- Novel anellated pyrazoloquinolin-3-ones: Synthesis and in vitro BZR activity
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A series of pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinolin-3-one derivatives 6, 7a-c, 8a,b, 9a,b and 10-12 were synthesized as modified pyrazoloquinolinone analogs (PQs) and evaluated for their ability to inhibit radioligand to central and peripheral benzodiazepin
- Ferlin, Maria Grazia,Chiarelotto, Gianfranco,Dall'Acqua, Stefano,MacIocco, Elisabetta,Mascia, Maria Paola,Pisu, Maria Giuseppina,Biggio, Giovanni
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- 3-Substituted 7-phenyl-pyrroloquinolinones show potent cytotoxic activity in human cancer cell lines
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A novel series of 3-alkyl-substituted 7-phenyl-3H-pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinolin-9- ones (7-PPyQs) was synthesized with the aim to optimize the cytotoxic activity of recently identified PPyQs, promising inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. All compounds inhibited the growth of 11 human tumor cell lines at submicromolar concentrations as well as two human resistant cancer sublines, A549-T12 and A549-T24. FACS analysis indicated that all compounds caused significant arrest of the A549 cell cycle in G2/M phase at 0.1 and 1 μM and a good correlation between the cytotoxicity IC50 and their ability to block the cell cycle was observed.
- Gasparotto, Venusia,Castagliuolo, Ignazio,Ferlin, Maria Grazia
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- Discovery of N-(1-(3-fluorobenzoyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide: a novel, selective, and competitive indole-based lead inhibitor for human monoamine oxidase B
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Herein, two new series of N-substituted indole-based analogues were rationally designed, synthesized via microwave heating technology, and evaluated as noteworthy MAO-B potential inhibitors. Compared to the reported indazole-based hits VI and VII, compounds 4b and 4e exhibited higher inhibitory activities over MAO-B with IC50 values of 1.65 and 0.78?μM, respectively. When compared to the modest selectivity index of rasagiline (II, a well-known MAO-B inhibitor, SI > 50), both 4b and 4e also showed better selectivity indices (SI > 60 and 120, respectively). A further kinetic evaluation of the most potent derivative (4e) displayed a competitive mode of inhibition (inhibition constant (K i)/MAO-B = 94.52 nM). Reasonable explanations of the elicited biological activities were presented via SAR study and molecular docking simulation. Accordingly, the remarkable MAO-B inhibitory activity of 4e (N-(1-(3-fluorobenzoyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide), with its selectivity and competitive inhibition, advocates its potential role as a promising lead worthy of further optimization.
- Elkamhawy, Ahmed,Paik, Sora,Kim, Hyeon Jeong,Park, Jong-Hyun,Londhe, Ashwini M.,Lee, Kyeong,Pae, Ae Nim,Park, Ki Duk,Roh, Eun Joo
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- A general palladium-catalyzed animation of aryl halides with ammonia
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A study was conducted to demonstrate palladium(Pd)-catalyzed amination of aryl halides with ammonia. The active catalyst was formed in situ from Pd(OAc)2, along with air- and moisture stable phosphines as pre-catalysts. It was found that the productivity of the catalyst system was similar to that of competitive Pd and phosphine systems. It was demonstrated that the novel electron-rich sterically demanding phosphine ligand was unable to be displaced from the palladium by ammonia to a significant extent, which prevented the deactivation of the catalyst by the ligand. It was also demonstrated that the Pd-catalyzed animation worked at ambient pressure. It was observed that the optimized system showed an excellent substrate scope including deactivated, electron-neutral, and activated halides, o-, m- p-substituted substrates, aryl chlorides, and heterocycles.
