- A flexible, palladium-catalyzed indole and azaindole synthesis by direct annulation of chloroanilines and chloroaminopyridines with ketones
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The "ringmaster" [Pd(tBu3P)2] serves as the catalyst in the direct synthesis of indoles by annulation of ortho-chloroanilines with ketones (see picture). This versatile method can be used to synthesize a variety of functionalized indoles and azaindoles. DMA = dimethylacetarnide.
- Nazare, Marc,Schneider, Claudia,Lindenschmidt, Andreas,Will, David William
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- Design and synthesis of thiadiazolo-carboxamide bridged β-carboline-indole hybrids: DNA intercalative topo-IIα inhibition with promising antiproliferative activity
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The conjoining of salient pharmacophoric properties directing the development of prominent cytotoxic agents was executed by constructing thiadiazolo-carboxamide bridged β-carboline-indole hybrids. On the evaluation of in vitro cytotoxic potential, 12c exhibited prodigious cytotoxicity among the synthesized new molecules 12a–k, with an IC50 50 value of 2.82 ± 0.10 μM. Besides, another compound 12a also displayed impressive cytotoxicity against A549 cell line (IC50: 3.00 ± 1.40 μM). Further target-based assay of these two compounds 12c and 12a revealed their potential as DNA intercalative topoisomerase-IIα inhibitors. Additionally, the antiproliferative activity of compound 12c was measured in A549 cells by traditional apoptosis assays revealing the nuclear, morphological alterations, and depolarization of membrane potential in mitochondria and externalization of phosphatidylserine in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis unveiled the G0/G1 phase inhibition and wound healing assay inferred the inhibition of in vitro cell migration by compound 12c in lung cancer cells. Remarkably, the safety profile of compound 12c was disclosed by screening against normal human lung epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B: IC50: 71.2 ± 7.95 μM) with a selectivity index range of 14.9–25.26. Moreover, Molecular modeling studies affirm the intercalative binding of compound 12c and 12a in the active pocket of topo-IIα. Furthermore, in silico prediction of physico-chemical parameters divulged the propitious drug-like properties of the synthesized derivatives.
- Tokala, Ramya,Sana, Sravani,Lakshmi, Uppu Jaya,Sankarana, Prasanthi,Sigalapalli, Dilep Kumar,Gadewal, Nikhil,Kode, Jyoti,Shankaraiah, Nagula
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- Friedel-Crafts Chemistry. Part 53. Divergent and Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Condensed Indole Scaffolds via Friedel-Crafts Ring Closure Approach
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A series of indole-fused medium-sized N-heterocyclic systems 10a-h were prepared from laboratory-synthesized indole-based esters 9a-h via intramolecular Friedel-Crafts cyclizations induced by both trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and AlCl3/CH
- Abd El-Aal, Hassan A. K.,Khalaf, Ali A.
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p. 276 - 287
(2019/01/30)
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- Intracellular Trapping of the Selective Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase (PHGDH) Inhibitor BI-4924 Disrupts Serine Biosynthesis
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Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is known to be the rate-limiting enzyme in the serine synthesis pathway in humans. It converts glycolysis-derived 3-phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphopyruvate in a co-factor-dependent oxidation reaction. Herein, we report the discovery of BI-4916, a prodrug of the co-factor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH/NAD+)-competitive PHGDH inhibitor BI-4924, which has shown high selectivity against the majority of other dehydrogenase targets. Starting with a fragment-based screening, a subsequent hit optimization using structure-based drug design was conducted to deliver a single-digit nanomolar lead series and to improve potency by 6 orders of magnitude. To this end, an intracellular ester cleavage mechanism of the ester prodrug was utilized to achieve intracellular enrichment of the actual carboxylic acid based drug and thus overcome high cytosolic levels of the competitive cofactors NADH/NAD+
