- Catalysis and hydrolysis properties of perovskite hydride NaMgH3
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The addition of NaH by ball milling is shown to greatly improve the hydrogen storage properties and the hydrolysis properties of MgH2, which is related to the formation of ternary hydride NaMgH3 with specific perovskite structure. Th
- Wang,Zhang,Liu,Ouyang,Zhu
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- Kinetic and equilibrium study on formic acid decomposition in relation to the water-gas-shift reaction
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Kinetics and equilibrium are studied on the hydrothermal decarbonylation and decarboxylation of formic acid, the intermediate of the water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction, in hot water at temperatures of 170-330°C, to understand and control the hydrothermal WGS
- Yasaka, Yoshiro,Yoshida, Ken,Wakai, Chihiro,Matubayasi, Nobuyuki,Nakahara, Masaru
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- New thermochemical splitting cycle of sodium chloride for chlorine and sodium hydroxide production
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A new thermochemical closed cycle of sodium chloride for the preparation off chlorine and sodium hydroxide is presented in this paper. The optimum conditions of the main reactions in the cycle were obtained from a series of experimental results. The heat flow of the cycle system was calculated based on the related thermodynamic equations and data. The kinetic study of the heterogeneous reaction in the cycle was carried out by means of a thermogravimetric method. The result shows that the proposed cycle demonstrates an obviously energy-saving advantage over all the other methods of chlorine and sodium hydroxide productions. It may become economically competitive with the current electrolytic method in the future.
- Liu,Li,Liu,Che,Lei
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- Aerosol-spraying synthesis of SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposites and conversion to porous TiO2 and single-crystalline TiOF2
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Single-crystalline TiOF2 was prepared by HF-etching the SiO 2/TiO2 nanocomposite obtained via aerosol-spraying, which exhibited high activity and durability in visible-light driven photocatalysis. The Royal Society of Chem
- Zhu, Jian,Zhang, Dieqing,Bian, Zhenfeng,Li, Guisheng,Huo, Yuning,Lu, Yunfeng,Li, Hexing
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- Microstructural transformation with heat-treatment of aluminum hydroxide with gibbsite structure
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Aluminum hydroxide with gibbsite structure was prepared, and the microstructural transformation of the sample heat-treated at various temperatures was investigated. The sample was characterized by fieldemission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray
- Mitsui, Tomohiro,Matsui, Toshiaki,Kikuchi, Ryuji,Eguchi, Koichi
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- Interaction of Na with multilayer water on MgO(100)
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The reaction between Na and multilayer water on MgO(100)/Mo(100) has been studied by metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). A water multilayer was exposed to Na at 100 K. During exposure, an attenuation of the surface water concentration concomitant with the formation of surface hydroxyls and metallic Na clusters is observed. After an anneal to 155 K, the metallic Na clusters disappear and the surface hydroxyls are essentially removed from the outermost surface, leaving water as the dominant surface species. Further annealing to >170 K leads to massive water and NaOH desorption, as indicated by TPD. After desorption of all multilayer components the species stabilized at the surface is primarily hydrated NaOH, which is stable up to 530 K.
- Guenster,Krischok,Stultz,Goodman
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- Heterogeneous reaction of HOI with sodium halide salts
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The interaction of gaseous HOI with crystalline grains of NaCl and sea-salt and thin films of NaBr crystals has been studied in a wall coated tubular flow reactor coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer over a concentration range (0.2-8) × 1012 molecules cm-3 at 278 and 298 K. On a fresh surface, the uptake coefficients determined were independent of temperature with γ = 0.034 ± 0.009, γ = 0.016 ± 0.004, and γ = 0.061 ± 0.021 for NaBr, NaCl, and sea-salt, respectively. No increase in reactivity was observed on addition of water vapor between 0 and 23% relative humidity at 278 K. It was also shown that the reactivity of the salt surface decreased with time of exposure to HOI and that steady-state uptake was slower on aged salt surfaces. Products of the reactions released into the gas phase were IBr, ICl, and IBr + ICl for the reaction of HOI on NaBr, NaCl, and sea-salt surfaces, respectively. The atmospheric implications of the results obtained are briefly discussed.
- Moessinger, Juliane C.,Cox, R. Anthony
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- Synthesis, crystal structure, and reactivity of Na5[CuO2](OH)2
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Na5[CuO2](OH)2 has been obtained as orange single crystals from mixtures of NaOH, Na2U and Cu2U in sealed Ag containers. The crystal structure has been refined from X-ray diffraction data (IPDS data, Pnma, Z = 4, a = 607.4(1) pm, b = 891.2(1) pm, c = 1201.0(2) pm, R1 = 0.03). The characteristic unit is the bent [CuO2]3- complex (Z(O-Cu-O) = 170°). The reactivity of Na5[CuO2](OH)2 has been studied by DSC and in situ X-ray diffraction techniques. IR spectroscopy has been used for further characterization. The Madelung Part of the Lattice Energy (MAPLE) has been calculated as well. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, D-69451 Weinheim, 2001.