- Schulz, Thomas,Torborg, Christian,Enthaler, Stephan,Schaeffner, Benjamin,Dumrath, Andreas,Spannenberg, Anke,Neumann, Helfried,Boerner, Armin,Beller, Matthias
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- Chemoselective transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes by highly dispersed Ni-Co BMNPs
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Highly dispread Ni-Co bimetallic nanoparticles (Ni-Co BMNPs) are synthesized and applied as an efficient catalyst in the chemoselective transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes (CTH) using hydrazine hydrate as the hydrogen donor. The BMNPs can efficiently catalyze the reduction reaction without any additives under mild conditions with high TOF. Significantly higher activity is achieved when compared with corresponding single-component catalysts, optimal composition of the Ni-Co BMNPs was screened which was proved to be crucial in both the selectivity and yields. Excellent performance of Ni-Co BMNPs can be ascribed to the improved dispersion of active sites on the BMNPs surface (compared with Ni NPs) and the electron transfer from cobalt to nickel.
- Zhang, Jia-Wei,Lu, Guo-Ping,Cai, Chun
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- Electroreduction of 1-methyl 5-nitroindole, 5-nitrobenzofurane, and 5-nitrobenzothiophene in acidic and basic hydroorganic media: Generation and trapping of iminoquinone-type intermediates and electrosynthesis of ring-substituted amino derivatives
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Preparative electrolysis of 1-methyl-5-nitroindole (1b, X = NCH 3), 5-nitrobenzofurane (1c, X = O), and 5-nitrobenzothiophene (1d, X = S) at Hg, in acidic hydromethanolic media, leads to the formation of the corresponding 4-substituted amino derivatives 5, which result from the 100% regioselective addition to iminoquinone-type intermediate 4 of methanol or of any other good nucleophile present in the electrolytic solution. In acidic medium, the iminoquinonium intermediates 4b and 4c were trapped in a cycloaddition reaction with cyclopentadiene added to the electrolysis medium. The regiochemistry of the nucleophilic addition is discussed in light of AM1 calculations.
- Bouchard, Luc,Marcotte, Ian,Chapuzet, Jean Marc,Lessard, Jean
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- Direct C-H bond arylation: Selective palladium-catalyzed C2-arylation of N-substituted indoles
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(Equation Presented) We present a new, practical method by which N-substituted indoles may be selectively arylated in the C2-position with good yields, low catalyst loadings, and a high degree of functional group tolerance. Our investigation found that two competitive processes, namely, the desired cross-coupling and biphenyl formation, were operative in this reaction. A simple kinetic model was formulated that proved to be instructive and provided useful guidelines for reaction optimization; the approach described within may prove to be useful in other catalytic cross-coupling processes.
- Lane, Benjamin S.,Sames, Dalibor
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- Iridium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes to anilines
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A simple and general homogeneous catalyst system composed of commercially available [Ir(cod)Cl]2 and 1,10-phenanthroline has been developed for the selective transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes to anilines. It utilized the readily accessible 2-propanol as a hydrogen donor and had wide substrate scope. A careful mechanistic investigation through real-time detection and a series of controlled experiments with possible intermediates was also carried out, which showed that the transformation proceeds via both phenylhydroxylamine and azobenzene intermediates and the reduction of hydrazobenzene leading to aniline might be the rate-determining step.
- Chen, Shujie,Lu, Guoping,Cai, Chun
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- Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Ligand-Promoted Nitro Deoxygenative Hydroboration with Chromium Catalysis: Scope, Mechanism, and Applications
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Transition metal catalysis that utilizes N-heterocyclic carbenes as noninnocent ligands in promoting transformations has not been well studied. We report here a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligand-promoted nitro deoxygenative hydroboration with cost-effective chromium catalysis. Using 1 mol % of CAAC-Cr precatalyst, the addition of HBpin to nitro scaffolds leads to deoxygenation, allowing for the retention of various reducible functionalities and the compatibility of sensitive groups toward hydroboration, thereby providing a mild, chemoselective, and facile strategy to form anilines, as well as heteroaryl and aliphatic amine derivatives, with broad scope and particularly high turnover numbers (up to 1.8 × 106). Mechanistic studies, based on theoretical calculations, indicate that the CAAC ligand plays an important role in promoting polarity reversal of hydride of HBpin; it serves as an H-shuttle to facilitate deoxygenative hydroboration. The preparation of several commercially available pharmaceuticals by means of this strategy highlights its potential application in medicinal chemistry.