- Arnhof, Heribert,Bader, Gerd,Bruchhaus, Jens,Burkard, Michelle,Ciftci, Tuncay,Dahmann, Georg,Du, Alicia,Ettmayer, Peter,Fett, Thomas N.,Garavel, Géraldine,Gerstberger, Thomas,Haering, Daniela,Harrer, Christoph,Hofbauer, Karin S.,Kessler, Dirk,Kousek, Roland,Li, Dongyang,Li, Yali,Lv, Xiaobing,Martinelli, Paola,Mayer, Moriz,McConnell, Darryl B.,Mischerikow, Nikolai,Mitzner, Sophie,Pearson, Mark,Peric-Simov, Biljana,Quant, Jens,Rinnenthal, Joerg,Rumpel, Klaus,Savarese, Fabio,Scherbantin, Yvonne,Schnitzer, Renate,Scholz, Guido,Schrenk, Andreas,Sharps, Bernadette,Sommergruber, Wolfgang,Treu, Matthias,Weinstabl, Harald,Wolkerstorfer, Bernhard,Zahn, Stephan K.,Zhang, Xuechun,Zoephel, Andreas
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supporting information
(2019/09/06)
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- Asymmetric Nazarov Cyclizations Catalyzed by Chiral-at-Metal Complexes
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The application of Lewis acidic chiral-at-metal complexes of iridium(III) and rhodium(III) as catalysts for the asymmetric polarized Nazarov cyclization of dihydropyran- and indole-functionalized α-unsaturated β-ketoesters is reported (overall 24 examples). For both substrate classes, catalyst loadings of 2 mol% were found to be sufficient for achieving high yields and high stereoselectivities. The cyclized dihydropyran products were isolated in 85–98% yield, with 89%–>99% ee, and trans/cis ratios of 15:1–50:1 (9 examples). The cyclized indole products were typically isolated in more than 70% yield and in up to 93% yield, typically with more than 90% ee and in up to 97% ee, and trans/cis ratios of 12:1–28:1 (15 examples). (Figure presented.).
- Mietke, Thomas,Cruchter, Thomas,Larionov, Vladimir A.,Faber, Tabea,Harms, Klaus,Meggers, Eric
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p. 2093 - 2100
(2018/04/19)
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- A biocatalytic method for the chemoselective aerobic oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids
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Herein, we present a study on the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using three recombinant aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). The ALDHs were used in purified form with a nicotinamide oxidase (NOx), which recycles the catalytic NAD+ at the expense of dioxygen (air at atmospheric pressure). The reaction was studied also with lyophilised whole cell as well as resting cell biocatalysts for more convenient practical application. The optimised biocatalytic oxidation runs in phosphate buffer at pH 8.5 and at 40 °C. From a set of sixty-one aliphatic, aryl-Aliphatic, benzylic, hetero-Aromatic and bicyclic aldehydes, fifty were converted with elevated yield (up to >99%). The exceptions were a few ortho-substituted benzaldehydes, bicyclic heteroaromatic aldehydes and 2-phenylpropanal. In all cases, the expected carboxylic acid was shown to be the only product (>99% chemoselectivity). Other oxidisable functionalities within the same molecule (e.g. hydroxyl, alkene, and heteroaromatic nitrogen or sulphur atoms) remained untouched. The reaction was scaled for the oxidation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (2 g), a bio-based starting material, to afford 5-(hydroxymethyl)furoic acid in 61% isolated yield. The new biocatalytic method avoids the use of toxic or unsafe oxidants, strong acids or bases, or undesired solvents. It shows applicability across a wide range of substrates, and retains perfect chemoselectivity. Alternative oxidisable groups were not converted, and other classical side-reactions (e.g. halogenation of unsaturated functionalities, Dakin-Type oxidation) did not occur. In comparison to other established enzymatic methods such as the use of oxidases (where the concomitant oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes is common), ALDHs offer greatly improved selectivity.
- Knaus, Tanja,Tseliou, Vasilis,Humphreys, Luke D.,Scrutton, Nigel S.,Mutti, Francesco G.