- Amann, Peter,Moeller, Angela
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- Nonasodium bis(hexahydroxoaluminate) trihydroxide hexahydrate (Na9[Al(OH)6]2(OH)3 · 6 H2O) - Crystal structure, NMR Spectroscopy and thermal behaviour
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The crystal structure of the nonasodium bis(hexahydroxoaluminate) trihydroxide hexahydrate Na9[Al(OH)6]2(OH)3·6 H2O (4.5 Na2O·Al2O3·13.5 H2O) (up to now described as 3 Na2O·Al2O3·6 H2O, 4 Na2O·Al2O3· 13 H2O and [3 Na2O·Al2O3·6 H2O][x NaOH·y H2O], respectively) was solved. The X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis (triclinic, space group P1, a = 8.694(1) A, b = 11.344(2) A, c = 11.636(3) A, α = 74.29(2)°, β = 87.43(2)°, γ = 70.66(2)°, Z = 2) results in a structure, consisting of monomeric [Al(OH)6]3- aluminate anions, which are connected by NaO6 octahedra groups. Furthermore the structure contains both, two hydroxide anions only surrounded by water of crystallization and OH groups of [Al(OH)6]3- aluminate anions and a hydroxide anion involved in three NaO6 coordination octahedra directly and moreover connected with a water molecule by hydrogen bonding. The results of 27Al and 23Na-MAS-NMR investigations, the thermal behaviour of the compound and possible relations between the crystal structure and the conditions of coordination in the corresponding sodium aluminate solution are discussed as well. Johann Ambrosius Barth 1996.
- Weinberger,Schneider,Zabel,Mueller,Gessner
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- Heterogeneous kinetics of the uptake of HOBr on solid alkali metal halides at ambient temperature
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The heterogeneous reactions of HOBr with solid crystalline NaCl [HOBr(g) + NaCl(s) → BrCl(g) + NaOH-(s)] and KBr [HOBr(g) + KBr(s) → Br2(g) + KOH(s)] substrates at ambient temperature have been investigated using a Teflon coated Knudsen cell reactor. Powder, grain, and spray-deposited salt substrates were used for the measurement of the HOBr reactivity. The observed uptake probability depends on the total external surface area of the salt substrates. For NaCl substrates, Br2 and BrCl are observed as products; for KBr substrates, Br2 is observed as the sole product. In both cases, a dependence of the initial uptake probability γ0 on HOBr flow rate has been observed. The initial uptake is large at low flow rate and 10 times smaller at high flow rate. Values of γ0 ≤ (6.5 ± 2.5) × 10-3 for NaCl and γ0 ≤ 0.18 ± 0.04 for KBr are obtained under our experimental conditions of limiting low flow rates akin to atmospheric conditions. The production of Br2 is observed even for HOBr interacting on solid NaNO3, a non-halogen containing substrate. The yield measurements imply that a HOBr self-reaction occurs on salt surfaces according to 2HOBr → Br2 + H2O + 1/2O2. The decrease in Br2 yield with increasing HOBr flow rate from 100 to 50% indicates that a competition between the heterogeneous reaction of HOBr with NaCl or KBr and the self-reaction of HOBr takes place on the solid salt surface under laboratory experimental conditions. The decrease of γ0 with time indicates that approximately 5-10% of the Br atoms on a KBr surface interact with HOBr.
- Mochida,Akimoto,Van Den Bergh,Rossi
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- Carbon dioxide as a pH-switch anti-solvent for biomass fractionation and pre-treatment with aqueous hydroxide solutions
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Rice husks (or rice hulls) pre-treated with aqueous potassium hydroxide solutions showed excellent glucose yields during enzymatic saccharification. CO2 addition to the hydroxide solutions precipitated the dissolved rice husk silica as a nanoporous powder, while Ca(OH)2 addition regenerated the hydroxide solution and precipitated the dissolved lignin. Fractionation of the biomass was thus achieved using CO2 addition as a reversible pH-switch, and the hydroxide could be repeatedly recycled while maintaining biomass pre-treatment and fractionation efficacy.
- To, Trang Quynh,Kenny, Ceire,Cheong, Soshan,Aldous, Leigh
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- HYDROLYSIS OF MOLTEN ALKALI CHLORIDES, BROMIDES AND IODIDES.
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An electrochemical technique has been developed for studying equilibrium of the hydrolytic reactions of molten alkali chlorides, bromides, and iodides with exception of lithium salts. It consists of measuring the emf of the cells with gaseous electrodes. The equilibrium hydrolytic constant has been determined as a function of temperature. Expressions are obtained for its temperature dependence, this increases as temperature rises and the ionic potential of alkali cations decreases in the series from Na** plus to Cs** plus . Other things being equal, the hydrolysability of molten alkali halides diminishes in going from chlorides to iodides. The solutions of MOH in molten MX are shown to be close to a perfect mixture.
- Smirnov, M. V.,Korzun, I. V.,Oleynikova, V. A.