- Zhao, Lixing,Hu, Chenyang,Cong, Xuefeng,Deng, Gongda,Liu, Liu Leo,Luo, Meiming,Zeng, Xiaoming
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supporting information
p. 1618 - 1629
(2021/01/25)
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- Synthesis and in Vitro Evaluation of Novel 5-Nitroindole Derivatives as c-Myc G-Quadruplex Binders with Anticancer Activity
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Lead-optimization strategies for compounds targeting c-Myc G-quadruplex (G4) DNA are being pursued to develop anticancer drugs. Here, we investigate the structure-activity- relationship (SAR) of a newly synthesized series of molecules based on the pyrrolidine-substituted 5-nitro indole scaffold to target G4 DNA. Our synthesized series allows modulation of flexible elements with a structurally preserved scaffold. Biological and biophysical analyses illustrate that substituted 5-nitroindole scaffolds bind to the c-Myc promoter G-quadruplex. These compounds downregulate c-Myc expression and induce cell-cycle arrest in the sub-G1/G1 phase in cancer cells. They further increase the concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species. NMR spectra show that three of the newly synthesized compounds interact with the terminal G-quartets (5′- and 3′-ends) in a 2 : 1 stoichiometry.
- Nimbarte, Vijaykumar D.,Wirmer-Bartoschek, Julia,Gande, Santosh L.,Alshamleh, Islam,Seibert, Marcel,Nasiri, Hamid Reza,Schnütgen, Frank,Serve, Hubert,Schwalbe, Harald
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p. 1667 - 1679
(2021/03/24)
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- Novel heteroaryl amide derivatives as MAO-B inhibitors and pharmaceutical compositions for preventing, ameliorating or treating neurodegenerative diseases comprising the same
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A novel heteroaryl amide derivative compound useful as MAO-B inhibitors. The present invention relates to a compound selected from a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a stereoisomer thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound as an active ingredient for preventing, alleviating, or treating neurodegenerative diseases such MAO as B's disease, 's disease, 's disease, and the like.
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Paragraph 0432; 0440-0443
(2021/04/06)
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- Scaffold repurposing of in-house small molecule candidates leads to discovery of first-in-class cdk-1/her-2 dual inhibitors: In vitro and in silico screening
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Recently, multitargeted drugs are considered a potential approach in treating cancer. In this study, twelve in-house indole-based derivatives were preliminary evaluated for their inhibitory activities over VEGFR-2, CDK-1/cyclin B and HER-2. Compound 15l showed the most inhibitory activities among the tested derivatives over CDK-1/cyclin B and HER-2. Compound 15l was tested for its selectivity in a small kinase panel. It showed dual selectivity for CDK-1/cyclin B and HER-2. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity assay was assessed for the selected series against nine NCI cell lines. Compound 15l showed the most potent inhibitory activities among the tested compounds. A deep in silico molecular docking study was conducted for compound 15l to identify the possible binding modes into CDK-1/cyclin B and HER-2. The docking results revealed that compound 15l displayed interesting binding modes with the key amino acids in the binding sites of both kinases. In vitro and in silico studies demonstrate the indole-based derivative 15l as a selective dual CDK-1 and HER-2 inhibitor. This emphasizes a new challenge in drug development strategies and signals a significant milestone for further structural and molecular optimization of these indole-based derivatives in order to achieve a drug-like property.