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supporting information
p. 3931 - 3943
(2018/09/11)
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- Synthesis of 3,3-Dihalo-2-oxindoles from 2-Substituted Indoles via Halogenation–Decarboxylation/Desulfonamidation–Oxidation Process
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A novel one-pot reaction which combines halogenation, decarboxylation/desulfonamidation with oxidation has been developed. Diverse valuable 3,3-dihalo-2-oxindole compounds can be produced rapidly and safely with isolated yields of up to 98% under mild conditions. (Figure presented.).
- Jiang, Xiaojian,Zhang, Feng,Yang, Junjie,Yu, Pei,Yi, Peng,Sun, Yewei,Wang, Yuqiang
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supporting information
p. 3938 - 3942
(2016/12/30)
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- Rh(II)-catalyzed intramolecular annulation of N-sulfonyl 1,2,3-triazoles with indole derivatives: A new method for synthesis pyranoindoles
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A direct and highly stereoselective approach for the synthesis of Z-alkenyl-pyranoindoles had been developed by utilizing Rh(II)-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles with indole derivatives. A variety of pyranoindoles were obtained in 44-93% yields. Moreover, a more convenient synthesis of pyranoindoles starting from terminal alkyne was realized via a Cu-Rh sequentially catalyzed one-pot cascade reaction.
- Xie, Hui,Yang, Jian-Xin,Bora, Pranjal Protim,Kang, Qiang
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supporting information
p. 3014 - 3021
(2016/05/19)
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- Visible-Light-Promoted Oxidative [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of Aryl Silyl Enol Ethers
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Visible-light-promoted oxidative [4 + 2] cycloadditions of μ,3-unsaturated silyl enol ethers have been developed to efficiently and diastereoselectively construct polycyclic skeletons under mild conditions. The diastereoselectivities were dependent on the stereoconfiguration of silyl enol ether, substitutions on the link, as well as electric properties of substitutions on aryl rings. The intermediates could be trapped by TEMPO, oxygen or methanol. Mechanistic studies indicated the reaction was initiated by one-electron oxidation of the silyl enol ether.
- Yang, Bo,Lu, Zhan
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p. 7288 - 7300
(2016/08/30)
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- Piperazine analogs of naphthyridine-3-carboxamides and indole-2-carboxamides: Novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonists with antidepressant-like activity
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Series of piperazine analogs of naphthyridine-3-carboxamides and indole-2-carboxamides were designed using a ligand-based approach with consideration of the pharmacophoric requirements for 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. The title carboxamides were synthesized using appropriate synthetic routes. Initially, the 5-HT3 receptor antagonistic activity of all the compounds was determined on isolated guinea pig ileum tissue against the 5-HT3 agonist, 2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, which was denoted in the form of pA2 values. The structure-activity relationship regarding the influence of the aromatic part and basic moiety as features in the 5-HT3 pharmacophore was derived. Among all the compounds screened, the piperazine derivatives of indole-2-carboxamide 13i and naphthyridine-3-carboxamide 8h exhibited prominent 5-HT3 receptor antagonism with pA2 values of 7.5 and 7.3, respectively. Subsequent investigation of the antidepressant activities of selected compounds in the mouse forced swim test (FST) led to the identification of the piperazine analogs of indole-2-carboxamide 13i and naphthyridine-3-carboxamide 8h as the most promising compounds. Both 13i and 8h demonstrated significant reduction in the duration of immobility as compared to the control. Importantly, none of the tested compounds affected the baseline locomotion of mice at the tested dose levels.
- Dhar, Arghya K.,Mahesh, Radhakrishnan,Jindal, Ankur,Bhatt, Shvetank
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- Direct carboxylation of simple arenes with CO2 through a rhodium-catalyzed C-H bond activation
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Direct carboxylation of simple arenes under atmospheric pressure of CO2 is achieved through a rhodium-catalyzed C-H bond activation without the assistance of a directing group. Various arenes such as benzene, toluene, xylene, electron-rich or electron-deficient benzene derivatives, and heteroaromatics are directly carboxylated with high TONs. This journal is
- Suga, Takuya,Mizuno, Hajime,Takaya, Jun,Iwasawa, Nobuharu
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supporting information
p. 14360 - 14363
(2015/02/19)
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- Continuous flow synthesis of ketones from carbon dioxide and organolithium or grignard reagents
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We describe an efficient continuous flow synthesis of ketones from CO 2 and organolithium or Grignard reagents that exhibits significant advantages over conventional batch conditions in suppressing undesired symmetric ketone and tertiary alcohol byproducts. We observed an unprecedented solvent-dependence of the organolithium reactivity, the key factor in governing selectivity during the flow process. A facile, telescoped three-step-one-flow process for the preparation of ketones in a modular fashion through the in-line generation of organometallic reagents is also established.
