- CO2 laser induced IRMPD of 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1 -trifluoroethane: Time-resolved luminescence studies
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The IRMPD of 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane gives rise to an intense visible light emission between 350 and 750 nm due to various carbenes. The effect of various experimental parameters such as laser energy, pulse duration and substrate pressure on the emission has been studied. Infrared fluorescence studies have also been carried out to explore the vibrational excitation of the photoproducts. A self-consistent mechanism is proposed explaining the complex photodissociation dynamics of the system.
- Pushpa,Kumar, Awadhesh,Vatsa,Naik,Annaji Rao,Mittal,Parthasarathy,Sarkar
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- Crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) with perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether moiety as crosslinking unit: Thermally stable polymer with high glass transition temperature
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Crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with high glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperature was prepared by simple thermal crosslinking of PMMA-containing random copolymers bearing aryl trifluorovinyl ether (TFVE) moieties. A methacrylate monomer consisting of aryl TFVE moiety, 4-((1,2,2-trifluorovinyl)oxy)phenyl methacrylate (TFVOPMA), was first synthesized followed by radical copolymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by AIBN, providing the random copolymer containing aryl TFVE moieties, poly(4-((1,2,2-trifluorovinyl)oxy)phenyl methacrylate)-co-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA). Finally, crosslinked PMMA polymer with perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether moieties as crosslinking units was obtained by [2π + 2π] cycloaddition reaction of aryl TFVE moieties in PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA copolymer. Thermal properties of both PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA and crosslinked PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA were examined by TGA and DSC. Compared to pure PMMA, Tg of PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA increased by 15.1 °C and no Tg was found in the DCS test of the crosslinked PTFVOPMA-co-PMMA. Thermal decomposition temperature (Td,5%) of crosslinked PMMA was 47 °C higher than that of pure PMMA. Furthermore, the water absorption of crosslinked PMMA film greatly reduced in comparison with that of pure PMMA.
- Li, Yang,Guo, Hao
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- Synthesis of a sun-shaped amphiphilic copolymer consisting of a cyclic perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based backbone and lateral PMAA side chains
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A novel amphiphilic sun-shaped copolymer, c-PMBTFVB-g-PMAA (MBTFVB: 2-methyl-1,4-bistrifluorovinyloxybenzene, MAA: methacrylic acid) containing a cyclic perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether-based backbone and PMAA lateral side chains with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.38), was synthesized via the site transformation strategy. First, a PMBTFVB linear precursor was prepared by thermal step-growth cycloaddition polymerization of MBTFVB trifluorovinyl monomer. After the end functionalization of the linear precursor with alkyne, Glaser coupling reaction was performed to produce c-PMBTFVB cyclic homopolymer. The pendant methyls on PFCB aryl ether-based backbone were then converted to Br-containing ATRP initiating groups by a mono-bromination reaction with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) to give c-PMBTFVB-Br cyclic macroinitiator without affecting the main chain, where the density of ATRP initiation groups could be tuned from 33% to 58% by varying the feeding ratio of NBS to the pendant methyl. Subsequently, c-PMBTFVB-g-PMAA sun-shaped amphiphilic copolymers with hydrophilic PMAA side chains were synthesized by ATRP of tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) initiated by c-PMBTFVB-Br, followed by the selective hydrolysis of hydrophobic PtBMA segment into hydrophilic PMAA segment using CF3COOH. The obtained c-PMBTFVB cyclic homopolymer and its precursor were well characterized by GPC, NMR, and DSC and all the observations indicated a high efficiency of the intra-macromolecular cyclization via Glaser coupling reaction. The critical micelle concentrations of the obtained amphiphilic copolymers were determined by fluorescence probe technique and the morphologies of the formed micelles were investigated by TEM. This journal is
- Yao, Wenqiang,Li, Yongjun,Feng, Chun,Lu, Guolin,Huang, Xiaoyu
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- FREE RADICAL ADDITION TO OLEFINS-5
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Part 5 deals with addition of difluorobromomethyl radicals to trifluoroethylene and ethylene. The photochemical reaction of CF//2Br//2 with CHFCF//2 and CH//2CH//2 has been examined in a series of gas-phase experiments. A mechanism for the radical chain addition which takes place is proposed. The variation in the rate of formation of termination products, CF//2BrCF//2Br and CF//2BrCHFCF//2CF//2Br, with reactant concentration is explained if five important termination reactions are taken into account and a long-lived excited state of the CF//2Br//2 is accepted. Arrhenius parameters for the addition of CF//2Br radicals to the olefins have been derived.