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- Kinetics of HOBr uptake on NaBr and NaCl surfaces at varying relative humidity
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The uptake kinetics of HOBr on NaBr and NaCl particle-film surfaces has been studied in a flow reactor coupled with a differentially pumped quadrupole mass spectrometer. Spray-deposited and aerosol-deposited salt-particle films were used for the measurement of HOBr reactivity. A rapid gas-surface reaction was observed on the NaBr surface at 250 K, and the initial uptake coefficient ?3w was determined to be 0.029 ?± 0.004 and 0.021 ?± 0.004 at relative humidities (RH) of 0.5 and 12.2%, respectively. ?3w is lower at 260 K. For the reaction on NaCl particle surfaces, ?3w decreases slightly from 2.0 ?± 0.3 ?? 10-3 to 8.1 ?± 1.3 ?? 10-4 at 250 K as RH increases from 1.5 to 18.2%. The results are interpreted in terms of the mechanism HOBr(ad) + NaX(s) a?? BrX + NaOH(s), which involves the adsorption of HOBr on the surface, with the reactions occurring mainly on a NaX surface domain without water coverage at low RH. The surface morphology of the particle films was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the tortuosity factor, ??, of the NaCl particle film was determined to be 2.18.?3w was corrected for internal surface effects to provide true uptake coefficients ?3t. Typical ?3t values for HOBr on NaBr and NaCl at 250 K and RH of 10% are 2.5 ?? 10-3 and 5 ?? 10-5, respectively. Calculations suggest that the HOBr heterogeneous activation on NaBr may be competitive, if surface regeneration occurs.
- Chu, Liang T.,Diao, Guowang,Chu, Liang
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- Hydrolysis of vanadocene dichloride: A revisit
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A key hydrolysis product of vanadocene dichloride was isolated and structurally characterized. The oligomeric character of the species precludes its detection by classical EPR spectroscopic tools. A detailed study of the with high purity reagents disproves appearance of Cp2V(OH)2, which was postulated previously based on mechanistic approach.
- Honzí?ek, Jan,R??i?ková, Zdeňka,Vinklárek, Jaromír
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- Low temperature chemical reduction of fusional sodium metasilicate nonahydrate into a honeycomb porous silicon nanostructure
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Honeycomb porous silicon (hp-Si) has been synthesized by a low temperature (200 °C) magnesiothermic reduction of Na2SiO3· 9H2O. This process can be regarded as a general synthesis method for other silicide materials. Significantly, hp-Si features excellent electrochemical properties after graphene coating. the Partner Organisations 2014.
- Liang, Jianwen,Wei, Denghu,Lin, Ning,Zhu, Youngchun,Li, Xiaona,Zhang, Jingjing,Fan, Long,Qian, Yitai
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- The structure of Fe(iii) ions in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions from EXAFS and Moessbauer spectroscopy
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To establish the structure of ferric ions in strongly alkaline (pH > 13) environments, aqueous NaOH solutions supersaturated with respect to Fe(iii) and the solid ferric-hydroxo complex salts precipitating from them have been characterized with a variety of experimental techniques. From UV measurements, in solutions of pH > 13, only one kind of Fe(iii)-hydroxo complex species was found to be present. The micro crystals obtained from such solutions were proven to be a new, so far unidentified solid phase. Moessbauer spectra of the quick-frozen solution and that of the complex salt indicated a highly symmetrical ferric environment in both systems From the EXAFS and XANES spectra, the environment of the ferric ion in these solutions (both native and quick-frozen) and in the complex salt was found to be different. In the complex salt, the bond lengths are consistent with an octahedral coordination around the ferric centres. In solution, the coordination geometry of Fe(iii) is most probably tetrahedral. Our results demonstrate that in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions, ferric ions behave very similarly to other structurally related tervalent ions, like Al(iii) or Ga(iii).
- Sipos, Pal,Zeller, Dalma,Kuzmann, Erno,Vertes, Attila,Homonnay, Zoltan,Walczak, Monika,Canton, Sophie E.
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- Plasma-assisted synthesis and properties of Na3N
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Dark-blue sodium nitride, Na3N, was prepared by the reaction of metallic sodium or liquid Na-K alloy with plasma-activated nitrogen at low pressure. The compound crystallizes in the cubic anti-ReO3-type structure (space group Pm3m with a = 4.73301(6) A and Z = 1) according to powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Na3N decomposes above 104°C into the elements, with ΔHf estimated at +64(2) kJ/mol.
- Vajenine, Grigori V.
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- DUAL BIOCIDE GENERATOR
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Methods and apparatus for generation of dual biocides are provided. The electrolytic generation of chlorine as a biocide is employed for further generation of additional biocides within a single system or generator, including bromine, iodine, chlorine dioxide, fluorine, or chloramines from their respective salts and/or precursors. A single on-site generating system produces a combination of biocides for applications of use providing cost, safety and efficacy improvements. Methods of using the disinfecting biocides provide a synergistic effect through simultaneous or sequential applications.