- Wu, Jie,Yang, Xiaoqing,He, Zhi,Mao, Xianwen,Hatton, T. Alan,Jamison, Timothy F.
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supporting information
p. 8416 - 8420
(2014/08/18)
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- Optimization of novel indole-2-carboxamide inhibitors of neurotropic alphavirus replication
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Neurotropic alphaviruses, which include western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) and Fort Morgan virus, are mosquito-borne pathogens that infect the central nervous system causing acute and potentially fatal encephalitis. We previously reported a novel series of indole-2-carboxamides as alphavirus replication inhibitors, one of which conferred protection against neuroadapted Sindbis virus infection in mice. We describe here further development of this series, resulting in 10-fold improvement in potency in a WEEV replicon assay and up to 40-fold increases in half-lives in mouse liver microsomes. Using a rhodamine123 uptake assay in MDR1-MDCKII cells, we were able to identify structural modifications that markedly reduce recognition by P-glycoprotein, the key efflux transporter at the blood-brain barrier. In a preliminary mouse PK study, we were able to demonstrate that two new analogues could achieve higher and/or longer plasma drug exposures than our previous lead and that one compound achieved measurable drug levels in the brain.
- Sindac, Janice A.,Barraza, Scott J.,Dobry, Craig J.,Xiang, Jianming,Blakely, Pennelope K.,Irani, David N.,Keep, Richard F.,Miller, David J.,Larsen, Scott D.
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p. 9222 - 9241
(2014/01/06)
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- Palladium-catalyzed annulation of allenes with indole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives: Synthesis of Indolo[2,3-c]pyrane-1-ones via Ar-I Reactivity or C-H functionalization
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Two methodologies, one involving Ar-I reactivity and the other through C-H functionalization, for the formation of indolo[2,3-c]pyrane-1-ones via the corresponding allenes, are presented. A highly efficient approach to indolo[2,3-c]pyrane-1-one derivatives through the Pd-catalyzed regioselective annulation of allenes with 3-iodo-1-alkylindole-2-carboxylic acids is described. This method is fairly general for a wide range of allenes affording the respective indolo[2,3-c]pyrane-1-ones in good to excellent yields. In addition, a Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of indole-2-caboxylic acid derivatives with allenes via direct C-H functionalization to afford the corresponding indolo[2,3-c]pyrane-1-ones in moderate to good yields has been developed.
- Suresh, R. Rama,Swamy, K. C. Kumara
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experimental part
p. 6959 - 6969
(2012/09/25)
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- Ramoplanin derivatives possessing antibacterial activity
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Novel ramoplanin derivatives are disclosed. These ramoplanin derivatives exhibit antibacterial activity. As the compounds of the subject invention exhibit potent activities against gram positive bacteria, they are useful antimicrobial agents. Methods of synthesis and of use of the compounds are also disclosed.
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Page/Page column 71
(2010/11/23)
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- Rhodium(I)-catalyzed carboxylation of aryl- and alkenylboronic esters with CO2
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When the esters of arylboronic acids with 2,2-dimethylpropan-1,3-diol were treated with a catalytic amount of [Rh(OH)(cod)]2 in the presence of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane and CsF in dioxane at 60 °C under carbon dioxide atmosphere, the benzoic acid derivatives were obtained in good yields. Reactions of alkenylboronic esters also proceeded under similar conditions to give α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids. As these boronic esters are now easily available through coupling or direct borylation reactions, this method would be a useful method for the preparation of various functionalized aryl- and alkenyl-carboxylic acids. Copyright
- Ukai, Kazutoshi,Aoki, Masao,Takaya, Jun,Iwasawa, Nobuharu
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p. 8706 - 8707
(2007/10/03)
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- A domino amidation route to indolines and indoles: Rapid syntheses of anhydrolycorinone, hippadine, oxoassoanine, and pratosine
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(Chemical Equation Presented) When subjected to palladium-catalyzed amidation conditions, 2-triflyloxy phenethyl carbonates undergo, in addition to the expected aryl cross-coupling, an additional amidation with net displacement of the carbonate. The result is a one-step synthesis of indolines which may be oxidized to indoles. The utility of the procedure is illustrated by the two- or three-step syntheses of anhydrolycorinone, hippadine, oxoassoanine, and pratosine.