- TEDDER JM,WALTON JC
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- A novel fluorine-containing graft copolymer bearing perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based backbone and poly(methyl methacrylate) side chains
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A series of novel graft copolymers consisting of perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based backbone and poly(methyl methacrylate) side chains were synthesized by the combination of thermal [2π + 2π] step-growth cycloaddition polymerization of aryl bistrifluorovinyl ether monomer and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate. A new aryl bistrifluorovinyl ether monomer, 2-methyl-1,4-bistrifluorovinyloxybenzene, was first synthesized in two steps from commercially available reagents, and this monomer was homopolymerized in diphenyl ether to provide the corresponding perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based homopolymer with methoxyl end groups. The fluoropolymer was then converted to ATRP macroinitiator by the monobromination of the pendant methyls with N-bromosuccinimide and benzoyl peroxide. The grafting-from strategy was finally used to obtain the novel poly(2-methyl-1,4- bistrifluorovinyloxybenzene)-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) graft copolymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.46) via ATRP of methyl methacrylate at 50 °C in anisole initiated by the Br-containing macroinitiator using CuBr/dHbpy as catalytic system. These fluorine-containing graft copolymers can dissolve in most organic solvents. This is the first example of the graft copolymer possessing perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based backbone. Copyright
- Liu, Hao,Li, Yongjun,Zhang, Sen,Yang, Dong,Hu, Jianhua,Huang, Xiaoyu
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- Tetrafluoroethylene telomerization using dibromohaloethanes as telogens
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Carrier mediated telomerization (CMT) between C2F4 and bromochlorofluoroethanes has been evaluated in terms of product distributions arising from CMT and 'normal' telomerization. The effect of parameters like type of initiator and telogen, TFE pressure and temperature on the reaction has been studied. The peroxide initiated telomerization between dibromohaloethanes and C2F4 offers an easy synthetic route to α,ω-dibromo perfluoroalkanes Br(CF2)nBr with n = 2, 4, 6 and 8. The selectivity of the CMT products versus those from "normal" telomerization depends mainly on the choice of telogen and on its ability to act as 'bromine donor' in the radical telomerization. These perfluoroalkyl dibromides are useful intermediates for other derivatives, for example, perfluorinated mono- and diolefins, Br(CF2) nCHCH2 and CH2CH(CF2) nCHCH2.
- Wlassics,Tortelli
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- Preparation method of hexafluoro-1, 3-butadiene
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The invention belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis, and particularly relates to a preparation method of hexafluoro-1, 3-butadiene. The method comprises the following steps: cracking R22 used as a raw material to prepare TFE, preparing TFE and Br2 according to a certain ratio under certain conditions to generate dibromotetrafluoroethane, and reacting dibromotetrafluoroethane with TFE at certain temperature under the conditions of zinc powder and a DMF-toluene combined solvent to prepare the hexafluoro-1, 3-butadiene. After the reaction, a gas phase sample is collected and analyzed by GC chromatography, and the proportion of hexafluoro-1, 3-butadiene accounts for more than 85%. The method has the advantages of simple and accessible raw materials, low price, simple and safe technical preparation process, high product yield and the like.