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Paragraph 0096; 0097; 0098; 0099
(2016/02/21)
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- PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A LACTIC ACID-AMINE COMPLEX
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A process for the production of a complex of lactic acid and either ammonia or an amine, comprising: a) reacting a stream rich in saccharide with sodium hydroxide to produce a reaction mixture comprising sodium lactate; b) contacting at least a portion of the reaction mixture with ammonia or an amine and with carbon dioxide, or with the carbonate and/or bicarbonate salt of ammonia or an amine, to produce sodium carbonate and/or bicarbonate and a stream rich in said complex; c) reacting at least a portion of the sodium carbonate and/or bicarbonate with an alkaline earth metal hydroxide to produce sodium hydroxide and alkaline earth metal carbonate, wherein the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of calcium and magnesium; and d) recycling at least a portion of the sodium hydroxide produced in step c) to step a).
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(2015/11/03)
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- LACTATE PRODUCTION PROCESS
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A process for producing lactic acid is provided. The process comprises (a) reacting a stream rich in saccharide with sodium hydroxide in the presence of water to produce a reaction mixture comprising sodium lactate; (b) reacting at least a portion of the sodium lactate with HCl to produce lactic acid and sodium chloride; (c) converting at least a portion of the sodium chloride to chlorine and sodium hydroxide; and (d) recycling at least a portion of the sodium hydroxide produced in step (c) to step (a). Also provided are processes for the production of alkyl lactate, oligomeric lactic acid, lactide, alkyl lactyllactate, poly-lactic acid, propylene glycol and acrylic acid.
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(2015/03/28)
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- PROCESS FOR PRODUCING LACTATE
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A process for producing an alkali metal lactate comprising: a) reacting a stream rich in saccharide with barium hydroxide to produce a first reaction mixture comprising barium lactate; and b) contacting at least a portion of said first reaction mixture with an alkali metal hydroxide to produce a second reaction mixture comprising alkali metal lactate and solid barium hydroxide, wherein the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of sodium, lithium and potassium.
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(2015/11/17)
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- A highly sensitive luminescent lectin sensor based on an α-d-mannose substituted Tb3+ antenna complex
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Lectin-carbohydrate interactions are the basis of many biological processes and essentially they constitute the language through which intercellular communications are codified. Thus they represent powerful tools in the examination and interpretation of changes that occur on cell surfaces during both physiological and, more importantly, pathological events. The development of optical techniques that exploit the unique properties of luminescent lanthanoid metal complexes in the investigation of lectin-carbohydrate recognition can foster research in the field of ratiometric biosensing and disease detection. Here we report the synthesis of a Tb3+-DO3A complex (Tb?1) bearing an α-d-mannose residue and the related study of binding affinity with concanavalin A (Con A) labeled with rhodamine-B- isothiocyanate (RITC-Con A). Luminescence spectroscopy and dynamic studies show changes in emission spectra that can be ascribed to a luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) from Tb?1 (donor) to RITC-Con A (acceptor). The binding constant value between the two species was found to be one order of magnitude larger than those previously reported for similar types of recognition. To the best of our knowledge this is the first example of the use of a pre-organized luminescent lanthanoid complex in the study of carbohydrate-protein interactions by LRET. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.
- Martín Rodríguez, Emma,Bogdan, Nicoleta,Capobianco, John A.,Orlandi, Simonetta,Cavazzini, Marco,Scalera, Chiara,Quici, Silvio
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p. 9453 - 9461
(2013/08/23)
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- COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HYDRIDO-TRICYANO-BORATE ANIONS
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The present invention relates to compounds containing hydrido-tricya-borate anions, their preparation and their use, in particular as part of electrolyte formulations for electrochemical or optoelectronic devices.
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(2013/02/28)
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- TLE3 AS A MARKER FOR CHEMOTHERAPY
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Methods of using TLE3 as a marker for predicting the likelihood that a patient's cancer will respond to chemotherapy. Methods of using TLE3 as a marker for selecting a chemotherapy for a cancer.
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- Polymer-incarcerated gold-palladium nanoclusters with boron on carbon: A mild and efficient catalyst for the sequential aerobic oxidation-Michael addition of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to allylic alcohols
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We have developed a polymer-incarcerated bimetallic Au-Pd nanocluster and boron as a catalyst for the sequential oxidation-addition reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols. The desired tandem reaction products were obtained in good to excellent yields under mild conditions with broad substrate scope. In the course of our studies, we discovered that the excess reducing agent, sodium borohydride, reacts with the polymer backbone to generate an immobilized tetravalent boron catalyst for the Michael reaction. In addition, we found bimetallic Au-Pd nanoclusters to be particularly effective for the aerobic oxidation of allylic alcohols under base- and water-free conditions. The ability to conduct the reaction under relatively neutral and anhydrous conditions proved to be key in maintaining good catalyst activity during recovery and reuse of the catalyst. Structural characterization (STEM, EDS, SEM, and N2 absorption/desorption isotherm) of the newly prepared PI/CB-Au/Pd/B was performed and compared to PI/CB-Au/Pd. We found that while boron was important for the Michael addition reaction, it was found to alter the structural profile of the polymer-carbon black composite material to negatively affect the allylic oxidation reaction.
