- PROCESS FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF ALKENES TO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
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Process for the direct conversion of alkenes to carboxylic acids.
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Paragraph 0029-0032
(2019/07/10)
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- Pd-Catalyzed Highly Chemo- And Regioselective Hydrocarboxylation of Terminal Alkyl Olefins with Formic Acid
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An efficient Pd-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of alkenes with HCOOH is described. A wide variety of linear carboxylic acids bearing various functional groups can be obtained with excellent chemo- and regioselectivities under mild reaction conditions. The reaction process is operationally simple and requires no handling of toxic CO.
- Ren, Wenlong,Chu, Jianxiao,Sun, Fei,Shi, Yian
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supporting information
p. 5967 - 5970
(2019/08/26)
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- PYRAZOLO[3,4-b]PYRIDINE AND PYRROLO[2,3-b]PYRIDINE INHIBITORS OF BRUTON'S TYROSINE KINASE
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Disclosed are pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine and pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions that include the compounds. Methods of using the Btk inhibitors are described, alone or in combin
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- CATALYTIC CARBOXYLATION OF ACTIVATED ALKANES AND/OR OLEFINS
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The present invention relates to a method of reacting starting materials with an activating group, namely alkanes carrying a leaving group and/or olefins, with carbon dioxide under transition metal catalysis to give carboxyl group-containing products. It is a special feature of the method of the present invention that the carboxylation predominantly takes place at a preferred position of the molecule irrespective of the position of the activating group. The carboxylation position is either an aliphatic terminus of the molecule or it is a carbon atom adjacent to a carbon carrying an electron withdrawing group. The course of the reaction can be controlled by appropriately choosing the reaction conditions to yield the desired regioisomer.
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Page/Page column 64; 72; 73
(2018/02/28)
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- TRIAZOLE-ISOXAZOLE COMPOUND AND MEDICAL USE THEREOF
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A compound represented by Formula [I]: or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each symbol is as defined in the description.
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Paragraph 3230; 3231
(2016/06/06)
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- AMIDE COMPOUND AND MEDICINAL USE THEREOF
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A compound of formula [I-W]: wherein each symbol is as defined in the description, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
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Page/Page column 70
(2013/02/27)
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- INHIBITORS OF CATHEPSIN S
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The present invention provides compounds, compositions and methods for the selective inhibition of cathepsin S. In a preferred aspect, cathepsin S is selectively inhibited in the presence of at least one other cathepsin isozyme. The present invention also provides methods for treating a disease state in a subject by selectively inhibiting cathepsin S.
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- Influence of bulky substituents on histamine H3 receptor agonist/antagonist properties
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Novel derivatives of 3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanol were designed on the basis of lead compounds belonging to the carbamate or ether series possessing (partial) agonist properties on screening assays of the histamine H3 receptor. One pair of enantiomers in the series of α-methyl-branched chiral carbamates was stereoselectively prepared in high optical yields. Enantiomeric purity was checked by Mosher amide derivatives of precursors and capillary electrophoresis of the final compounds with trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector, and was determined to be ≥95%. The novel compounds were investigated in various histamine H3 receptor assays in vitro and in vivo. Some compounds displayed partial agonist activity on synaptosomes of rat brain cortex, whereas others exhibited antagonist properties only. Selected compounds were investigated in [125I]iodoproxyfan binding studies on the human histamine H3 receptor and showed high affinity in the nanomolar concentration range. Under in vivo conditions after oral administration to mice, some of the compounds exhibited partial or full agonist activity in the brain at low dosages. The (S)-enantiomer of one pair of chiral carbamates (9) proved to be the eutomer; thus, the (S)-enantiomer was selected for further pharmacological studies. In a peripheral in vivo test model in rats, measuring the level of inhibition of capsaicin-induced plasma extravasation, (S)-9 again proved its high oral agonist potency with full intrinsic activity (ED50 values of 0.07-0.1 mg/kg depending on tissue).