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Paragraph 0029-0030; 0032-0033; 0035-0036
(2021/04/14)
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- Synthesis method of tetrafluoropropyl trifluoroethylene ether
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The invention relates to a preparation method of tetrafluoropropyl trifluoroethylene ether. The preparation method comprises the following main steps: in an alkaline environment, under the condition of heating, carrying out substitution and elimination on tetrafluoropropanol and 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane to obtain the tetrafluoropropyl trifluoroethylene ether. Compared with the existing reaction, the method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple reaction type, mild reaction conditions, strong operability, no use of organic solvents, environmental protection, fast reaction rate and high product yield, overcomes the difficulty of using metallic sodium and organic solvents in the prior art, reduces the reaction risk, and is suitable for industrial production.
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Paragraph 0044-0047
(2020/05/01)
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- Reactions of perfluorinated alkenyl-, alkynyl-, alkyltrifluoroborates, and selected hydrocarbon analogues with the halogenating agents Hal2 (Hal = F, Cl, Br), "brF" (BrF3-Br2 1:1), and ICl
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Reactions of [Bu4N][RBF3] [R = CnF 2n+1CF=CF (cis, trans), CF2=CF, CF2=C(CF 3), trans-C4H9CF=CF, trans-C6H 5CF=CF, C4H9CH=CH (cis, trans), CF 3C≡C, and C4H9C≡C] with chlorine, bromine, BrF3 + Br2 (as equivalent of "BrF"), and ICl in solution (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CF 3CH2CF2CH3) led to 1, 2-addition of halogen and/or replacement of boron by halogen (halodeboration). The reaction of [Bu4N][CF3C≡CBF3] with less than equimolar amounts of diluted fluorine (5 %) in 1, 1, 1, 3, 3-pentafluorobutane (PFB) showed only [Bu4N][CF3CF2CF 2BF3] as fluorine addition product besides extensive fluorodeboration. Suspensions of the insoluble K[CF2=CFBF 3] salt reacted with Cl2 and Br2 in CH 2Cl2 giving preferentially products of halogen addition across the C=C bond. In reactions with ICl iododeboration with formation of CF2=CFI occurred besides 1, 2-addition with formation of [CF 2I-CFClBF3]-. The halodeboration reaction of[Bu4N][trans-C4H9CF=CFBF3] with Br2, "BrF", and ICl, of K[trans-C6H 5CF=CFBF3] with Br2, and of [Bu 4N][trans-C4F9CF=CFBF3] with ICl proceeded stereospecifically. Copyright
- Bardin, Vadim V.,Adonin, Nicolay Yu.,Frohn, Hermann-Josef
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experimental part
p. 565 - 579
(2012/05/20)
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- A novel semi-fluorinated graft copolymer containing perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based backbone
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The synthesis of a series of novel semi-fluorinated graft copolymers bearing perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether-based backbone and polystyrene side chains is described. This work initially focused on the synthesis of a trifluorovinyl ether (TFVE) monomer containing a bromine atom, which could be employed as an initiating site for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Thermal cyclopolymerization of this TFVE monomer provided a macromolecular initiator followed by subsequent initiating ATRP of styrene to afford the desired PFCB aryl ether-based graft copolymers.
- Zhang, Sen,Liu, Hao,Deng, Yan,Huang, Xiaoyu
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body text
p. 184 - 189
(2012/02/05)
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- Novel perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based well-defined amphiphilic block copolymer
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A series of fluorine-containing amphiphilic diblock copolymers comprising hydrophobic poly(p-(2-(p-tolyloxy)perfluorocyclobutoxy)phenyl methacrylate) (PTPFCBPMA) and hydrophilic poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) segments were synthesized via successive reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations. RAFT homopolymerization of p-(2-(p-tolyloxy)perfluorocyclobutoxy)phenyl methacrylate was first initiated by 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile using cumyl dithiobenzoate as chain transfer agent, and the results show that the procedure was conducted in a controlled way as confirmed by the fact that the number-average molecular weights increased linearly with the conversions of the monomer while the polydispersity indices kept below 1.30. Dithiobenzoate-capped PTPFCHPMA homopolymer was then used as macro-RAFT agent to mediate RAFT polymerization of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, which afforded PTPFCBPMA-b-PDEAEMA amphiphilic diblock copolymers with different block lengths and narrow molecular weight distributions (M w/Mn ≤ 1.28). The critical micelle concentrations of the obtained amphiphilic diblock copolymers were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy technique using N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine as probe. The morphology and size of the formed micelles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, respectively.