- Yoo, Woo-Jin,Miyamura, Hiroyuki,Kobayashi, Shu
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p. 3095 - 3103
(2011/04/25)
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- UREA INHIBITORS OF MAP KINASES
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Urea containing compounds that inhibit MAP kinases, pharmaceutical compositions including such compounds and methods for using these compounds to treat inflammatory diseases and cancer are described herein.
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(2010/03/04)
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- N'--3-AMINO-3-PHENYLPROPEONIC ACID AND THE PHARMACEUTICALLY ACCEPTABLE DERIVATIVES THEREOF, A METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION AND THE USE THEREOF IN THE FORM OF A MEDICINAL AGENT
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The invention relates to the field of organic chemistry and medicine, in particular to virology. More specifically the invention relates to a novel chemical compound N′-{N-[3-oxo-lupan-28-oyl]-9-aminononanoyl}-3-amino-3-phenylpropionic acid of formula 1 and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrug forms thereof exhibiting an anti-viral (anti-HIV) and immunostimulating activity. A method for producing the compound of formula 1 and the use thereof for the manufacture of a medicinal agent exhibiting an anti-viral (anti-HIV) and immunostimulating activity is also disclosed.
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(2010/04/30)
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- Standard enthalpies of formation of Li, Na, K, and Cs thiolates
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The standard enthalpies of formation of alkaline metals thiolates in the crystalline state were determined by reaction-solution calorimetry. The obtained results at 298.15 K were as follows: δfH°m(MSR, cr)/kJ mol-1 = -259.0 ± 1.6 (LiSC2H5), -199.9 ± 1.8 (NaSC2H5), -254.9 ± 2.4 (NaSC4H9), -240.6 ± 1.9 (KSC2H 5), -235.8 ± 2.0 (CsSC2H5). These results where compared with the literature values for the corresponding alkoxides and together with values for δfH° m(MSR, cr) were used to derive a consistent set of lattice energies for MSR compounds based on the Kapustinskii equation. This allows the estimation of the enthalpy of formation for some non-measured thiolates.
- Leal, Joao P.
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experimental part
p. 441 - 446
(2010/08/04)
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- Complex formation in systems cobalt(II)-glycine-beta-lactam antibiotics
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Complex formation in solutions containing cations Co2+, glycine anions (Gly), and β-lactam antibiotics-ampicillin (Amp), amoxicillin (Axn), and cefalexin (Cpx)-has been investigated using pH-metric titration at 20°C and ionic force strength of 0.1 (KNO3). In a weakly alkaline medium, mixed-ligand complexes [CoGlyAmp], [CoGlyAxn], and [CoGlyCpx], which are in equilibrium with [CoGly]+ complexes, are formed in the systems. The formation constants of complexes have been determined. The distribution diagrams of complex cobalt(II) species depending on pH have been constructed.
- Alekseev,Samuilova
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p. 327 - 329
(2008/10/09)
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- ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE
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The present invention is directed to compounds of formula I, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, and methods for making and using the inventive compounds.
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(2008/12/07)
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- Reagents and methods for use in cancer diagnosis, classification and therapy
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Methods and reagents for classifying tumors and for identifying new tumor classes and subclasses. Methods for correlating tumor class or subclass with therapeutic regimen or outcome, for identifying appropriate (new or known) therapies for particular classes or subclasses, and for predicting outcomes based on class or subclass. New therapeutic agents and methods for the treatment of cancer.
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- METHOD FOR PRODUCING DEUTERATED METHYL METHACRYLATE
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A method for producing MMA-d8 which includes a step of exchanging D in hydroxyl group of methanol-d4 represented by the formula: CD3OD with H to prepare the methanol-d3 represented by the formula CD3OH and simultaneously recovering a deuterium-containing compound, and a step of reacting methanol-d3 with sulfuric acid salt of methacrylic acid amide represented by the formula CD2=(CD3)CO(NH2·H2SO4) to prepare MMA-d8 represented by the formula: CD2=(CD3)COOCD3.
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(2008/06/13)
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- Biopolar trans carotenoid salts and their uses
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The invention relates to trans carotenoid salt compounds, methods for making them, methods for solubilizing them and uses thereof. These compounds are useful in improving diffusivity of oxygen between red blood cells and body tissues in mammals including humans.
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- Basal cell markers in breast cancer and uses thereof
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The invention provides a variety of reagents for use in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer. The invention utilizes cDNA microarray technology to identify genes whose expression profile across a large group of tumor samples correlates with that of cytokeratin 5 and cytokeratin 17, markers for basal cells of the normal mammary lactation gland. The invention demonstrates that tumors that express cytokeratin 5/6 and/or 17 have a poor prognosis relative to tumors overall. The invention provides basal marker genes and their expression products and uses of these genes for diagnosis of breast cancer and for identification of therapies for breast cancer. In particular, the invention provides basal marker genes including cadherin3, matrix metalloproteinase 14, and cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2. The invention provides antibodies to the polypeptides expressed by these genes and methods of use thereof.
