7681-11-0 Usage
Chemical Properties
Potassium iodide is a white crystals, granules, or powder; strong, bitter, saline taste. becomes yellowish when exposed to bright light due to photochemical decomposition liberating traces of free iodine. Soluble in water, alcohol, acetone, and glycerol. slightly soluble in ether and ammonia. It may be prepared bythe reaction of iodine with hot potassiumhydroxide solution followed by separation from the iodate (which isalso formed) by fractional crystallization. In solution it has the interestingproperty of dissolving iodine to formthe triiodide ion I3-, which is brown. Potassium iodide is widely used as ananalytical reagent, in photography,and also as an additive to table salt toprevent goitre and other disordersdue to iodine deficiency.
Occurrence
Potassium iodide is found in seaweed. Some important applications of this compound involve its use in pharmaceuticals and as a source of iodine in food,especially in animal and poultry feed. Potassium iodide is added to table salt to provide iodine in human food.Another major use is in making photographic emulsions. In analytical chemistry, potassium iodide is used in iodometric titration with starch indicator to analyze dissolved oxygen, dissolved chlorine, sulfide, and other analytes in water.
Uses
Potassium Iodide is a source of iodine and a nutrient and dietary supplement. it exists as crystals or powder and has a solubility of 1 g in 0.7 ml of water at 25°c. it is included in table salt for the preven- tion of goiter.Potassium Iodide is used primarily used in the treatment of radiation poisoning due to environmental contamination by iodine-131. It is also manufacture of photographic emulsions; in animal and poultry feeds to the extent of 10-30 parts per million; in table salt as a source of iodine and in some drinking water; also In animal chemistry. In medicine,potassium iodide is used to regulate the thyroid gland.
Definition
ChEBI: Potassium iodide is a metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. A compound that contains pentavalent iodine, which is usually ionically bound to electropositive atoms. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals. It has a role as a radical scavenger and an expectorant. It contains an iodide.
Preparation
Potassium iodide is made by absorption of iodine in potassium hydroxide:I2 + 6KOH → 5KI + KIO3 + 3H2OMost potassium iodate, KIO3 , is separated from the product mixture by crystallization and filtration. Remaining iodates are removed by evaporation of the solution and other processes, such as carbon reduction or thermal decompostion at 600oC to iodide:2KIO3 → 2KI + 3O2Another method of preparation that does not involve the formation of iodate is by treating iron turnings with iodine solution. The product, ferrosoferric iodide, Fe3I8?16H2O, is boiled with 15 wt% potassium carbonate solution: Fe3I8.16H2O + 4K2CO3 → 8 KI + 4CO2 + Fe3O4 + 16H2OA similar method is used to prepare potassium bromide, discussed earlier (see Potassium Bromide.)Potassium iodide can be prepared by reacting hydriodic acid with potassium bicarbonate:HI + KHCO3 → KI + CO2 + H2OIt is purified by melting in dry hydrogen.Potassium iodide also may be obtained by various electrolytic processes.
Application
Potassium iodide was first used as the primary halide in Talbot’s calotype process, then in the albumen on glass process followed by the wet collodion process. It was also used as a secondary halide in silver bromide gelatin emulsions, animal feeds, catalysts, photographic chemicals, and for sanitation. Potassium iodide is produced by reaction of potassium hydroxide with iodine. The product is purified by crystallization from water. Potassium iodide is ionic compound which iodine ions and silver ions can form yellow precipitate silver iodide (when exposes to light, it can decompose, it can be used to make high-speed photographic film), silver nitrate can be used to verify the presence of iodine ions.
Brand name
Iosat (Anbex); Thyro-Block (Medpointe); Thyrosafe
(R R Registrations); Thyroshield (Fleming).
General Description
Potassium iodide is an odorless white solid. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)
Air & Water Reactions
Water soluble.
Reactivity Profile
Bromine trifluoride rapidly attacks the following salts: barium chloride, cadmium chloride, calcium chloride, cesium chloride, lithium chloride, silver chloride, rubidium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium chloride, Potassium iodide, rhodium tetrabromide, sodium bromide, sodium chloride, and sodium iodide [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:164, 165. 1956].
Health Hazard
May irritate eyes or open cuts.