- Elkamhawy, Ahmed,Ammar, Usama M.,Paik, Sora,Abdellattif, Magda H.,Elsherbeny, Mohamed H.,Lee, Kyeong,Roh, Eun Joo
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supporting information
(2021/09/08)
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- High Turnover Pd/C Catalyst for Nitro Group Reductions in Water. One-Pot Sequences and Syntheses of Pharmaceutical Intermediates
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Commercially available Pd/C can be used as a catalyst for nitro group reductions with only 0.4 mol % Pd loading. The reaction can be performed using either silane as a transfer hydrogenating agent or simply a hydrogen balloon (μ1 atm pressure). With this technology, a series of nitro compounds was reduced to the desired amines in high chemical yields. Both the catalyst and surfactant were recycled several times without loss of reactivity.
- Gallou, Fabrice,Li, Xiaohan,Lipshutz, Bruce H.,Takale, Balaram S.,Thakore, Ruchita R.
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supporting information
p. 8114 - 8118
(2021/10/25)
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- Ring-opening of five-membered heterocycles conjugated 4-isopropylresorcinol scaffold-based benzamides as HSP90 inhibitors suppressing tumor growth in vitro and in vivo
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A series of ring-opened dihydroxybenzamides have been designed and synthesized as heat shock protein 90 inhibitors. One of derivatives, compound 6b ((N-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropyl-N-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide)) demonstrated remarkable antiproliferative activity against in human KRAS mutant A549 and EGFR T790 M mutant H1975 lung cancer cell lines with GI50 values of 0.07 and 0.05 μM, respectively. It is also active against in other cancer cell lines, such as colorectal HCT116 (GI50 = 0.09 μM), liver Hep3B (GI50 = 0.20 μM) and breast MDA-MB-231 (GI50 = 0.09 μM), and shows no evidence of toxicity in normal cell line. Compound 6b has an IC50 of 110.18 nM in HSP90α inhibitory activity, slightly better than reference compound 1 (17-AAG, IC50 = 141.62 nM) and achieves the degradation of multiple HSP90 client proteins in a dose- and time-dependent manner and downstream signaling of Akt in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in the human A549 lung cancer cell line. In the Boyden chamber assay, compound 6b can efficiently inhibit the migration of A549 cells when compared to the reference compound 1. It also induce significant activity through the apoptotic pathway. Treatment with 6b showed no vision toxicity (IC50 > 10 μM) on 661w photoreceptor cells as compared to AUY922 (3a) with a 0.04 μM values of IC50 and has no effect in hERG test. In a bidirectional Caco-2 permeability assay, compound 6b was classified as a highly permeable compound which is not a substrate of efflux transporters. In a pharmacokinetic study in rats, 6b showed an F = 17.8% of oral bioavailability. The effect of metabolic stability of compound 6b in human hepatocytes showed a T1/2 of 67.59 min. Compound 6b (50 mg/kg, po, daily) exhibits antitumor activity with a 72% TGD (tumor growth delay) in human A549 lung xenograft. The combination of 6b and afatinib, orally administered, showed tumor growth suppression with 67.5% of TGI in lung H1975 xenograft model. Thus compound 6b is a lead compound for further development of potential agents to treat lung cancer.
- Liu, Yi-Min,Tu, Huang-Ju,Wu, Chueh-Heng,Lai, Mei-Jung,Yu, Shu-Chieh,Chao, Min-Wu,Wu, Yi-Wen,Teng, Che-Ming,Pan, Shiow-Lin,Liou, Jing-Ping
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- Triazolone compound with anti-fungal and anti-tumor effects and application
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The invention discloses a triazolone compound with anti-fungal and anti-tumor effects. The structural general formula of the triazolone compound is shown in the specification, wherein the definition of each substituent group is detailed in the specification. The triazolone compound disclosed by the invention has anti-fungal and anti-tumor effects, can be used as a triazolone Hsp90 inhibitor and an Hsp90-HDAC double-target inhibitor, and can be used as an anti-fungal and anti-tumor drug.