- Yao, Wenqiang,Li, Yongjun,Zhang, Sen,Liu, Hao,Huang, Xiaoyu
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body text
p. 4433 - 4440
(2012/05/20)
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- A novel perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based graft copolymer via 2-methyl-1,4-bistrifluorovinyloxybenzene and styrene
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A series of novel perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-containing graft copolymers with polystyrene side chains were synthesized by the combination of thermal step-growth [2π+2π] cycloaddition polymerization of aryl bistrifluorovinyl ether monomer and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene. We first synthesized a new aryl bistrifluorovinyl ether monomer of 2-methyl-1,4-bistrifluorovinyloxybenzene in two steps using commercially available 2-methylhydroquinone as starting material and the corresponding perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based homopolymer with methoxyl end groups was prepared through the homopolymerization of this monomer in diphenyl ether. Next, the pendant methyls of this fluoropolymer were mono-brominated by N-bromosuccinimide and benzoyl peroxide so as to be converted to ATRP initiation groups. The targeted poly(2-methyl-1,4-bistrifluorovinyloxybenzene)-g-polystyrene with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn≤1.38) was obtained by the combination of bulk ATRP of styrene at 110°C using CuBr/bpy as catalytic system and the grafting-from strategy. These fluorine-containing graft copolymers show excellent solubility in common organic solvents.
- Liu, Hao,Zhang, Sen,Li, Yongjun,Yang, Dong,Hu, Jianhua,Huang, Xiaoyu
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body text
p. 5198 - 5206
(2011/11/12)
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- Perfluorocyclobutyl-based methacrylate monomers: Synthesis and radical polymerization
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A new class of methacrylate monomers containing perfluorocyclobutyl unit was synthesized in multi-steps including crossing-dimerization, demethylation and esterification using commercially available p-substituted phenol, tetrafluoroethylene and methacryloyl chloride as starting materials. These monomers can be polymerized in solution to provide perfluorocyclobutyl-based polymethacrylate, a kind of potential transparent material.
- Li, Yongjun,Zhang, Sen,Tong, Liang,Li, Qingnuan,Li, Wenxin,Lu, Guolin,Liu, Hao,Huang, Xiaoyu
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experimental part
p. 354 - 360
(2009/12/07)
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- Cyclization processes in pyrolysis of perfluorooxaalkanedicarboxylic acid derivatives
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Formation of cyclic structures under the conditions of pyrolytic decarboxylation of perfluorooxaalkanedicarboxylic acids was studied.
- Lebedev,Berenblit,Starobin
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- Pyrolytic decarboxylation of some derivatives of perfluorinated mono- and dicarboxylic acids
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Pathways of pyrolysis of perfluorinated carboxylic acids are considered in relation to the structure of the acids and reaction conditions. The reaction mechanism is discussed.
