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The rates of diazepam (DZ) metabolism to the primary metabolites 3-hydroxydiazepam, 4'-hydroxydiazepam and nordiazepam were studied in vitro using rat hepatic microsomes and hepatocytes. 4'-hydroxydiazepam had the largest intrinsic clearance (V(max)/K(m) ratio, CL(int)) in both microsomes and hepatocytes representing 49 and 70% of total metabolism respectively. Whereas the contribution of 3-hydroxydiazepam was similar in both systems (21-24%), the N-demethylation pathway was greater in microsomes (27%) than hepatocytes (9%). The pharmacokinetics of DZ were determined in vivo using the intraportal route to avoid blood flow limitations due to the high clearance of DZ. No dose dependency was observed in either clearance or steady state volume of distribution, which were estimated to be 38 ml/min/SRW (where SRW is a standard rat weight of 250g) and 1.3 L/SRW respectively. Blood binding of DZ was concentration independent, the unbound fraction being 0.22. Scaling factors were used to relate the in vitro CL(int) to the in vivo unbound clearance. Hepatocytes (123 ml/min/SRW) produced a more realistic prediction for the in vivo value (174ml/min/SRW) than microsomes (41 ml/min/SRW). This situation is believed to arise from the quantitative differences in the three metabolic pathways in the two in vitro systems. It is speculated that end product inhibition is responsible for reduced total metabolism in microsomes whereas hepatocytes operate kinetically in a manner close to in vivo.

A new method for the synthesis of 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-benzo[f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine (alprazolam) and 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (diazepam) from 2-amino-5-chloro benzophenone was described under mild conditions. Most of the synthetic steps were carried out under solvent-free conditions, and the products were obtained in high yield and purity. The products were characterized by comparison of physical properties with authentic samples and also by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Three-dimensional (3D) model of GABAA was constructed using X-ray crystal structure of homopentameric caenorhabditis elegans glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) (3RHW) at 3.3?? as the template based on sequence comparison and homology modeling method. The homology modeling and MD simulation studies predicted the 3D structure of receptor in a water environment. The resulted conformation of the receptor was used for docking of the alprazolam and diazepam. Docking studies indicated many important interactions of the drugs with the receptor. Furthermore, the complex of GABA with drugs was used in MD simulation to realize the conformation changes of the complex.

As the inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid–ergic (GABAergic) transmission has a pivotal role in the central nervous system (CNS) and defective forms of its synapses are associated with serious neurological disorders, numerous versions of caged GABA and, more recently, photoswitchable ligands have been developed to investigate such transmission. While the complementary nature of these probes is evident, the mechanisms by which the GABA receptors can be pho-tocontrolled have not been fully exploited. In fact, the ultimate need for specificity is critical for the proper synaptic exploration. No caged allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor have been reported so far; to introduce such an investigational approach, we exploited the structural motifs of the benzodiazepinic scaffold to develop a pho-tocaged version of diazepam (CD) that was tested on basolateral amygdala (BLa) pyramidal cells in mouse brain slices. CD is devoid of any intrinsic activity toward the GABAA receptor before irradiation. Importantly, CD is a photoreleasable GABAA receptor-positive allosteric modulator that offers a different probing mechanism compared to caged GABA and photoswitchable ligands. CD potenti-ates the inhibitory signaling by prolonging the decay time of postsynaptic GABAergic currents upon photoactivation. Additionally, no effect on presynaptic GABA release was recorded. We developed a photochemical technology to individually study the GABAA receptor, which specifically expands the toolbox available to study GABAergic synapses.

Simple, efficient, and scalable syntheses of 3-hydroxy-1,4-benzodiazepines, oxazepam (1), and lorazepam (2) were developed. The syntheses are based on the new acetoxylation reaction of the 3-position of the 1,4-benzodiazepine ring. The reaction involves iodine (20-50 mol %)-catalyzed acetoxylation in the presence of potassium acetate (2 equiv) and potassium peroxydisulfate (1-2 equiv) as a stoichiontetric oxidant affording the corresponding 3-acetoxy-1,4- benzodiazepines in good-to-high yields. The latter were converted by selective saponification to 3-hydroxy-1,4-benzodiazepines of very high purity (>99.8%) in an overall yield of 83% (oxazepam) and 64% (lorazepam).