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Paragraph 0066-0066; 0070
(2021/07/17)
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- Method for preparing amine through catalytic reduction of nitro compound by cyclic (alkyl) (amino) carbene chromium complex
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The cyclic (alkyl) (amino) carbene chromium complex is prepared from corresponding ligand salt, alkali and CrCl3 and used for catalyzing pinacol borane to reduce nitro compounds in an ether solvent under mild conditions to generate corresponding amine. The method for preparing amine has the advantages of cheap and accessible raw materials, mild reaction conditions, wide substrate application range, high selectivity and the like, and is simple to operate.
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Paragraph 0015
(2021/04/17)
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- Selective Methylation of Amides, N-Heterocycles, Thiols, and Alcohols with Tetramethylammonium Fluoride
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We herein disclose the use of tetramethylammonium fluoride (TMAF) as a direct and selective methylating agent of a variety of amides, indoles, pyrroles, imidazoles, alcohols, and thiols. The method is characterized by operational simplicity, wide scope, and ease of purification. Our computational studies suggest a concerted methylation-deprotonation as the preferred reaction pathway.
- Cheng, Hong-Gang,Pu, Maoping,Kundu, Gourab,Schoenebeck, Franziska
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supporting information
p. 331 - 334
(2019/12/30)
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- Detosylative (Deutero)alkylation of Indoles and Phenols with (Deutero)alkoxides
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An efficient strategy for N/O-(deutero)alkylation of indoles and phenols with alkoxides/alcohols as the alkylation reagents is described. The consecutive detosylation/alkylation transformations feature mild reaction conditions, high ipso-selectivity, and good functional group tolerance (>50 examples). A one-pot selective N-alkylation of unprotected indoles with alcohols and TsCl is also realized. The application of this method is demonstrated by the introduction of isotope-labeled (CD3 and 13CH3) groups using the readily accessible labeled alcohols and the synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
- Zhu, Ming-Hui,Yu, Cheng-Long,Feng, Ya-Lan,Usman, Muhammad,Zhong, Dayou,Wang, Xin,Nesnas, Nasri,Liu, Wen-Bo
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supporting information
p. 7073 - 7077
(2019/09/30)
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- Breathing new life into West Nile virus therapeutics; discovery and study of zafirlukast as an NS2B-NS3 protease inhibitor
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The West Nile virus (WNV) has spread throughout the world causing neuroinvasive diseases with no treatments available. The viral NS2B-NS3 protease is essential for WNV survival and replication in host cells and is a promising drug target. Through an enzymatic screen of the National Institute of Health clinical compound library, we report the discovery of zafirlukast, an FDA approved treatment for asthma, as an inhibitor for the WNV NS2B-NS3 protease. Zafirlukast was determined to inhibit the protease through a mixed mode mechanism with an IC50 value of 32 μM. A structure activity relationship study of zafirlukast revealed the cyclopentyl carbamate and N-aryl sulfonamide as structural elements crucial for NS2B-NS3 protease inhibition. Replacing the cyclopentyl with a phenyl improved inhibition, resulting in an IC50 of 22 μM. Experimental and computational docking analysis support the inhibition model of zafirlukast and analogs binding at an allosteric site on the NS3 protein, thereby disrupting the NS2B cofactor from binding, resulting in protease inhibition.
- Martinez, Anastasia A.,Espinosa, Bianca A.,Adamek, Rebecca N.,Thomas, Brent A.,Chau, Jennifer,Gonzalez, Edwardo,Keppetipola, Niroshika,Salzameda, Nicholas T.
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p. 1202 - 1213
(2018/09/12)
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- AMINATION AND HYDROXYLATION OF ARYLMETAL COMPOUNDS
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In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of preparing a primary or secondary amine and hydroxylated aromatic compounds. In some embodiments, the aromatic compound may be unsubstituted, substituted, or contain one or more heteroatoms within the rings of the aromatic compound. The methods described herein may be carried out without the need for transition metal catalysts or harsh reaction conditions.