Flammability and Explosibility
Nonflammable
Pharmacokinetics
Potassium Iodide is a metal halide composed of potassium and iodide with thyroid protecting and expectorant properties. Potassium iodide can block absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland through flooding the thyroid with non-radioactive iodine and preventing intake of radioactive molecules, thereby protecting the thyroid from cancer causing radiation. In addition, this agent acts as an expectorant by increasing secretion of respiratory fluids resulting in decreased mucus viscosity.
Clinical Use
Potassium iodide is used to treat the cutaneous lymphatic
form of sporotrichosis, although newer agents
are also effective in this disorder and may be better tolerated tolerated.
The drug is also used for erythema nodosum and
nodular vasculitis.
Safety Profile
Poison by intravenous
route. Moderately toxic by ingestion and
intraperitoneal routes. Human teratogenic
effects by ingestion: developmental
abnormalities of the endocrine system.
Experimental teratogenic and reproductive
effects. Mutation data reported. Explosive
reaction with charcoal + ozone,
trifluoroacetyl hypofluorite, fluorine
perchlorate. Violent reaction or ignition on
contact with dazonium salts, diisopropyl
peroxydicarbonate, bromine pentafluoride,
chlorine trifluoride. Incompatible with
oxidants, BrF3, FClO, metaltic salts, calomel.
When heated to decomposition it emits very
toxic fumes of K2O and I-. See also
IODIDES.
Purification Methods
Crystallise it from distilled water (0.5mL/g) by filtering the near-boiling solution and cooling. To minimise oxidation to iodine, the process can be carried out under N2 and the salt is dried under a vacuum over P2O5 at 70-100o. Before drying, the crystals can be washed with EtOH or with acetone followed by pet ether. It has also been recrystallised from water/ethanol. After 2 recrystallisations, ACS/USP grade had Li and Sb at <0.02 and <0.01 ppm respectively. [Lingane & Kolthoff Inorg Synth I 163 1939.]
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 7681-11-0 includes 7 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 4 digits, 7,6,8 and 1 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 1 and 1 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 7681-11:
(6*7)+(5*6)+(4*8)+(3*1)+(2*1)+(1*1)=110
110 % 10 = 0
So 7681-11-0 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/HI.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1
7681-11-0Relevant articles and documents
Kolthoff, I. M.,Laitinen, H. A.,Lingane, J. J.
, p. 429 (1937)
Extremely bulky copper(i) complexes of [HB(3,5-{1-naphthyl}2pz)3]- and [HB(3,5-{2-naphthyl}2pz)3]- and their self-assembly on graphene
Van Dijkman, Thomas F.,De Bruijn, Hans M.,Brevé, Tobias G.,Van Meijeren, Bob,Siegler, Maxime A.,Bouwman, Elisabeth
, p. 6433 - 6446 (2017)
The synthesis and characterization, using NMR (1H and 13C), infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography, of the ethene and carbon monoxide copper(i) complexes of hydridotris(3,5-diphenylpyrazol-1-yl)borate ([Tp(Ph)2]-) and the two new ligands hydridotris(3,5-bis(1-naphthyl)pyrazol-1-yl)borate ([Tp((1Nt))2]-) and hydridotris(3,5-bis-(2-naphthyl)pyrazol-1-yl)borate ([Tp((2Nt))2]-) are described. X-ray crystal structures are presented of [Cu(Tp(Ph)2)(C2H4)] and [Cu(Tp((2Nt))2)(C2H4)]. The compound [Cu(TpPh)2)(C2H4)] features interactions between the protons of the ethene ligand and the π-electron clouds of the phenyl substituents that make up the binding pocket surrounding the copper(i) center. These dipolar interactions result in strongly upfield shifted signals of the ethene protons in 1H-NMR. [Cu(Tp((1Nt))2)(CO)] and [Cu(Tp((2Nt))2)(CO)] were examined using infrared spectroscopy and were found to have CO stretching vibrations at 2076 and 2080 cm-1 respectively. The copper(i) carbonyl complexes form self-assembled monolayers when drop cast onto HOPG and thin multilayers of a few nanometers thickness when dip coated onto graphene. General macroscopic trends such as the different tendencies to crystallize observed in the complexes of the two naphthyl-substituted ligands appear to extend well to the nanoscale where a well-organized monolayer could be observed of [Cu(Tp((2Nt))2)(CO)].