- Ganton, Michael D.,Kerr, Michael A.
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p. 4777 - 4779
(2007/10/03)
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- Mild and selective deprotection of carbamates with Bu4NF
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A new mild method allowing the removal of carbamates using TBAF in THF is reported. Reactions were performed on indole, indoline, N-methyl aniline, aniline and tryptamine derivatives. The observed selectivity according to the carbamates or the substrates is discussed. A mechanism is postulated. Graphical Abstract
- Jacquemard, Ulrich,Bénéteau, Valérie,Lefoix, Myriam,Routier, Sylvain,Mérour, Jean-Yves,Coudert, Gérard
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p. 10039 - 10047
(2007/10/03)
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- Design and synthesis of novel indole β-diketo acid derivatives as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors
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Diketo acids such as S-1360 (1A) and L-731,988 (2) are potent and selective inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase (IN). A plethora of diketo acid-containing compounds have been claimed in patent literature without disclosing much biological activities and synthetic details (reviewed in Neamati, N. Exp. Opin. Ther. Pat. 2002, 12, 709-724). To establish a coherent structure - activity relationship among the substituted indole nucleus bearing a β-diketo acid moiety, a series of substituted indole-β-diketo acids (4a-f and 5a-e) were synthesized. All compounds tested showed anti-IN activity at low micromolar concentrations with varied selectivity against the strand transfer process. Three compounds, the indole-3-β-diketo acids 5a and 5c, and the parent ester 9c, have shown an antiviral activity in cell-based assays. We further confirmed a keto-enolic structure in the 2,3-position of the diketo acid moiety of a representative compound (4c) using NMR and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Using this structure as a lead for all of our computational studies, we found that the title compounds extensively interact with the essential amino acids on the active site of IN.
- Sechi, Mario,Derudas, Massimiliano,Dallocchio, Roberto,Dessì, Alessandro,Bacchi, Alessia,Sannia, Luciano,Carta, Fabrizio,Palomba, Michele,Ragab, Omar,Chan, Carney,Shoemaker, Robert,Sei, Shizuko,Dayam, Raveendra,Neamati, Nouri
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p. 5298 - 5310
(2007/10/03)
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- Directed ortho-lithiation of the 2-(N,N-dimethylhydrazinecarbonyl)-1-methylindole. Efficient preparation of tricyclic lactones
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N-Methyl indole-2-hydrazide 1 was lithiated at the 3-position using t-BuLi in the presence of TMEDA in THF. The generated ortho-lithiated intermediate is reacted with a variety of electrophiles to give regioselectively 2,3-disubstituted indoles in good yields. The hydroxyhydrazides were converted to the corresponding lactones after oxidation with MnO2.
- Romero,Pujol
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p. 173 - 178
(2007/10/03)
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- Selective lithiation of 2,3-dibromo-1-methylindole. A synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles
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Indole (1) can be converted to 2,3-dibromo-1-methylindole (3) in two operations (92% yield). Treatment of 3 with tert-butyllithium effects clean monolithiation to 3-bromo-2-lithio-1-methylindole (4), which can be trapped with various electrophiles to afford the 3-bromo-2-substituted indoles (5-8) in 85-99% yield. A second bromine-lithium exchange reaction and quenching with electrophiles yields the 2,3-disubstituted indoles (9-10) in 88-95% yield.