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Paragraph 0098; 0136; 0137; 0218
(2018/03/25)
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- Containing indole aminoquin oxazolines and its use in the treatment of EGFR-dependent tumor diseases in use
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The invention provides a series of indole-containing quinazoline compounds with high curative activity. Moreover, the invention further provides a medicinal composition containing the compounds, preparation methods of the compounds and uses of the compounds in preparation of antineoplastic medicaments.
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Paragraph 0065; 0066; 0068
(2017/12/28)
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- Improved method for preparing HSP90 inhibitor Ganetespib
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The invention discloses an improved method for preparing an HSP90 inhibitor Ganetespib. According to the method, raw materials in the synthesizing method are improved, certain raw materials with relatively high prices are subjected to designing synthesis
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Paragraph 0049; 0053; 0054; 0055; 0056; 0057; 0058
(2018/02/04)
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- Triazole derivative having HSP90 (Heat Shock Protein) inhibiting activity, as well as preparation method and application of triazole derivative
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The invention discloses a triazole derivative having an HSP90 (Heat Shock Protein) inhibiting activity, as well as a preparation method and an application of the triazole derivative. Specifically, the invention relates to the triazole derivative having a structure as shown in a formula (I), a stereisomer of the triazole derivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, wherein the definition of each substituent group in the formula (I) and the definition in a description are the same. The compound with a novel structure has the HSP90 inhibiting activity, can be used to cure cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation diseases, autoimmune diseases, ischemic brain injuries and the like, and has a broad application prospect.
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Paragraph 0571; 0572; 0573; 0574
(2017/08/02)
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- HEPARAN SULFATE BIOSYNTHESIS INHIBITORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DISEASES
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Described herein are compounds of Formula I, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments containing such compounds, and methods of using such compounds to treat or prevent diseases or conditions in need of inhibition of heparan sulfate biosynthesis.
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Paragraph 000414; 000428
(2016/05/02)
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- Concise and alternative synthesis of zafirlukast, an anti-asthma drug
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Concise and alternative synthesis of zafirlukast (1) is described. The synthesis features fewer steps, convergent synthesis, and novel intermediates.
- Goverdhan, Gilla,Reddy, Anumula Raghupathi,Himabindu, Vurimidi,Reddy, Ghanta Mahesh
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p. 498 - 504
(2013/01/15)
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- THIAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVE
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An object of the present invention is to provide thiazolidinone derivatives. More specifically, an object of the present invention is to provide novel compounds having a CDC7 inhibitory action. The present invention provides thiazolidinone derivatives represented by the formula (I) The compounds of the present invention inhibit the CDC7 protein kinase activity, and suppress cell proliferation.
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Page/Page column 22-23
(2011/08/08)
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- Investigations of SCIO-469-like compounds for the inhibition of p38 MAP kinase
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The p38 MAP kinase is implicated in the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1b. Inhibition of cytokine release may be a useful treatment for inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. A new lead structure for p38 MAP kinase inhibition was identified. Herein, we report the SAR of this new class of p38 inhibitors.
- Laufer, Stefan,Lehmann, Frank
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supporting information; experimental part
p. 1461 - 1464
(2009/11/30)
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- ISOINDOLINE COMPOUNDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY AND OTHER USES
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Disclosed is a compound of Formula (I) in which W and R1-R6 are defined herein. Also disclosed is a method of treating spinal muscular atrophy, as well as methods of using such compounds to increase SMN expression, increase EAAT2 expression, or increase the expression of a nucleic acid that encodes a translational stop codon introduced directly or indirectly by mutation or frameshift.
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Page/Page column 36-37
(2009/05/29)
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- ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
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Compounds of formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, may be used in therapy, for example as antifungal agents: (I) wherein: Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, X and X1 are as defined herein. Certain compounds of formula (I) are also provided. Compounds of formula (T), and agriculturally acceptable salts thereof, may also be used as agricultural fungicides.