- Sasse, Astrid,Ligneau, Xavier,Rouleau, Agnès,Elz, Sigurd,Ganellin, C. Robin,Arrang, Jean-Michel,Schwartz, Jean-Charles,Schunack, Walter,Stark, Holger
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p. 4000 - 4010
(2007/10/03)
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- One-carbon homologation of carboxylic acids via BtCH2TMS: A safe alternative to the Arndt-Eistert reaction
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Carboxylic acids are converted into the corresponding homologated acids or esters, using easily available 1-(trimethylsilylmethyl)benzotriazole (1) as a one-carbon synthon. The effectiveness of the reaction has been investigated on six aryl and seven alkyl carboxylic acids.
- Katritzky,Zhang,Haleem,Hussein,Fang,Steel
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p. 5606 - 5612
(2007/10/03)
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- 5-[4-(3,3-Dimethylbutoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-4-pentynoic acid and its derivatives inhibit ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptors by binding to the 4'-ethynyl-4-n-propylbicycloorthobenzoate site
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Acyclic noncompetitive antagonists of ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, bearing an ester or ether linkage, were designed, synthesized, and assayed for their inhibition of the specific binding of [3H]4'-ethynyl-4-n-propylbicycloorthobenzoate (EBOB), a radiolabeled noncompetitive antagonist, to rat brain and housefly head membranes. 5-[4-(3,3-Dimethylbutoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-4-pentynoic acid (DBCPP), a butyl benzoate analogue, was found to competitively inhibit the binding of [3H]EBOB in rat brain membranes, with an IC50 of 88 nM. The potency conferred by the p-substituent decreased in the order C=C(CH2)2COOH>C=C(CH2)2COOCH3>C=CH>Br. Pentyl phenyl ethers were equally potent compared with butyl benzoates, while phenyl pentanoates and benzyl butyl ethers were less potent. These compounds were generally less active in housefly head membranes than in rat brain membranes. The introduction of an isopropyl group into the 1-position of the 3,3-dimethylbutyl group of a butyl benzoate and two benzyl butyl ethers caused an increase in potency in housefly GABA receptors, whereas this modification at the corresponding position of other compounds led to an unchanged or decreased potency. In the case of rat receptors, this modification resulted in a decrease in potency except for a phenyl pentanoate. To confirm that DBCPP interferes with GABA receptor function, we performed whole-cell patch clamp experiments with rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in the primary culture. Repeated co-applications of GABA and DBCPP suppressed GABA-induced whole-cell currents with an IC50 of 0.54 μM and a Hill coefficient of 0.7. These findings indicate that DBCPP and its derivatives inhibit ionotropic GABA receptors by binding to the EBOB site and that there might be structural difference in the noncompetitive antagonist-binding site between rat and housefly GABA receptors. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
- Hamano, Hiroshi,Nagata, Keiichi,Fukada, Nobuo,Shimotahira, Hiroshi,Ju, Xiu-Lian,Ozoe, Yoshihisa
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p. 665 - 674
(2007/10/03)
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- BtCH2TMS-assisted Homologation of Carboxylic Acids: A Safe Alternative to the Arndt-Eistert Reaction
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formula presented One-carbon homologation of carboxylic acids is achieved by (i) treatment of an acyl chloride with 1-[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3,-benzotriazole (BtCH2TMS) (1) to afford N-(acylmethyl)benzotriazoles 3a-f, followed by (ii) conversion of 3a-f with triflic anhydride into RC(OTf)=CHBt 4a-f, and (iii) the subsequent reaction of 4a-c with NaOCH3 followed by 1N HCl to afford esters RCH2CO2R′ 7a-c in overall yields of 50-70%. For the aliphatic compounds 5d-f, treatment of 5d-f with p-toluenesulfonic acid followed by TBAF/THF afforded acids RCH2COOH 7d-f.
- Katritzky, Alan R.,Zhang, Suoming,Fang, Yunfeng
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p. 3789 - 3791
(2007/10/03)
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- Pesticidal compounds
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This invention relates to 1,1,1,4-substituted naphthaline compounds, compositions, processes for their preparation and processes for their use as pesticides, especially insecticides, acaricides and fungicides.