- Liu, Yanbing,Gribble, Gordon W
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p. 7135 - 7137
(2007/10/03)
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- Synthesis and reactivity of substituted 3- ([(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy) 1H-indole-2-carboxylate in palladium- catalyzed reactions
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Palladium-catalysed Suzuki and Stille reactions of substituted 3- indolyltriflate afforded the corresponding 3-substituted indoles. By contrast, the Heck reaction of allyl alcohol with such triflates gave 2- allyloxy-3-oxoindole derivatives rather than th
- Malapel-Andrieu, Beatrice,Merour, Jean-Yves
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p. 11079 - 11094
(2007/10/03)
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- Benzo-fused heterocyclic compounds having a 5-membered ring processes for their preparation their use as medicaments their use as diagnostic agents and medicaments containing them
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Benzo-fused heterocyclic compounds having a 5-membered ring, processes for their preperation, their use as medicaments, their use as diagnostic agents and medicaments containing them. Benzo-fused heterocyclic compounds having a 5-membered ring, of the formula I STR1 where X is N or CR(6); Y is oxygen, S or NR(7); A and B together are a bond or are both hydrogen, if, at the same time, X is CR(6) and Y is NR(7), one of the substituents R(1) to R(6) is a --CO--N=C(NH2)2 group; the other respective substituents R(1) to R(6) are H, Hal or alkyl; up to two of the other substituents R(1) to R(6) are CN, NO2, N3, (C1 -C4)-alkoxy, CF3 ; up to one of the other substituents is R(8)--Cn H2n --Z-- or phenyl; R(7) is H, alk(en)yl or R(8)--Cn H2n --, and pharmaceutically tolerated salts there of, are described. A process f or the preparation of the compounds I which comprises reacting a compound of the formula II STR2 in which one of the substituents R(1)' to R(5)' is a --CO--L group and L is a leaving group which can easily be replaced nucleophilically, with guanidine, and, if appropriate, converting the product into the pharmacologically tolerated salt, furthermore is also described.
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- Benzimidazole-type glycine antagonists: The role of the ring nitrogen atoms
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Several derivatives of 1H-benzimidazole-2-carboxylic acid (BICA, 2a) were tested in vitro in comparison to 1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (ICA, 1e) for their ability to displace [3H]glycine from rat hippocampal membranes. Compound 2a was 8 times m
- Berger, Michael L.,Scho?dl, Clemens,Noe, Christian R.
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p. 121 - 124
(2007/10/03)
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- Indoles and pyridazinoindoles as nonnucleoside analog inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
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The synthesis and the study of the activity of new indol-2-carboxamides and pyridazinoindoles as inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) are presented.The activity of the compounds synthesized as inhibitors of different types of HIV-1 RT (wild type enzyme and mutant forms P236L, Y181C and P236L/Y181C) was evaluated.The activity of the most active compounds was investigated in the syncytia reduction in vitro assay, in HIV-1IIIB-infected HT4lacZ-1 cells.Their potential cytotoxicity was determined in parallel.Two lead compounds,N-piperazin>-5,6-methylenedioxy indol-2-carboxamide 7q and N-piperazin>-5,6-methylenedioxyindol-2-carboxamide 7s have been identified. - Keywords: indole; nonnucleoside RT inhibitor; syncytia assay; HIV-1IIIBHT4lacZ-1 cells
- Font, M.,Monge, A.,Cuartero, A.,Ellorriaga, A.,Martinez-Irujo, J.J.,et al.
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p. 963 - 972
(2007/10/03)
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- NOUVELLE VOIE DE SYNTHESE D'ARYLPYRAZOLO - - QUINOLEINES VIA LA CYCLOADDITION DIPOLAIRE -1,3
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The regiospecificity of the diarylnitrilimines (D.A.N.I) action on the heterocycles such as the benzofuranne and N-methylindole has been demonstrated spectroscopically and chemically.With the N-alkylindoles having an alkoxycarbonyle function in the positi
- Daou, Boujemaa,Soufiaoui, Mohamed
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p. 3351 - 3362
(2007/10/02)
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