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- Emollient
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The present invention is a compound containing a cactus extract, which moistens the skin when the skin is exposed to radiation, such as during radiation treatment, sunburn or other types of burns.
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- New treatment method for dilute hydrochloric acid using magnesium-aluminum oxide
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Magnesium-aluminum oxide (Mg-Al oxide) was shown to be superior to CO32- intercalated hydrotalcite (CO3-HT) for removing dilute hydrochloric acid. Cl- in a 0.5 M HCl solution could be quantitatively removed by adding 1.75-times the stoichiometric quantity of Mg0.70Al0.20O at 60 °C for 1 h. The solution after the reaction was weakly alkaline. This reaction could be adequately described as being first order for the HCl concentration, and the apparent activation energy was 49.3 kJ mol-1. The amount of Cl- removal per 1 g of Mg-Al oxide in the first use was 3.08 meq at a Mg/Al molar ratio of 2.0 and 2.89 meq at a ratio of 3.5.
- Kameda, Tomohito,Yoshioka, Toshiaki,Uchida, Miho,Miyano, Yoshinori,Okuwaki, Akitsugu
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p. 595 - 599
(2007/10/03)
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- Reactions of sodium-potassium alloys with inert gas impurities - Potential hazards after oxidation
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A bibliographical study of the reactions of NaK alloys with their oxides did not explain the related accidents that have occurred in the past, particularly those involving the handling of bubblers installed to remove traces of oxygen and water vapor from blanket gases of LMFR (liquid metal fast reactors). Moreover, it revealed a controversy with respect to the explosive hazard of the NaK alloys + KO2 reaction. A thermodynamic study of the reaction of a NaK alloy with oxygen as well as experimental work on mixtures containing NaK and different oxides (KO2, Na2O, Na2O2) led to the conclusion that violent reactions occurring at ambient temperature, were always linked to the presence of hydrated superoxides or hydroxides. On contact with NaK alloys, these hydrated compounds lead to the formation of hydrogen with a release of heat causing the decomposition of potassium superoxide KO2 and the simultaneous release of oxygen. The oxidation of liquid NaK alloy, by bubbling a mixture of argon and air containing traces of water vapor (H2O 2, besides the hydrated compounds Na2O2·2H2O, NaOH·H2O and KOH·H2O. The gas follows preferential paths and the product obtained is highly heterogeneous in both composition and hardness (porous parts and dense parts). Hydrated superoxide and hydroxides treated under vacuum result in nearly quantitative dehydration after heating at 100 °C. For storage elements or safety valves, containing NaK that has been submitted to slow surface oxidation and hydration, the oxidized layer contains KO2, Na2O2·nH2O and hydrated hydroxides of sodium and potassium. In order to avoid any hazard due to the contact of the oxides with the residual NaK alloy during transport or under impact, it is necessary to freeze the alloy and to reheat it very slowly. Operations such as draining should also be performed slowly, after having calibrated the tanks (temperature and pressure). Therefore the use of NaK liquid alloy to purify gases is questionable; as preferential paths are established, it remains impossible to predict the period of efficiency of a bubbler. Moreover, the NaK alloy does not chemically transform all traces of water vapor; because some remains present in the form of hydrated products, leading to the formation of wastes with a potential hazard during storage or destruction. In our opinion, this method of purification should be abandoned.
- Desreumaux, Jacqueline,Calais, Marielle,Adriano, Rene?,Trambaud, Serge,Kappenstein, Charles,Nguefack, Marcel
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p. 2031 - 2045
(2007/10/03)
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- Preparation of acid and alkali from sodium chloride of varied concentration in four-chamber electrodialyzer with bipolar membranes
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Conversion of sodium chloride was studied in electrodialysis apparatus with bipolar membranes, operating by four-chamber scheme with and without solution flow in concentration circuits.
- Bobrinskaya,Bobreshova
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p. 241 - 244
(2007/10/03)
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- Spectroscopy of hydrothermal reactions. 10. Evidence of wall effects in decarboxylation kinetics of 1.00 m HCO2X (X = H, Na) at 280-330 °C and 275 bar
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Decomposition kinetics of 1.00 m formic acid and sodium formate to form CO2 (and H2) were probed under hydrothermal conditions of 280-330 °C and 275 bar. Flow reactor spectroscopy cells constructed from different metals (316 stainless steel, 90/10 Pt/Ir alloy, and grade 2 Ti) with diamond and sapphire windows were used to determine the rate of formation of CO2 in situ by IR spectroscopy. A single fluid phase was maintained. CO2 was produced at different rates depending on the metal and, in the case of 316 stainless steel, with a lot-dependent, concentration-time profile. The values of Ea = 87-121 kJ/mol resemble those previously reported for surface- and H2O-catalyzed decarboxylation of formic acid. Much higher Ea values are reported for unimolecular decomposition. Sodium formate decarboxylates more slowly than formic acid. In contrast to formic acid, the rate of decarboxylation of malonic acid in all of the cells is the same within error, which is consistent with a homogeneous unimolecular reaction.
