- Partially fluorinated alkoxy groups ? Conformational adaptors to changing environments
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Lipophilicities of partially fluorinated n-propyloxy indole derivatives and their rates of oxidative metabolic degradation are presented. Comparison of the lipophilicity data with those of compounds containing the same partially fluorinated propyl groups attached to carbon or nitrogen reveals remarkable similarities and some distinct differences. A further striking difference in lipophilicity pattern is noted between terminally fluorinated n-propyloxy and corresponding methoxy derivatives. The lipophilicity patterns are rationalized in a consistent way by application of a simple rule-of-thumb based on polar-bond vector superposition, taking into account conformational aspects deduced from X-ray crystal structures and quantum chemical calculations. Several of these groups can switch between polar and non-polar conformations of comparable energies and may thus be regarded as potentially effective conformational adaptors to changing chemical environments. All compounds exhibit relatively high rates of metabolic degradation with a moderate correlation between degradation rate and lipophilicity.
- Huchet, Quentin A.,Trapp, Nils,Kuhn, Bernd,Wagner, Bj?rn,Fischer, Holger,Kratochwil, Nicole A.,Carreira, Erick M.,Müller, Klaus
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- The "gatekeeper" Residue Influences the Mode of Binding of Acetyl Indoles to Bromodomains
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Small-molecule hits for the bromodomains of CREBBP and BAZ2B have been identified by scaffold hopping followed by docking of a set of ~200 compounds containing the acetyl indole scaffold. Chemical synthesis of nearly 30 derivatives has resulted in ligands of representatives of three subfamilies of human bromodomains with favorable ligand efficiency. The X-ray crystal structures of three different bromodomains (CREBBP, BAZ2B, and BRPF1b) in complex with acetyl indole derivatives reveal the influence of the gatekeeper residue on the orientation of small-molecule ligands in the acetyl lysine binding site.
- Unzue, Andrea,Zhao, Hongtao,Lolli, Graziano,Dong, Jing,Zhu, Jian,Zechner, Melanie,Dolbois, Aymeric,Caflisch, Amedeo,Nevado, Cristina
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p. 3087 - 3097
(2016/05/19)
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- Synthesis and evaluation of analogues of the partial agonist 6- (propyloxy)-4-(methoxymethyl)-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (6- PBC) and the full agonist 6-(benzyloxy)-4-(methoxymethyl)-β-carboline-3- carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Zk 93423) at wild type and recombinant GABA(A) receptors
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A pharmacophore and an alignment rule have previously been reported for BzR agonist ligands. The design and synthesis of 6-(propyloxy)-4- (methoxymethyl)-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (6-PBC, 24, IC50 = 8.1 nM) was based on this pharmacophore. When evaluated in vivo this ligand exhibited anticonvulsant/anxiolytic activity but was devoid of the muscle relaxant/ataxic effects of 'classical' 1,4-benzodiazepines (i.e., diazepam). Significantly, 6-PBC 24 also reversed diazepam-induced muscle relaxation in mice. The 3-substituted analogues 40-46 and 48 of 6-PBC 24 and Zk 93423 27 (IC50 = 1 nM) were synthesized and evaluated in vitro to determine what affect these modifications would have on the binding affinity at recombinant BzR subtypes. With the exception of the 3-amino ligands 40 and 41, all the β-carbolines were found to exhibit high binding affinity at BzR sites. The 3-propyl ether derivative 45 was also evaluated in vivo and found to be devoid of any proconvulsant or anticonvulsant activity at doses up to 40 mg/kg. The 6-(1-naphthylmethylexy) and 6-octyloxy analogues 25, 26, 28, and 29 of 6-PBC 24 were synthesized to further evaluate the proposed alignment of agonists vs inverse agonists in the pharmacophore of the BzR. In addition, ligands 26 and 29 were designed to probe the dimensions of lipophilic pocket L3 at the agonist site. The activity of 29 was evaluated in vivo; however, this analogue elicited no pharmacological effects at doses up to 80 mg/kg. These and other related β-carbolines were also examined in five recombinant GABA(A) receptor subtypes. Ligands 52-61 all exhibited moderate to high affinity at GABA(A) receptors containing α1 subunits. These ligands will be useful in further defining the pharmacophore at α1β3γ2 receptors.
- Cox, Eric D.,Diaz-Arauzo, Hernando,Huang, Qi,Reddy, Mundla S.,Ma, Chunrong,Harris, Brad,McKernan, Ruth,Skolnick, Phil,Cook, James M.
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p. 2537 - 2552
(2007/10/03)
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- Tryptamine analogues, their synthesis and their use as 5-HT1 -like or 5-HT2 receptor agonists
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The present invention relates to known and novel tryptamine analogues, processes and intermediates useful in their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in therapy, in particular for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of dis
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