Orton, K. J. P.,Blackman, W. L.
, p. 830 (1900)
A versatile lead iodide particle synthesis and film surface analysis for optoelectronics
Awol, Nasir,Amente, Chernet,Verma, Gaurav,Kim, Jung Yong
, (2020)
Lead (II) iodide, PbI2, semiconductor was synthesized using versatile methods such as hydrothermal, refluxing, solid-state reaction, and co-precipitation for optoelectronics. All the PbI2 particles exhibited hexagonal-layered 2H structure in which the average crystallite size and optical bandgap (Eg) were 57 ± 10 nm and 2.31 eV, respectively. Then, PbI2films were prepared using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF) on the top of a mesoporous TiO2 layer, yielding a wider Eg of 2.33–2.36. Finally, through water contact angle measurement, the surface and interfacial properties of the thin film were characterized, exhibiting initial solid-vapor surface tension (γsv) of 6.1–6.4 mJ/m2 and solubility parameter (δ) of 4.51–4.62 (cal/cm3)1/2. However, when these PbI2 films were exposed to H2O molecules in air, δ changes from 4.62 to 7.28 (cal/cm3)1/2 for PbI2 (DMSO) film or 4.51 to 12.98 (cal/cm3)1/2 for the PbI2 (DMF) film, respectively. Finally, by employing the theory of melting point depression combined with the Flory-Huggins lattice theory, the interfacial interactions between PbI2 and regioregular poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) were qualitatively characterized. The smaller the χ interaction parameter, the more depressed the melting point.
Thermal decomposition kinetics of potassium iodate
Muraleedharan,Kannan,Ganga Devi
, p. 943 - 955 (2011)
The thermal decomposition of potassium iodate (KIO3) has been studied by both non-isothermal and isothermal thermogravimetry (TG). The non-isothermal simultaneous TG-differential thermal analysis (DTA) of the thermal decomposition of KIO3
2,6-diisopropylphenylamides of potassium and calcium: A primary amido ligand in s-block metal chemistry with an unprecedented catalytic reactivity
Glock, Carsten,Younis, Fadi M.,Ziemann, Steffen,Goerls, Helmar,Imhof, Wolfgang,Krieck, Sven,Westerhausen, Matthias
, p. 2649 - 2660 (2013/06/27)
Transamination of KN(SiMe3)2 with 2,6-diisopropylphenylamine (2,6-diisopropylaniline) in toluene at ambient temperature yields [K{N(H)Dipp}·KN(SiMe3)2] (1) regardless of the applied stoichiometry. Recrystallization of 1 in the presence of tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) leads to the formation of [(μ-thf)K2{N(H)Dipp}2]∞ (2), whereas potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide remains in solution. Addition of pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) gives [(pmdeta)K{N(H)Dipp}]2 (3). In contrast to the thf and pmdeta adducts, which lead to dissociation of 1 into homoleptic species, addition of bidentate dimethoxyethane maintains the mixed complex [(dme)K{μ-N(SiMe3)2}{μ-N(H)Dipp}K] 2 (4). A complete transamination of 2,6-diisopropylaniline with KN(SiMe3)2 in toluene at 100 C yields [K{N(H)Dipp}] (5), which reacts with CaI2 to give [(thf)nCa{N(H)Dipp} 2] (6), [(pmdeta)Ca{N(H)Dipp}2] (7), and [(dme) 2Ca{N(H)Dipp}2] (8), depending on the solvents and coligands. Excess potassium 2,6-diisopropylphenylamide allows the formation of the calciate [K2Ca{N(H)Dipp}4]∞ (9). Hydroamination of diphenylbutadiyne with 2,6-diisopropylaniline in the presence of catalytic amounts of 9 gives tetracyclic 2,6-diisopropyl-9,11,14,15- tetraphenyl-8-azatetracyclo[8.5.0.01,7.02,13]pentadeca-3, 5,7,9,11,14-hexaene (10). Solid-state structures are reported for 2-4 and 7-10. Compound 10 slowly rearranges to tetracyclic 5a,9-diisopropyl-2,3,10,11- tetraphenyl-5a,6-dihydro-2a1,6-ethenocyclohepta[cd]isoindole (11), which is slightly favored according to quantum chemical studies.