Despite the large number of methods for the synthesis of amides, formation of the amide bond from aromatic amines has always been a challenge for organic chemists due to their weak nucleophile character. We describe here a new efficient method of amide formation from N-Acyl-Benzotriazoles and Aromatic Amines (ABAA reaction) including aniline derivatives, in acidic conditions. This reaction is selective for aromatic amines, since aliphatic amines did not react under the same experimental conditions. Using the ABAA reaction, we have synthesized a series of aromatic amide compounds including labelled enzyme substrates, in excellent yield. The ABAA reaction also allowed the one-pot synthesis of Nordiazepam, which is a precursor of the anxiolytic Diazepam (Valium). This procedure opens new ways of synthesis of amides from aromatic amines, as well as of heterocyclic structures.

The invention discloses a diazepam hapten, a diazepam artificial antigen as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The diazepam artificial antigen provided by the invention is an antigen obtained by coupling the diazepam hapten shown as a formula I with a carrier protein. The diazepam artificial antigen provided by the invention is simple in synthesis method, high in purity and highin yield, and has important value in preparation of diazepam antibodies and detection of diazepam drug residues.

High-throughput screening has shown that Retro-1 inhibits ricin and Shiga toxins by diminishing their intracellular trafficking via the retrograde route, from early endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. To improve the activity of Retro-1, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was undertaken and yielded an analogue with a roughly 70-fold better half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) against Shiga toxin cytotoxicity measured in a cell protein synthesis assay.

The present invention provides novel peripherally-restricted benzodiazepines with reduced blood brain barrier permeability and methods of use thereof for reducing tactile dysfunction, social impairment, and anxiety in a subject diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Rett syndrome, Phelan McDermid syndrome, or Fragile X syndrome.

Abstract: In this research, two improved and scalable methods for the synthesis of midazolam and its analogues have been described. Midazolam has been synthesized using isocyanide reagents in satisfactory yield. In this methodology, imidazobenzodiazepine intermediates can be easily prepared via an improved process. One-pot condensation of benzodiazepines with mono-anion of tosylmethyl isocyanide or ethyl isocyanoacetate under mild condition led to formation of imidazobenzodiazepine. In the first method, tosylmethyl isocyanide (Tos-MIC) is used and the number of synthetic steps are decreased in comparison to previous report. In the second method, ethyl isocyanoacetate which is commonly used for the synthesis of some imidazobenzodiazepines, is consumed to generate midazolam. The latter, a relatively different method for the synthesis of midazolam analogues has been reported. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

The subject matter of the present invention is novel families of compounds which are aromatic amine, imine, aminoadamantane and benzodiazepine derivatives, medicaments comprising same and the use thereof as inhibitors of the toxic effects of toxins with intracellular activity, such as, for example, ricin, and of viruses that use the internalization pathway for infecting cells.

A library of over twenty 5-(2-arylphenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones has been formed by a microwave-mediated late-stage palladium-catalysed arylation of 1,4-benzodiazepines using diaryliodonium salts. This can also be applied to nordazepam (7-chloro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one), the active metabolite of diazepam, and subsequent N-alkylation and/or H/D exchange allows further diversification towards elaborated pharmaceuticals and their 3,3′-deuterated analogues.

The invention relates to a preparation method of benzodiazothioketone serving as an intermediate of alprazolam. The preparation method comprises the following steps: performing a typical acylation reaction, a cyclization reaction and a vulcanization reaction on 2-amino-5-chloro-benzophenone (M2) serving as a raw material to obtain a benzodiazothioketone crude product (the HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) content is about 94 percent); and recrystallizing the crude product in a mixed solvent at the normal temperature to obtain a fine product of which the HPLC content is over 98.5 percent, wherein the melting point of the fine product is 238-242 DEG C (the melting range is below 3 DEG C). The preparation method has the advantages of small number of synthesis steps, mild process condition, easiness in controlling a refining method, high yield, high fine product content, controllable low production cost, reduction in environmental pollution, and contribution to industrialization.

Carbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling conditions have been developed that proceed without the exclusion of oxygen and in the presence of nondegassed and nondried solvents. By adapting the method to a two-chamber setup, the direct handling of carbon monoxide, produced from stable CO precursors, is avoided. The protocol afforded the desired benzophenones with excellent functional group tolerance and in good yields. Substituting the CO precursor, in the CO-producing chamber, with its carbon-13 labeled version generated the corresponding carbon-13 labeled benzophenones. Finally, the developed system was applied in the synthesis and isotope labeling of two pharmaceuticals, nordazepam and Tricor.

The design of drugs for the chemotherapy of tumours of the central nervous system contains numerous challenges. Most of clinical alkylating anticancer agent, such as nitrogen mustard (mustine) is too polar to cross blood-brain barrier. So it is aimed to link nitrogen mustard to CNS active 1,4-benzodiazepine carrier to obtain CNS active benzodiazepine derivative of nitrogen mustard. The benzodiazepinemustard agent was oily at room temperature and stable when stored at less than 0 °C. Structures of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by UV, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The in vitro chemical alkylation activity studies (NBP) of benzodiazepine-mustard was comparable to that of N,N-bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino moiety as standard alkylating agent. The log P value of benzo-mustard determined experimentally is significantly higher than nordiazepam. Value of polar surface area for the benzo-mustard agent (35.9 A2) predicts that > 90 % of any amount present in the intestinal tract will be absorbed. The study of some physico-chemical properties calculated by online software such as lipophilicity, log BB (0.295), no. of violation of Lipinski's rule of five (0), number of NH or OH hydrogen bond donors (0) and nON value (4) also indicates that it can be a potential candidate for targeted delivery of nitrogen mustard to the brain for the treatment of brain tumour.

An efficient synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones is described by condensation between 2-aminobenzophenone and Boc-protected amino acids via microwave-assisted irradiation. This produces higher yields in shorter reaction times than with traditional methods. The antiplasmodial activity of the corresponding ferrocenyl benzodiazepines was evaluated in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum F32 (chloroquine-sensitive) and FCB1 and K1 (chloroquine-resistant) strains and gabonese clinical isolates.

The present invention relates to the use of compounds of general formula (I) and (II) for the preparation of a drug for preventing and/or treating disorders caused by Shiga toxins and related toxins.

The synthesis of dimeric compounds derived from quinazolin-2-one and 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one possessing a piperazine or homopiperazine spacer was investigated. In addition, a piperazine spacered bis-isoalloxazine and a bis-riboflavin compound were prepared and their ability to interrupt the association of prion proteins and Alzheimer-specific Aβ peptides was investigated using a fast screening system based on flow cytometry. The bis-isoalloxazine 14 was identified as a new lead structure.

1. Predictions of in vivo intrinsic clearance from cryopreserved human hepatocytes may be systematically low. In the current study, the metabolite kinetics of a series of CYP3A4 substrates (benzodiazepines) in fresh human hepatocytes from five donors, via a major UK supplier, were investigated and compared with those previously reported (by the authors' laboratory) for cryopreserved human hepatocytes and hepatic microsomes. 2. A high incidence of autoactivation (up to tenfold) and heteroactivation (by testosterone, up to 14-fold) among the major pathways was observed. CYP capacity (Vmax) was marginally lower and 'affinity' constants (KM, S50) were marginally greater compared with cryopreserved hepatocytes. 3. Average intrinsic clearance (based on maximal clearance, CLmax) was sevenfold lower than in cryopreserved hepatocytes (reflecting sensitivity of intrinsic clearance estimation in vitro to mechanistic parameter values, particularly those involving atypical kinetics), but scaled intrinsic clearances for fresh (and cryopreserved) hepatocytes were within the range previously determined in hepatic microsomes. 4. There was no evidence from this series of studies that fresh hepatocytes provide quantitatively improved estimates of intrinsic clearance over cryopreserved hepatocytes.