- Maiella,Brill
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p. 5886 - 5891
(2007/10/03)
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- Spontaneous Crystallization of Quartz in Alkaline Solutions under Hydrothermal Conditions
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Experimental data on the solubility of quartz under hydrothermal conditions are used to follow the evolution of the composition of silicate species in true alkaline solutions, resulting in the formation of tetramers. The origin of the high stability of silica toward supersaturation in aqueous NaOH solutions is elucidated. Spatial differentiation of chemical species in aqueous Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 solutions under thermal-gradient conditions is considered, and the mechanism of spontaneous quartz crystallization is proposed.
- Rumyantsev
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p. 144 - 148
(2008/10/08)
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- About crystalline sodium hydroxogallates
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Two crystalline sodium hydroxogallates 4,5Na2O · Ga2O3 · 13,5 H2O (I) and 5 Na2O · Ga2O3 · 8 H2O (II), as well as a crystalline phase of the composition Na2O · Ga2O3 · 4 H2O · 2NaCl (III) are described. (I) crystallizes from sodium gallate solutions in a wide concentration field; from the X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis [1] results a three dimensional network structure, consisting of monomeric [Ga(OH)6]3- anions connected by NaO6 octahedra groups. Furthermore the structure contains water of crystallization and further hydroxide ions. (I) has to be formulated as nonasodium bis(hexahydroxogallate) trihydroxide hexahydrate Na9[Ga(OH)6]2(OH)3 · 6H2O; it is isotypic with the corresponding sodium hydroxoaluminate [2, 3]. 5 Na2O · Ga2O3 · 8 H2O (II) was obtained from (I) in presence of sodium hydroxide by dehydration over P4O10 in an inert atmosphere (N2) at room temperature. (II) crystallizes tetragonally and is isotypic with Na10[Al(OH)6]2(OH)4 [4]. Accordingly it could be described as a decasodium bis(hexahydroxogallate) tetrahydroxide, Na10[Ga(OH)6]2(OH)4. Na2O · Ga2O3 · 4H2O · 2NaCl (III) was obtained by addition of sodium chloride to sodium gallate solutions. (III) crystallizes also tetragonally and is isotypic with (Na2[Al(OH)4]Cl [5]. Correspondingly, it has to be formulated as disodium tetrahydroxogallate chloride Na2[Ga(OH)4]Cl. The results of 71Ga and 23Na MAS NMR investigations of the compounds (I) to (III) and their thermal behaviour are discussed.
- Loeper,Ge?ner,Müller,Schneider
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p. 1483 - 1488
(2008/10/09)
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- Reaction of azides with dioxygenyl salts: Is dioxygenyl azide existent?
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The reactivity of sodium azide, activated sodium azide and hydrazinium azide towards various dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate and dioxygenyl hexafluoroantimonate salts was studied both at low temperature in SO2 solution and in the solid state. Under no circumstances the formation of dioxygenyl azide, O2N3, could be observed. This is in agreement with high level quantumchemical ab initio computations at correlated level (MP2, PMP2, CISD), predicting the decomposition of hypothetical O2+(g) / N3-(g) to be thermodynamically highly favourable (MP2: -326; PMP2: -328; CISD: -369 kcal mol-1). Moreover, no true minimum for covalently bound dioxygenyl azide was found at any level of theory applied. The combustion of O2BF4 with either N2H5N3 (spontaneous reaction on contact in a coaxial solid-propellant system) or NaN3 (safe to handle, highly exothermic reaction after ignition) is discussed in terms of high energetic materials. Gauthier-Villars.
- Holfter,Klapoetke,Schulz
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p. 855 - 864
(2008/10/08)
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- Na7I2(OH)5: A Hydroxide Iodide in the System NaOH/NaI
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The pseudobinary system NaOH/NaI is investigated by X-ray methods. The crystal structure of the compound Na7I2(OH)5 was solved by single crystaldata: Na7I2(OH)5: P4/NMM, Z=2, a=7.748(2) A, c=10.260(3) A, Z(F0)=443 w ith (F0)^2>=3σ(F0)^2, Z(parameter)=28, R/Rw=0.044/0.059. Na7I2(OH)5 crystallizes in a new type of structure which contains puckered layersof (2).infin.[Na7(OH)5(2+)] connected via iodide ions.
- Barlage, H.,Jacobs, H.
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- Na5Br(OH)4: Synthesis and Structure of a Compound in the System NaOH/NaBr
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The pseudobinary system NaOH/NaBr is investigated by X-ray methods. The structure of the compound Na5Br(OH)4 was solved by single crystal data: Na5Br(OH)4: PNMA, Z=8, a=11.846(2) A, b=18.782(4) A, c=6.431(1) A, Z(F0)=1202 with (F0)^2>=3σ(F0)^2, Z(parameter)=100, R/Rw=0.030/0.035. The compound crystallizes in a new type of structure. Pairs of octahedra around O by 5 Na and 1 H to [Na5(OH)]2 are orientated in such a way to one another that two ions OH(1-) form a parallelogram hinting to unusual bent hydrogen bridge bonding.