- Lebedev,Berenblit,Starobin,Gubanov
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p. 1640 - 1645
(2007/10/03)
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- Environmentally Benign Processes for Making Useful Fluorocarbons: Nickel- or Copper(I) Iodide-Catalyzed Reaction of Highly Fluorinated Epoxides with Halogens in the Absence of Solvent and Thermal Addition of CF2I 2 to Olefins
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Highly fluorinated epoxides react with halogens in the presence of nickel powder or CuI at elevated temperatures to provide a useful and general synthesis of dihalodifluoromethanes (CF2X2) and fluoroacyl fluorides (RFCOF) in the absence of solvent. At 185 °C, hexafluoropropylene oxide and halogens produce CF2X 2 (X = I, Br) in 68-90% isolated yields, along with small amounts of X(CF2)nX, (n = 2, 3). With interhalogens I-X (X = Cl, Br), a mixture of CF2I2, CF2XI, and CF 2X2 was obtained. The fluorinated epoxides substituted with perfluorophenyl, fluorosulfonyl, and chlorofluoroalkyl groups also react cleanly with iodine to give CF2I2 and the corresponding fluorinated acyl fluorides in good yields. The reaction probably involves an oxidative addition of fluorinated epoxides into metal surfaces to form an oxametallacycle, followed by rapid decomposition to difluorocarbene-metal surfaces, which alters the reactivity of the difluorocarbene carbon from electrophilic to nucleophilic. The increase of nucleophilicity of difluorocarbene facilitates the reaction with electrophilic halogens. CF 2I2 reacted with olefins thermally to give 1,3-diiodofluoropropane derivatives. Both fluorinated and nonfluorinated alkenes gave good yields of the adducts. Reaction with ethylene, propylene, perfluoroalkylethylene, vinylidene fluoride, and trifluoroethylene provided the corresponding adducts in 58-86% yields. With tetrafluoroethylene, a 1:1 adduct was predominantly formed along with small amounts of higher homologues. In contrast to perfluoroalkyl iodides, CF2I2 also readily adds to perfluorovinyl ethers to give 1,3-diiodoperfluoro ethers.
- Yang, Zhen-Yu
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p. 2394 - 2403
(2007/10/03)
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- Facile conversion of perfluoroacyl fluorides into other acyl halides
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Nine perfluoroacyl fluorides underwent halogen exchange when treated with anhydrous lithium halides to give acyl chlorides, bromides and iodides in high yields. The temperature dependence of this reaction is described. In the reaction with perfluorodiacyl fluoride, the diacyl halides possessing different acyl halide-groups were also produced. Of the alkaline metal salts used halogen exchange was successful only with lithium salts because of the interaction between lithium and fluorine.
- Fukaya, Haruhiko,Matsumoto, Tomonori,Hayashi, Eiji,Hayakawa, Yoshio,Abe, Takashi
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p. 915 - 920
(2007/10/03)
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- Photodissociation of CF2Br2 at 248 nm: A Time-Resolved Absorption Study
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Photodissociation of CF2Br2 at 248 nm has been studied in the gas phase using time-resolved optical absorption spectroscopy.A transient absorption spectrum in the range of 200-320 nm with λmax ca. 260 nm is observed and has been assigned to the primary photodissociation product, the CF2Br radical.The absorption cross section of this radical at 260 nm has been found to be (1.05+/-0.2)x10-18 cm2 molecule-1.The rate constant for CF2Br dimerization is evaluated to be (3.0+/-0.6)x10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1.Laser fluence dependence in the secondary photodissociation of CF2Br radical is discussed.
- Vatsa, Rajesh Kumar,Kumar, Awadhesh,Naik, Prakash Dattatray,Rao, Kuchimanchi Venkata Subba Rama,Mittal, Jai Pal
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p. 2817 - 2822
(2007/10/03)
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- INVESTIGATIONS IN THE REGION OF INDUSTRIAL FLUORINATED COMPOUNDS
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The synthesis and properties of ozone-friendly fluorohydrocarbons, fluoroolefins, and fluorinated compounds with functional groups (acids, alcohols, esters, and others), used for the creation of effective surfactants, ion-exchange membranes for various purposes, heat-resistant oils, and greases, were investigated.A technology was developed for the production of highly pure fluorinated compounds for microelectronics, fiber optics, and medicine.
- Maksimov, B. N.
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p. 1935 - 1940
(2007/10/03)
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- Experimental study of the reactions of CF2(X, A) radicals with NO2, N2O, C2H4, C3H6 in the gas phase
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In this paper we want to report on the mass spectrometric study of the reactions of CF2($UNK) radicals and the reactions of CF2($UNK) radicals (after laser excitation) with NO2, N2O, C2H4 and C3H6. The experimental arrangement is characterized by the constituents isothermal flow reactor, molecular beam sampling system for a mass spectrometric detection and an excimer laser (248 nm) for the CF2($UNK) production. The products of the reaction and the rate constant have been determined.