A series of 4-aryl-6-chloro-quinolin-2-ones and 5-aryl-7-chloro-1,4-benzodiazepine were synthesized and assayed for their in vitro anti-hepatitis B virus activities and cytotoxicities for the first time. Some of the tested compounds were active against HBsAg and HBeAg secretion in Hep G2.2.15 cells. Compound 5c showed IC50 of 0.074 and 0.449 mM on HBsAg and HBeAg secretions, respectively, which were 10 times higher than that of its analog 4c and led to better selective index (SI) values (SI = 23.2 and 3.4, respectively).

The present invention provides compositions and methods of using stereospecific benzodiazepine derivatives, their salts and prodrugs for the treatment of anxiolytic or convulsant disorders having the side effects of reduced alcohol craving in human alcoholics and a concomitant reduced sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and ataxic side-effects. The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions for treatment of anxiolytic and convulsant disorders in subjects in need thereof, comprising a compound, prodrug or a salt having a chemical structure represented by any one of Formula I-XXI and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

Oxidation of organic compounds is catalyzed by addition of a catalytic amount of a metalloporphyrin in a non-reactive aprotic solvent.

The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I). The invention also relates to methods for preparing the compounds and their uses as CCK receptor ligands and CCK antagonists.

Simple purification of compounds can be achieved using a bipyridine unit as a tag and resin-bound metal ions. The usefulness of this method (see scheme) is demonstrated by the multistep synthesis of a small library of hydeantoins and benzodiazepines.

1. We have examined the metabolism of diazepam by ten human cytochrome P450 forms (CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4 and 3A5) expressed in HepG2 cells using a recombinant vaccinia virus system. 2. Among the P450 forms tested, diazepam was significantly demethylated by CYP2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 3A4 and 3A5, with 2C19 exhibiting the highest rate at concentrations 0.1 mM, and hydroxylated only by the latter three enzymes, with 3A5 being the most active. The N-demethylation activity of diazepam by 2C19 at a concentration of 20 μM was six times of that by 3A4. However, that by 2C9 was detected at only a trace level. 3. CYP2C19, 3A4 and 3A5 of the ten human P450s catalysed the 3-hydroxylation of nordiazepam, and 2B6, the 2C subfamily and the 3A subfamily catalysed the N-demethylation of temazepam. CYP3A4 exhibited the highest activity of nordiazepam 3-hydroxylation and temazepam N-demethylation. 4. Diazepam N-demethylation by human liver microsomes correlated with diazepam 3-hydroxylation, but not S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation. 5. Our results suggest that in the human liver, the metabolism of diazepam to nordiazepam is mediated by CYP3A4, which has been reported as the most abundant P450 form in human liver as well as 2C19, which has been reported as a polymorphic enzyme.

Previous mouse liver studies with diazepam (DZ), N-desmethyldiazepam (NZ), and temazepam (TZ) confirmed that under first-order conditions, DZ formed NZ and TZ in parallel. Oxazepam (OZ) was generated via NZ and not TZ despite that preformed NZ and TZ were both capable of forming OZ. In the present studies, the concentration-dependent sequential metabolism of DZ was studied in perfused mouse livers and microsomes, with the aim of distinguishing the relative importance of NZ and TZ as precursors of OZ. In microsomal studies, the K(m)s and V(max)s, corrected for binding to microsomal proteins, were 34 μM and 3.6 nmole/min per mg and 239 μM and 18 nmole/min per mg, respectively, for N-demethylation and C3-hydroxylation of DZ. The K(m)s and V(max)s for N-demethylation and C3-hydroxylation of TZ and NZ, respectively, to form OZ, were 58 μM and 2.5 nmole/min per mg and 311 μM and 2 nmole/min per mg, respectively. The constants suggest that at low DZ concentrations, NZ formation predominates and is a major source of OZ, whereas at higher DZ concentrations, TZ is the important source of OZ. In livers perfused with DZ at input concentrations of 13 to 35 μM, the extraction ratio of DZ (E→DZ←) decreased from 0.83 to 0.60. NZ was the major metabolite formed although its appearance was less than proportionate with increasing DZ input concentration. By contrast, the formation of TZ increased disproportionately with increasing DZ concentration, whereas that for OZ decreased and paralleled the behavior of NZ. Computer simulations based on a tubular flow model and the in vitro enzymatic parameters provided a poor in vitro-organ correlation. The E→DZ←, appearance rates of the metabolites, and the extraction ratio of formed NZ (E→NZ,DZ←) were poorly predicted; TZ was incorrectly identified as the major precursor of OZ. Simulations with optimized parameters improved the correlations and identified NZ as the major contributor of OZ. Saturation of DZ N-demethylation at higher DZ concentrations increased the role of TZ in the formation of OZ. The poor aqueous solubility (limiting the concentration range of substrates used in vitro), avid tissue binding and the coupling of enzymatic reactions in liver, favoring sequential metabolism, are possible explanations for the poor in vitro-organ correlation. This work emphasizes the complexity of the hepatic intracellular milieu for drug metabolism and the need for additional modeling efforts to adequately describe metabolite kinetics.