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- γ-Silyl-stabilized tertiary ions? Solvolysis of 4-(trimethylsilyl)-2-chloro-2-methylbutane
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Rate constant, isotope-effect, and product studies of the solvolysis of 4-(trimethylsilyl)-2-chloro-2-methylbutane, 11, and its carbon analog, 2-chloro-2,5,5-trimethylhexane, 10, in aqueous ethanol and aqueous 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) indicate very little participation of the γ-silyl substituent. These results are in sharp contrast to earlier reports on secondary γ-silyl substituted systems, in which the back lobe of the silicon-carbon bond has been shown to overlap with the carbocation p-orbital to form a so-called 'percaudally' stabilized intermediate. While the solvolytic behaviors of 11 and 10 are nearly identical in ethanol, differences in the TFE lead to the conclusion that there is a minor amount of participation by the silyl substituent in that solvent. Interestingly, this observation lends credence to an earlier suggestion that TFE is better than ethanol at stabilizing more highly delocalized ions. Copyright
- Tilley, Leon J.,Shiner Jr.
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p. 564 - 576
(2007/10/03)
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- The invention of radical reactions. Part 39. The reaction of white phosphorus with carbon-centered radicals. An improved procedure for the synthesis of phosphonic acids and further mechanistic insights
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White phosphorus in tetrahydrofuran under argon reacts in a long radical chain reaction with carbon radicals derived from Barton PTOC esters. The reaction is initiated by traces of oxygen and strongly inhibited by TEMPO. From the duration of the induction period the chain length can be measured as approximately one million. Each P4 molecule can add up to two carbon radicals. Oxidation of the adducts provides a convenient synthesis of phosphonic acids in high yield. With H2O2 at 0°C oxidation to the appropriate phosphinic acids is fast. For sensitive natural products the further transformation to phosphonic acids is best carried out at room temperature with an excess of SO2. In this way even linoleic acid can be convened to the corresponding phosphonic acid in good yield without any attack on the skipped diene unit. TEMPO is also remarkable for its stabilization of white phosphorus in solution when exposed to oxygen. Likewise an ordinary phosphine, like tributyl phosphine, is also stabilized by small amounts of TEMPO.
- Barton, Derek H. R.,Vonder Embse, Richard A.
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p. 12475 - 12496
(2007/10/03)
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- Evidence for Electron Transfer, Radical and Ionic Pathways in the Decomposition of Diacyl Peroxide
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The thermal decomposition mechanism of 4,4-dimethylpentanoyl m-chlorobenzoyl peroxide and its α- and β-dideuteriated analogues is described.Product analyses and CIDNP studies suggest that all three pathways, electron transfer, radical and ionic, are operative in decomposition of these peroxides.Two pulsed-NMR techniques have been employed to eliminate distortions of CIDNP intensities arising from spin-lattice relaxation.These quantitative CIDNP studies have revealed an additional pure ionic pathway which competes with the radical pair electron transfer pathway to form rearranged reaction products.
- Lee, Sueg-Geun
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p. 1361 - 1372
(2007/10/02)
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- A Facile Method for Synthesis of Three Carbon-Homologated Carboxylic Acid by Regioselective Ring-opening of β-Propiolactones with Organocopper Reagents
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Organocopper reagents, such as diorganocuprates, organocopper-tributylphosphine, and Grignard reagents in the presence of a copper (I) salt, reacted with β-propiolactones by regioselective β-carbon-oxygen fission to give 3-substituted propionic acids.Among these three kinds of organocopper reagents, diorganocuprate, especially halomagnesium cuprate gave the highest yields of the acids, which was remarkably observed in the ring-opening of sterically hindered β-propiolactones such as β-methyl- and α,β-dimethyl-β-propiolactones and also in the reactions using the organocopper reagents with vinyl and allyl substituents.The ring-opening of β-propiolactone was confirmed to proceed by SN2 pathway with predominant inversion of configuration of the β-carbon by using the reaction of cis-α,β-dimethyl-β-propiolactone with di-tert-butylcuprate to afford syn-2,3,4,4-tetramethylpentanoic acid.