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Page/Page column 48-49
(2008/06/13)
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- QUINAZOLINE DERIVATIVES
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The invention concerns quinazoline derivatives of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, solvate or pro-drug thereof, wherein each of X1, p, R1, q, R2, R3, R4, R5, Ring A, r and R6 has any of the meanings defined hereinbefore in the description; processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of cell proliferative disorders or in the treatment of disease states associated with angiogenesis and/or vascular permeability.
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Page/Page column 125-126
(2008/06/13)
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- Syntheses of novel indole lipoic acid derivatives and their antioxidant effects on lipid peroxidation
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The aim of the study was to examine antioxidant properties of conjugates based on indole and lipoic acid moieties. The design and syntheses of novel indole α-lipoic acid derivatives were performed. The antioxidant properties of target compounds were investigated using rat liver microsomal, NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation inhibition. Some of the target compounds, especially those containing amide linker at position 5 of indole ring, proved to be highly effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation as compared to α-lipoic acid.
- Gurkan, A. Selen,Karabay, Arzu,Buyukbingol, Zeliha,Adejare, Adeboye,Buyukbingol, Erdem
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- Direct palladium-catalyzed C-2 and C-3 arylation of indoles: A mechanistic rationale for regioselectivity
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We have recently developed palladium-catalyzed methods for direct arylation of indoles (and other azoles) wherein high C-2 selectivity was observed for both free (NH)-indole and (NR)-indole. To provide a rationale for the observed selectivity ("nonelectrophilic" regioselectivity), mechanistic studies were conducted, using the phenylation of 1-methylindole as a model system. The reaction order was determined for iodobenzene (zero order), indole (first order), and the catalyst (first order). These kinetic studies, together with the Hammett plot, provided a strong support for the electrophilic palladation pathway. In addition, the kinetic isotope effect (KIEH/D) was determined for both C-2 and C-3 positions. A surprisingly large value of 1.6 was found for the C-3 position where the substitution does not occur (secondary KIE), while a smaller value of 1.2 was found at C-2 (apparent primary KIE). On the basis of these findings, a mechanistic interpretation is presented that features an electrophilic palladation of indole, accompanied by a 1,2-migration of an intermediate palladium species. This paradigm was used to design new catalytic conditions for the C-3 arylation of indole. In case of free (NH)-indole, regioselectivity of the arylation reaction (C-2 versus C-3) was achieved by the choice of magnesium base.
- Lane, Benjamin S.,Brown, Meghann A.,Sames, Dalibor
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p. 8050 - 8057
(2007/10/03)
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- Vanilloid receptor ligands and their use in treatments
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Compounds having the general structure and compositions containing them, for the treatment of acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, dental pain, general headache, migraine, cluster headache, mixed-vascular and non-vascular syndromes, tension headache, general inflammation, arthritis, rheumatic diseases, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disorders, inflammatory eye disorders, inflammatory or unstable bladder disorders, psoriasis, skin complaints with inflammatory components, chronic inflammatory conditions, inflammatory pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, neuropathic pain and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia, diabetic neuropathy pain, causalgia, sympathetically maintained pain, deafferentation syndromes, asthma, epithelial tissue damage or dysfunction, herpes simplex, disturbances of visceral motility at respiratory, genitourinary, gastrointestinal or vascular regions, wounds, burns, allergic skin reactions, pruritis, vitiligo, general gastrointestinal disorders, gastric ulceration, duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, gastric lesions induced by necrotising agents, hair growth, vasomotor or allergic rhinitis, bronchial disorders or bladder disorders.
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- Synthesis of new substituted pyrrolo[2,3-b]- and pyrrolo[3,2-α]acridinone derivatives
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The synthesis of new pyrrolo[a]- and [b]acridinones by cyclization of N-arylindoles obtained using ultrasonic irradiations from nitro indole is reported.
- Coullet, Fabien,Morel, Sandrine,Boyer, Gerard,Galy, Jean Pierre
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p. 147 - 157
(2007/10/03)
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