- Edelbuettel-Einhaus,Hoyermann,Rohde,Wagner,Hack
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p. 1413 - 1416
(2007/10/02)
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- Insecticidal urea substituted 2,3-dihydro- benzofuran and benzothiophene derivatives, compositions, and method of use thereof
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Insecticidal compounds of the formula STR1 in which A and B are both halogen or hydrogen, or one of A and B is hydrogen, and the other of A and B is halogen; Z and W are independently O or S; the substituted benzofuranyl or benzothienyl group is attached at position 5 or 6; R is halogen; m is 0 to 3; R' is F or CF3 ; methods for their preparation and formulation, insecticidal compositions, and their use to control insects are disclosed.
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- Glass Etching Initiated by Excimer Laser Photolysis of CF2Br2
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KrF and ArF excimer laser irradiation of glass surfaces immersed in gaseous CF2Br2 is found to induce etching.The etch mechanism is considered to be nonthermal on the basis of the small value of the glass absorption coefficient and wavelength variable etching experiments.The etch rate dependence on surface fluence is presented for three pressures.SEM photos reveal a rough surface morphology in the etched region that apparently is not a chemical effect but results solely from the laser irradiation.Photochemical and spectroscopic analysis of the irradiated gas provides evidence for CF2 and CF2Br as being major photolysis products.C2F4 was also found to cause etching at 248 and 193 nm.This is evidence that CF2, resulting from C2F4 photolysis, is alone capable of initiating glass etching in the presence of laser light.The paper concludes by discussing the observed inability of the CF3 releasing parent gases CF3Br and CF3I to significantly etch glass when irradiated in their appropriate absorption bands.
- Brannon, James H.
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p. 1784 - 1789
(2007/10/02)
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- Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation of Pentafluoroethane: Two-Channel Dissociation Process and Secondary Photolysis of Radical Products
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The dissociation yield and branching ratio in CO2 laser-induced multiphoton dissociation (MPD) of C2HF5 were investigated.In order to distinguish the two primary dissociation pathways (C2HF5 -> C2F4 + HF, Ea=71.6 kcal/mol; C2HF5 -> CF3 + CHF2, Ea=93.5 kcal/mol), Br2 was employed as an excellent scavenger of radicals and C2F4.The scavenged products were CBrF3, CHBrF2, CBr2F2, and C2Br2F4.The yield of C2Br2F4 originating from HF elimination was much smaller than those of CBrF3 and CHBrF2 from C-C bond rupture.The pulse energy dependence of the product distribution demonstrates that the primarily produced radicals were further photolyzed within the laser pulse (CF3 + nhν -> CF2 + F, and CHF2 + n'hν -> CF2 + H) to yield CBr2F2.The secondary photolysis of the radicals was also confirmed by real-time monitoring of infrared emission from HF* and DF* generated in the MPD of C2DF5 in the presence of H2 as an F atom scavenger.In the MPD of neat C2HF5, the formation of C2F4 was unexpectedly enhanced with increasing pulse energy; this was explained by assuming that C2F4 was mainly formed via recombination of CF2 radicals originating from the secondary photolysis of primarily produced radicals.
- Kato, Shuji,Makide, Yoshihiro,Takeuchi, Kazuo,Tominaga, Takeshi
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p. 3977 - 3981
(2007/10/02)
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- Synthesis of Perfluoroalkyl Trifluoromethanesulfonates from Perfluoroalkyl Halides. Substitutive Electrophilic Dehalogenation with Chlorine(I) and Bromine(I) Trifluoromethanesulfonates
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The reactions of chlorine(I) and bromine(I) trifluoromethanesulfonates with a variety of perfluoroalkyl halides are reported.The reactions form Br2, Cl2, or BrCl and the corresponding trifluoromethanesulfonate derivatives of the alkyls in good yields.Twelve new esters are reported and characterized.An SEi-type mechanism for the reactions is proposed with complete retention of configuration by the alkyl on substitution.
- Katsuhara, Yutaka,DesMarteau, Darryl D.
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p. 2681 - 2686
(2007/10/02)
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