- Kawashima, Masatoshi,Sato, Toshio,Fujisawa, Tamotsu
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p. 403 - 412
(2007/10/02)
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- Organoboranes. 35. Reaction of Alkylthioboronic Esters with Trichloromethyllithium: Preparation of One-Carbon-Extended Carboxylic Acids and Thioacetals from Alkenes via Hydroboration
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Various 2-alkyl-1,3,2-dithiaborolanes, RB(S2C2H4) (1), were converted to the corresponding carboxylic acids, RCO2H (2), by using LiCCl3 in THF, followed by oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide.For R=hexyl, a reaction intermediate is converted by solvent into another compound, C6H13C(S2C2H4)B2 (9a), characterized spectroscopically.The yields of 2 decreased with increasing bulkiness of the alkyl groups R.Although the configuration of R= trans-2-methylcyclopent-1-yl (1k) was retained in the product (>98percent trans), a significant degree of epimerization tookplace for R= exo-norbornyl (1j) during the oxidation (exo : endo = 86 : 14).More uniquely, the intermediates 9 were easily hydrolyzed by heating the reaction mixture with aqueous NaOH to give the corresponding 2-alkyl-1,3-dithiolanes 3.Stereochemical integrity was retained in the products derived from 1j and 1k.Since 1 was prepared by the hydroboration of alkenes, this sequence provides a new method for introducing oxycarbonyl or thioacetal functionality into alkenes in a regioselective manner, and, in the case of 3, also with stereocontrol.
- Brown, Herbert C.,Imai, Toshiro
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p. 892 - 898
(2007/10/02)
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- Studies of Primary Alkyl and Aralkyl Radicals Using Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap Calculations
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It is argued that a published ESR spectrum due to n-propyl radicals in solution does not, as has been claimed, exhibit selective broadening of the lines with M = 0 for the α protons, but, rather, a broadening of the lines with M = +/- 1 for the β protons.Based on INDO calculations for the n-propyl radical, and an analysis of the restricted internal rotation, the reported variations in aγ with temperature are rationalized.ESR spectra of 2-hydroxyethyl radicals in solution have been analyzed, and no line width alternation was detected at temperatures of -50 deg C and above.The well-known line width alternation in the ESR spectrum on n-butyl radicals is discussed and it is suggested, partly on the basis of INDO calculations, that the preferred orientations about the Cα-Cβ bond are dependent, to some extent, on the configuration with respect to the Cβ-Cγ bond.The ESR spectra of the species Me3CCH2CH2., Me3CCH2CH2CH2., and Ph3CCH2CH2. are reported and discussed.The spectrum of the former species shows no line width alternation, but the spectrum of the latter species shows a pronounced alternation, which is attributed to the chiral nature of the trityl group.ESR spectra of the species Me(CH2)nCH2. and Ph(CH2)nCH2., with n = 2,3, and 4, display particularly marked line width alternation in the latter series when n = 3 and 4.This observation, together with the results of INDO calculations, may possibly indicate that these radicals prefer conformations with the plane of the trigonal carbon atom parallel to the phenyl-group plane.
- Brumby, Steven
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p. 1917 - 1924
(2007/10/02)
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- A THREE CARBON HOMOLOGATION BY THE RING-OPENING OF β-PROPIOLACTONES WITH DIORGANOCUPRATES
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Various organocuprates react with β-propiolactones to give β-substituted propionic acids in high yields.
- Fujisawa, Tamotsu,Sato, Toshio,Kawara, Tatsuo,Kawashima, Masatoshi
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p. 2181 - 2184
(2007/10/02)
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- COPPER-CATALYZED REACTION OF GRIGNARD REAGENTS WITH β-PROPIOLACTONES: A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF Β-SUBSTITUTED PROPIONIC ACIDS
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Grignard reagents react with β-propiolactones in the presence of a copper(I) catalyst to give β-substituted propionic acids in high yields.
- Sato, Toshio,Kawara, Tatsuo,Kawashima, Masatoshi,Fujisawa, Tamotsu
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p. 571 - 574
(2007/10/02)
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