) → rac-dimethylsilanediylbis(t-butylcyclopentadienyl) zirconium dichloride + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
In toluene stirring (16 h); solvent removal (vac.), addn. pentane, filtration, volatiles rremoval (vac.);	A 80% B n/a

Tc(cyclohexanedione dioxime)3(μ-OH)SnCl3*3H2O → TcCl(cyclohexanedione dioxime)3 + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With HCl In acetonitrile stirring (30 min., pptn.); addn. of excess 1 M HCl, collection (after 15 min.), washing (1 M HCl, H2O), drying (vac.), recrystn. (MeCN/1 M HCl); elem. anal.;	A 75% B n/a

dimanganese decacarbonyl (10170-69-1) + tin(ll) chloride → {Mn(CO)4SnCl((CH3)2NCHO)}3 + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide byproducts: CO; Ar atmosphere, 150°C, 24 h; pptn. on addn. of H2O, washing (dild. HCl and cyclohexane), drying (vac.); elem. anal.;	A 73% B n/a

ethyl chlorosulfate (625-01-4) + iodine (7553-56-2) + tin → hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + ethene (74-85-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + SO2

Conditions	Yield
at 130℃;

(4-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-2-yl)-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-2-ylidene)-methane; compound with tin tetrachloride → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
beim Erhitzen;

tin(IV) chloride * 2 ether → diethyl ether (60-29-7) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

tin(IV) chloride * 2 ether → diethyl ether (60-29-7) + chloroethane (75-00-3) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
bei hoeherer Temperatur;

ethanol (64-17-5) + tetraphenyltin(IV) (595-90-4) + mercury (II)-chloride → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + phenylmercury(II) chloride (100-56-1)

diisopentyl ether ; compound with tin tetrachloride → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + di-g-pentyl ether

Conditions	Yield
bei der Destillation;

4-benzylmercapto-3-nitro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride (625836-84-2) → 4-benzylmercapto-3-amino-1,8-naphthalic anhydride (625836-85-3) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; tin(ll) chloride In water at 90℃; for 2h;

tin tetrachloride pyridine adduct (69080-31-5) → pyridine (110-86-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
thermal dissociation, 280 to 340°C; reaction monitoring by pressure measurement;

ammonium chloride + tin(IV) oxide → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) calcination of SnO2 and NH4Cl;;

ozone (10028-15-6) + tin(ll) chloride → water (7732-18-5) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; oxygen In not given redn. of O3 by SnCl2 in a HCl-containing soln. by shaking in a O2-O3 mixture for a period of 90 min.;;

iron(III) oxide + chlorine (7782-50-5) + tin(IV) oxide → iron(III) chloride (7705-08-0) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
Kinetics; chlorination of mechanical SnO2/Fe2O3 mixt. at const. temp. in range 700-850°C; monitoring by gravimetric and chem. anal.; X-ray diffraction;
Kinetics; chlorination of SnO2/Fe2O3 mixt. (obtained by copptn. from hydrochloric SnCl4/FeCl3 soln. with concd. ammonia and ppt. calcination in air at 600°C for 24 h) at const. temp. in range 700-850°C; monitoring by gravimetric and chem. anal.; X-ray diffraction;

indium(III) oxide + chlorine (7782-50-5) + tin(IV) oxide → In2Cl6 (27693-84-1, 21563-01-9) + indium(III) chloride (10025-82-8) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; byproducts: O2; chlorination of equimolar mixt. of In2O3/SnO2 at const. temp. in range 500-700°C (Cl2 flow 100 ml/min); chem. anal.;
With sulfur dioxide In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; byproducts: O2, SO3, In2(SO4)3; chlorination of equimolar mixt. of In2O3/SnO2 at const. temp. in range 500-700°C (Cl2/SO2 flow 100 ml/min); chem. anal.;

tin (IV) chloride pentahydrate → tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8)

Conditions	Yield
With SOCl2 or COCl2 In neat (no solvent)
With COCl2 In neat (no solvent) complete draining with COCl2 at 100°C in 24 h;;
With thionyl chloride In neat (no solvent) complete draining with boiling SOCl2 in some hours;;

4-[N-ethyl,N-(2-chloroethyl)amino]nitrobenzene (165071-88-5) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → 4-[N-ethyl,N-(2-chloroethyl)amino]aniline hydrochloride (32868-99-8)

Conditions	Yield
With ammonium hydroxide In 1,4-dioxane; hydrogenchloride	100%

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + Dimethylaluminium-acetylacetonat → tetramethylstannane (594-27-4)

Conditions	Yield
In benzene molar ratio 2 : 1, room temp.;	100%
In benzene molar ratio 2 : 1, room temp.;	100%

morpholine (110-91-8) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(morpholine)2]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

piperidine (110-89-4) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(piperidine)2]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

pyridine (110-86-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(pyridine)2]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with pyridine (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

picoline (108-89-4) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(γ-picoline)2]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

quinoline (91-22-5) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(quinoline)1.5]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