- Barlage, H.,Jacobs, H.
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- Mass Spectrometric Searches for Gaseous Sodium Carbonates
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In connection with modeling of the chemistry of meteor-deposited sodium in the upper atmosphere, we have examined the mass spectra of severeal sodium-containing effusion sources for the evidence of gaseous NaHCO3, Na2CO3, or any other Na-C-O-H species.Alt
- Hildenbrand, D. L.,Lau, K. H.
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p. 8972 - 8975
(2007/10/02)
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- 3-hydroxy-3-(2-methyl-5-pyridyl)-propionic acid alkyl esters
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3-Hydroxy-3-(2-methyl-5-pyridyl)-propionic acid alkyl esters which, as intermediate products that can be industrially produced in a simple manner, can be used for the production of 2-methylpyridine-5-propionic acid alkyl ester.
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- Depilating composition and method
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A composition for removing hair from full hair whole carcasses, skins, hides and pelts comprising: ______________________________________ Approx. Wt. (%)______________________________________Water 78.00-94.00Sodium Hydroxide 2.00-6.00Sodium Gluconate 0.10-0.50Trisodium Phosphate 1.00-3.00Triethanolamine Lauryl Sulfate 0.50-2.00Cocodiethanolamide 0.05-0.10Sodium Metasilicate 0.50-0.20Sodium Thioglycolate 0.45-5.00Triethonolamine Dodecyl Benzene 0.50-1.50SulfonateCalcium Hydroxide 1.00-4.00______________________________________
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- The chemical kinetics and thermodynamics of sodium species in oxygen-rich hydrogen flames
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Measurements of sodium and OH concentrations in ten oxygen-rich H2/O2/N2 tlames by respective saturated and low-power laser-induced fluorescence techniques have led to a much improved understanding of the complex flame chemistry of sodium in such oxygen-rich media.Previous interpretations have been shown to be largely incomplete or infiniten error.The one-dimensional tlame downstream profiles indicate that the amount of free sodium approximately tracks the decay of H atom and as the tlame radicals decay sodium becomes increasingly bound in a molecular form.A detailed kinetic model indicates that the sodium is distributed between NaOH, which is dominant, and NaO2.Concentrations of NaO are very small and NaH negligible.The actual distribution is controlled by the temperature, the oxygen concentration, and the degree of nonequilibration of the flames' basic free radicals.Na, NaO, NaO2, and NaOH are all coupled to one another by fast reactions which can rapidly interconvert one to another as tlame conditions vary.NaOz plays an indispensable role in providing alternate efficient channels by which NaOH can be produced.Its contribution becomes increasingly important at lower temperatures where the tlux through the NaO2 intermediate becomes dominant over that for the direct reaction between Na and H2O.As a consequence, the ratio of NaOH to Na can become enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude at lower temperatures over what might have been expected from the Na + H2O direct reaction alone.The dissociation energy is established to be 39 +/- 5 kcal mol-1 and the value of the rate constant for the Na + O2 + M reaction of 2 X l0-28 T-1 cm6 molecule-2 s-1 for the tlame gases.The sodium distribution within the highest temperature, low-O2 flame, in which NaOH is dominant and equilibrated, supports a value of (Na-OH) of 78.9 +/- 2 kcal mol-1.The rate constants for several reactions of Na, NaOH, NaO2, and NaO with flame species have been established approximately.An analysis of the total kinetic scheme shows that the chemical fluxes are carried predominantly by four reactions only.These considered alone, reproduce the data surprisingly well.An analysis of the implications of the corresponding large rate constants for the termolecular reaction of the other alkali metals with oxygen saggests that these will undoubtedly show to varying degrees similar behavior to sodium.Values for the bond dissociation energies of the other alkali dioxides are discussed.It appears that in practical combustion systems, even at low temperatures, the conversion of alkali metals to the corresponding hydroxide will not be kinetically constrained and its concentration will be at or in excess of the expected equilibrium value.
- Hynes, A. J.,Steinberg, M.,Schofield, K.
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p. 2585 - 2597
(2007/10/02)
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- MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND NITRIC ACID FROM THERMOCHEMICALLY SPLIT SODIUM NITRATE.
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For the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and nitric acid a new thermochemical process of splitting sodium nitrate has been proposed which consists of (i) splitting of sodium nitrate by iron(III) oxide, (ii) hydrolysis of sodium ferrate, and (iii) absorption of nitrogen dioxide into water. Key reactions (i) and (ii) have experimentally been verified. The overall heat requirement for the process is discussed on the basis of a material and heat flow-sheet of the process constructed.
- Takeuchi
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p. 2238 - 2242
(2007/10/02)
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