3,5-Dihalo-2-aminobenzophenones 2 on prolonged reflux in dry pyridine gave 2,4,8,10-tetrahalo-6,12-diaryldibenzodiazocines 3 in high yields.Attempted condensation of 2 with glycine ester hydrochloride under identical reaction conditions failed to afford 1,4-benzodiazepines.

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This invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones and 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepines by the condensation of a 2-(2-haloacylamido)-benzophenone or a 2-(2-haloethylamino)-benzophenone, respectively, in the presence of hexamethylenetetramine, a water miscible alcohol containing 5 to 50 volume percent water, and an ammonium salt.

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Compounds of formula IV: STR1 wherein R and R1 are hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, inclusive; wherein R2 is hydrogen or methyl; wherein R3 is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, trifluoromethyl or nitro; and wherein Ar is phenyl, o-chlorophenyl, o-fluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl or 2-pyridyl, are produced by reacting a hydrazino compound of the formula I STR2 wherein R2, R3, and Ar are defined as above, with a carbonyl reagent of the formula II: STR3 wherein R and R1 are defined as above and Y is chloro, bromo, iodo or in which R4 is alkyl, defined as above, phenyl, or tolyl, to give the compound III: STR4 wherein R, R1, R2, R3, Ar, and Y are defined as above and heating compound III, in an inert organic solvent, to give compound IV above. The compounds of formula IV of this invention and the pharmacologically acceptable acid addition salts thereof are sedatives, tranquilizers and muscle-relaxants and can be used for such purposes in mammals and birds.

Intermediates for preparing novel benzodiazepines having the formula SPC1 In which R1 is a hydrogen or halogen atom or a trifluoromethyl, loweralkyl, loweralkoxy, nitro or amino group; R2 is a furyl, a thienyl, cyclohexyl, a loweralkyl group or a phenyl group which may be substituted by a halogen atom or by a trifluoromethyl, nitro, loweralkoxy or loweralkyl group; and R3 is a hydrogen atom or a loweralkyl group; and R4 is lowercarbalkoxy, carbamoyl, N-loweralkylcarbamoyl, N,N-diloweralkylcarbamoyl, N-(diloweralkylaminoalkyl)carbamoyl, a group having the formula --COOCat in which Cat is a cation of an alkali metal or a semication of an alkaline earth metal or COOCat.CatOH, said intermediates being ortho-aminoaryl ketimines having the formula SPC2 Wherein R is hydrogen or EQU1 R1, R2, and R3 are as defined above, R4 is a hydrogen atom, a lowercarbalkoxy, carbamoyl, N-loweralkylcarbamoyl, N,N-diloweralkylcarbamoyl, N-(diloweralkylaminoalkyl)-carbamoyl, alkyl or substituted alkyl group; and R5 is a loweralkyl group.

1,4-Benzodiazepin-2-ones are prepared via the reaction of a haloacetamidophenyl ketone with hexamethylenetetramine in the presence of ammonia. The 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones so prepared are known compounds useful as muscle relaxant and anti-convulsant agents.

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