[2,2]bipyridinyl (366-18-7) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(2,2'-bipyridine)]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)tin(II) (55147-78-9) → bis{bis(trimethylsilyl)amino}tin dichloride (145298-59-5)

Conditions	Yield
In hexane byproducts: SnCl2; (N2); SnCl4 added dropwise (vigorous stirring, -78°C); kept for 12 h at room temp.; filtered; hexane removed (vac.);	100%

4-(2-(trimethylgermyl)ethyl)phenol (232946-68-8) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → HOC6H4(CH2)2Ge(CH3)2Cl (232946-69-9)

Conditions	Yield
In nitromethane heating at 50°C for 6 h;	100%

piperazine (110-85-0) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → [SnCl4(piperazine)1.5]

Conditions	Yield
In tetrachloromethane under N2; soln. of SnCl4 in CCl4 mixed with ligand (molar ratio 1:2); stirred for several h; filtered; solid washed with petroleum ether; dried in vac.; stored in desiccator over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	100%

tin tetraacetate + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → tin dichloride diacetate

Conditions	Yield
In chloroform absence of moisture; equimolar amts., refluxing (3-4 h); solvent removal (reduced pressure); elem. anal.;	100%

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + propargyl alcohol (107-19-7) → 1-trichlorostannyl-2-chloro-2-hydroxymethyl-ethene (1322728-88-0)

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane N2; DCM soln. of ligand and SnCl4 (1:1 molar ratio) stirred at room temp. for 24 h; evapd. (vac., room temp.), NMR;	100%
In chloroform-d1 N2; 1:1 mixt. at 25°C; NMR;

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + hex-1-yne (693-02-7) → 1-trichlorostannyl-2-chloro-2-n-butyl-ethene (1322728-87-9)

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane N2; DCM soln. of ligand and SnCl4 (1:1 molar ratio) stirred at room temp. for 24 h; evapd. (vac., room temp.), NMR;	100%
In chloroform-d1 N2; 1:1 mixt. at 25°C; NMR;

2,2-dimethyl-3-butyne (917-92-0) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → 1-trichlorostannyl-2-chloro-2-tert-butyl-ethene (1322728-83-5)

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane N2; DCM soln. of ligand and SnCl4 (1:1 molar ratio) stirred at room temp. for 24 h; evapd. (vac., room temp.), NMR;	100%
In chloroform-d1 N2; 1:1 mixt. at 25°C; NMR;

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + phenylacetylene (536-74-3) → 1-trichlorostannyl-2-chloro-2-phenyl-ethene (1322728-81-3)

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane N2; DCM soln. of ligand and SnCl4 (1:1 molar ratio) stirred at room temp. for 24 h; evapd. (vac., room temp.), NMR;	100%
In chloroform-d1 N2; 1:1 mixt. at 25°C; NMR;

ammonium sulfate + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + disulfuric acid (7783-05-3) → O21S6Sn(2-)*2H4N(1+)

Conditions	Yield
at 250℃; for 24h;	100%

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) + disulfuric acid (7783-05-3) + silver sulfate → O21S6Sn(2-)*2Ag(1+)

Conditions	Yield
at 250℃; for 24h;	100%

C38H40Sn + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → C36H34Cl2Sn

Conditions	Yield
In neat (no solvent) at 130℃; for 14h; Schlenk technique;	100%

Dichloromethyl methyl ether (4885-02-3) + C24H28S3 + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → C25H27S3(1+)*0.5Cl6Sn(2-)

Conditions	Yield
In 1,2-dichloro-ethane for 24h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;	100%

hydrogenchloride (7647-01-0) + water (7732-18-5) + 4-methyl-7-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,2-c][1,2,4]triazole + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → C8H7N7*Cl6Sn(2-)*2H2O*2H(1+)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol	100%

chloroethane (75-00-3) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → tetraethyltin (597-64-8)

Conditions	Yield
With magnesium In diethyl ether; toluene at 50℃; Inert atmosphere; Flow reactor;	99.4%

N-phenylbenzohydroxamic acid (304-88-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → dichlorotin bis-N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine

Conditions	Yield
With Li In methanol (Ar); Li was dissolved in dry MeOH, soln. of hydroxylaminederiv. was added and then SnCl4 was dropped into the stirred mixt.; formed ppt. was filtered off, washed with MeOH and ether, and dried in vac.; recrystn. from MeOH/CHCl3; elem. anal.;	99.3%

N-[2-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl]-N'-[2-bromophenyl] urea + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → N-(2-hydroxy-3-aminophenyl)-N'-(2-bromophenyl)urea (182500-25-0)

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol	99%
In ethanol	99%
In ethanol	99%

3-mercaptothietane (597580-25-1) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → C16H28S4Sn

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 3-mercaptothietane With sodium hydroxide In water at 20℃; for 0.666667h; Stage #2: tin(IV) chloride In water at 30℃; for 6h; Product distribution / selectivity;	99%
With pyridine In dichloromethane at -30 - -20℃; for 6.08h; Product distribution / selectivity;	75%

tetramethylstannane (594-27-4) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → trimethyltin(IV)chloride (1066-45-1)

Conditions	Yield
stirring overnight at 60°F, N2-atmosphere; distd. at 15 Torr;	99%
molar ratio of (CH3)4Sn:SnCl4=3:1; distn.;
In neat (no solvent) react. Me4Sn with SnCl4 (3:1) at 130°C for 2 h; recrystn. from hexane;

tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → tin(ll) chloride

Conditions	Yield
With triphenyl phosphine In dichloromethane Ar atmosphere; 20°C, 7 d;	99%
In gas byproducts: SnCl; formation with SnCl at flash-light photolysis of gasous SnCl4 with intermediate formation of SnCl3;;
With methane In neat (no solvent) redn. to SnCl2 by use of CH4 in a closed quartz tube above ca. 500°C;;

4-bromo-1,1'-biphenyl (92-66-0) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → tetra(p-biphenylyl)tin (39767-03-8)

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 4-bromo-1,1'-biphenyl With magnesium In tetrahydrofuran; ethylene dibromide for 2h; Reflux; Stage #2: tin(IV) chloride In tetrahydrofuran; ethylene dibromide at 20℃; Reflux;	99%
With Na In benzene addn. of a small portion of p-bromobiphenyl and SnCl4 to sodium in benzene, warmed, dropwise addn. of the remaining portion with stirring over 30 min, refluxed for 5 h; filtered hot, cooled; elem. anal.;	90%
With Na In benzene Wurtz react.;

acetamide (60-35-5) + tin(IV) chloride (7646-78-8) → SnCl4(acetamide)2

Conditions	Yield
In Petroleum ether SnCl4 was mixed with soln. of ligand in petroleum ether under N2, stirred for several h; filtered, washed with petroleum ether, recrystd. from dichloroethane, dried in vac.; elem. anal.;	99%

Upstream product

• 595-90-4 tetraphenyltin(IV) 
• 7705-08-0 iron(III) chloride 
• 7783-62-2 tin(IV) fluoride 
• 10026-13-8 phosphorus pentachloride 
• 1066-45-1 trimethyltin(IV)chloride 
• 10025-91-9 antimony(III) chloride 
• 7789-67-5 stannic bromide 
• 56-23-5 tetrachloromethane 
• 7550-45-0 titanium tetrachloride 
• 22541-54-4 arsenic(III) 
• 23713-48-6 antimony(III) 
• 1118-46-3 Trichlorbutylstannan 
• 22541-90-8 tin(II) 
• 7803-49-8 hydroxylamine 

Downstream Products

• 20113-43-3 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-6-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-α-D-glucopyranose 
• 1192-62-7 1-(2-furyl)-1-ethanone 
• 88-15-3 2-Acetylthiophene 
• 22884-84-0 3-acetyl-5,5-dimethyldihydrofuran-2,4-dione 
• 4265-18-3 3-acetyl-2-ethylbenzofuran 
• 542-58-5 2-chloro-1-acetoxyethane 
• 6962-92-1 4-Chlorobutyl acetate 
• 132-64-9 dibenzofuran 
• 66283-64-5 1-(6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-dibenzofuran-3-yl)-ethanone 
• 1689-79-8 3-tert-butylthiophene 
• 1689-78-7 2-tert-butylthiophene 
• 1689-77-6 2,5-di-tert-butylthiophene 
• 149228-14-8 5,5'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bithiophene 
• 65628-48-0 2-benzoyl-3-methylbenzothiophene 

Relevant articles and documents

Synthesis, structure, third-order nonlinear optical properties and Hirshfeld surface analysis of tetrakis(azepanium) hexachlorostannate(IV) dichloride and tetrakis(azepanium) hexabromostannate(IV) dibromide

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The organic-inorganic hybrid material bis(azepanium) hexachlorostannate(IV) (BAHCS) has been synthesized from azepanium chloride at room temperature. The hybrid was characterized by IR, TG-DTA, UV-DRS and PL spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of the compound exhibited extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions among azepanium cation and SnCl62- anion. BVS of tin in BAHCS was calculated based on Sn-Cl bond distances obtained from X-ray structural analysis as 4.00, which is a formal oxidation state of 4+. This is the first report which established the formal oxidation state of tin in a hybrid material. The thermal analysis confirms the proposed formula of the compound.